Siloxane: Difference between revisions
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== Siloxanes for the membrane technology == |
== Siloxanes for the membrane technology == |
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Siloxanes can be a serious issue for some materials, used in |
Siloxanes can be a serious issue for some materials, used in [[membrane technology]], like [[polyvinylidene fluoride]] e.g.. Due to their [[hydrophobe]] behaviour and their large [[molecular weight]], an accumulation of siloxanes on the [[Semipermeable membrane|membrane]] surface is possible, resulting in [[fouling]]. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 20:40, 18 September 2012
A siloxane is any chemical compound composed of units of the form R2SiO, where R is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group. They belong to the wider class of organosilicon compounds.
Siloxanes can have branched or unbranched backbones consisting of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms -Si-O-Si-O- (connected by a σ-bond with a length of 1,64 ± 0,03 Å[1]), with side chains R attached to the silicon atoms.[2] More complicated structures are also known, for example eight silicon atoms at the corners of a cube, connected by 12 oxygen atoms as the cube edges.[3]
The word siloxane is derived from the words silicon, oxygen, and alkane.
Polymerized siloxanes with organic side chains (R ≠ H) are commonly known as silicones or as polysiloxanes. Representative examples are [SiO(CH3)2]n (polydimethylsiloxane) and [SiO(C6H5)2]n (polydiphenylsiloxane). These compounds can be viewed as a hybrid of both organic and inorganic compounds. The organic side chains confer hydrophobic properties while the -Si-O-Si-O- backbone is purely inorganic. Also halogens, mainly chlorine, are possible as side compound R.[4]
Naming
M-units: (CH3)3SiO½, D-units: (CH3)2SiO, T-units: (CH3)SiO2
| Cyclic siloxanes | Linear siloxanes |
|---|---|
| D3: hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane | MM: hexamethyldisiloxane |
| D4: octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane | MDM: octamethyltrisiloxane |
| D5: decamethylcyclopentasiloxane | MD2M: decamethyltetrasiloxane |
| D6: dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane | MDnM: polydimethylsiloxane |
Production
Industrially, siloxanes are fabricated [5]
- by continuous hydrolysis of dimethyldichlorosilane (under formation of hydrogen chloride)
- by continuous reaction of dimethyldichlorosilane with methane (under formation of chlorine halomethanes)
- by continuous reaction of chlorinesilanes with alkoxides (under formation of organochlorides)
Applications
Siloxanes can be found in products such as cosmetics, deodorant, defoamers, water repelling windshield coating, lubricants, molded lenses for high-powered LED's,[6]food additives and some soaps. They are being evaluated as environmentally preferable alternatives to perchloroethylene for drycleaning.
Siloxanes in biogas
In internal combustion engines, siloxanes are oxidized to silicon dioxide which then forms deposits on moving parts and catalytic oxidation units. Silicon dioxide is insoluble, hard and abrasive; it damages moving parts, including turbine or turbocharger blades, and clogs static filters and catalytic surfaces. Engine maintenance costs may rise steeply if silane contamination is not adequately controlled.[7] Fuel cells also are very sensitive to the effects of silanes and may be rendered useless by quite small concentrations in the fuel.[8]
Siloxanes for the membrane technology
Siloxanes can be a serious issue for some materials, used in membrane technology, like polyvinylidene fluoride e.g.. Due to their hydrophobe behaviour and their large molecular weight, an accumulation of siloxanes on the membrane surface is possible, resulting in fouling.
References
- ^ VORONKOV, M. G.; MILESHKEVICH, V. P.; YUZHELEVSKII, Yu. A.: The Siloxane Bond, Physical Properties and Chemical Transformations, Studies in Soviet Science, New York - London, (1978), Page 9, 11, ISBN 0-306-10940-9.
- ^ Siloxanes, IUPAC Gold Book
- ^ Stephen D. Kinrade, Jeffrey C. H. Donovan, Andrew S. Schach and Christopher T. G. Knight (2002), Two substituted cubic octameric silicate cages in aqueous solution. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1250 - 1252. doi:10.1039/b107758a
- ^ RATUSCHEK, H.; GÜHNE, R.; SCHICKMANN, H.: Catalyst for the preparation of organosiloxanes and polyorganosiloxanes, patent application DE000004344664A1, (1995), page 3.
- ^ KAISER, W.; RIEDLE, R.: Silikone, In: Winnacker-Küchler: Chemische Technologie, Organische Technologie I, 4th ed, vol 6, Carl Hanser , Munich, (1982), page 830-834.
- ^ Cree® XLamp® LEDs Chemical Compatibility
- ^ Presentation - Siloxanes in landfill gas
- ^ Paper - Siloxanes in landfill and digester gas