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Fourteen '''ancient breeds of dog''' have been identified through advances in [[DNA analysis]].<ref name=genstruct>{{cite journal |
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| last = Parker |
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| first = H.G. |
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| coauthors = Kim, L.V.; Sutter, N.B.; Carlson, S.; Lorentzen, T.D.; Malek, T.B.; Johnson, G.S.; DeFrance, H.B.; Ostrander, E.A.; Kruglyak, L. |
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| date = 2004-05-21 |
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| title = Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog |
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| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] |
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| volume = 304 |
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| issue = 5674 |
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| pmid = 15155949 |
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| doi = 10.1126/science.1097406 |
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| url = http://www.britainhill.com/GeneticStructure.pdf |
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| pages = 1160 |
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}}</ref> These [[dog breed|breeds]] of domesticated [[dog]] show the fewest genetic differences from [[wolf|wolves]]. The breeds are geographically diverse, including dogs from [[Siberia]], [[Japan]], [[Alaska]], [[China]], [[Tibet]], and [[Africa]]. |
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==Research== |
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{{cladogram |
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|caption=[[Cladogram]] of ancient dog breeds. |
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|cladogram= |
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{{clade |
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|1=[[Wolf]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[Australian Dingo]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Shiba Inu]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Chow Chow]] |
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|2=[[Akita Inu]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Basenji]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[Siberian Husky]] |
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|2=[[Alaskan Malamute]] |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=[[Afghan Hound]] |
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|2=[[Saluki]] |
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}} |
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|2=all other breeds |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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}} |
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DNA from dogs of 85 (mostly) [[American Kennel Club|AKC]]-registered breeds (5 individuals per breed in most cases) were tested by Parker et al.<ref name=genstruct/> This study had some surprises, especially the suggestion that three breeds – the [[Norwegian Elkhound]], [[Pharaoh Hound]], and [[Ibizan Hound]] – are not as old as typically stated, but rather are more recent recreations of old types.<ref name=genstruct/> Also, five pairs of breeds are closely related: [[Alaskan Malamute]] and [[Siberian Husky]], [[Collie]] and [[Shetland Sheepdog]], [[Greyhound]] and [[Whippet]], [[Bernese Mountain Dog]] and [[Greater Swiss Mountain Dog]], and finally the [[Bull Mastiff]] and [[English Mastiff]].<ref name=genstruct/> |
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However, the assumption that a small sample from a single dog breed can be representative for the entire breed is argued to be invalid by long-time repeated incidental or intentional interbreeding with local dogs, thereby gradually replacing original wolf [[clade]] elements but maintaining the original phenotype by ongoing selection for the original use and conformation.<ref>{{cite journal |
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| last = Quignon |
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| first = Pascale |
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| coauthors = Herbin L.; Cadieu, E.; Kirkness, E.F.; Hédan, B.; Mosher, D.S.; Galibert, F.; André, C; Ostrander, E.A.; Hitte, C.; |
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| date = 2007-12-19 |
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| editor1-last = Awadalla |
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| editor1-first = Philip |
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| title = Canine Population Structure: Assessment and Impact of Intra-Breed Stratification on SNP-Based Association Studies |
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| journal = PLoS ONE |
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| volume = 2 |
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| issue = 12 |
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| pmid = 18091995 |
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| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0001324 |
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| url = |
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| pages = e1324 |
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| pmc = 2129117 |
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}}</ref> This evolution can be seen also in the high proportion of European clade in Asian breeds close to Europe, like Saluki and Samoyed, while a geographically remote Nordic spitz, the Siberian Husky, does not show such a replacement of the original wolfdog structure.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} Also, as there are some 400 known dog breeds (of which the AKC recognizes 167), it is possible that an extended study would reveal additional "ancient" breeds. |
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==Gallery of the fourteen ancient breeds== |
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<gallery widths="100px" align="center"> |
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Image:Afghan Hound.jpg|[[Afghan Hound]]<br/>([[Afghanistan]]) |
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Image:Akita inu.jpeg|[[Akita Inu]]<br/>([[Japan]]) |
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Image:Alaska Malamut Huendin.JPG|[[Alaskan Malamute]]<br/>([[Alaska]]) |
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Image:Basenji 600.jpg|[[Basenji]]<br/>([[DR Congo]]) |
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Image:ChowChow2Szczecin.jpg|[[Chow Chow]]<br/>([[China]]) |
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Image:Goldenmalelhasaaspo.jpg|[[Lhasa Apso]]<br/>([[Tibet]]) |
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Image:Pekingese1904.jpg|[[Pekingese]]<br/>([[China]]) |
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Image:Henry wikipedia.jpg|[[Shar Pei]]<br/>([[China]]) |
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Image:Saluki dog breed.jpg|[[Saluki]]<br/>([[Fertile Crescent]]) |
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Image:Samoyed 600.jpg|[[Samoyed (dog)|Samoyed]]<br/>([[Russia]]) |
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Image:Taka Shiba.jpg|[[Shiba Inu]]<br/>([[Japan]]) |
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Image:Shih-Tzu.JPG|[[Shih Tzu]]<br/>([[China]]) |
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Image:Siberian-husky.jpg|[[Siberian Husky]]<br/>([[Russia]]) |
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Image:Tibetan-terrier-Blue-Blossom-Guldborg-Denmarkjpg.jpg|[[Tibetan Terrier]]<br/>([[Tibet]]) |
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</gallery> |
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==References== |
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{{refs}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{cite news |
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| first = Mark |
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| last = Derr |
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| title = Collie or Pug? Study Finds the Genetic Code |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/21/science/21dog.html?ex=1400472000&en=6b49c839cde80d81&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND |
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| work = [[The New York Times]] |
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| date = 2004-05-21 |
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}} |
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*{{cite news |
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| first = Barbara Bradley |
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| last = Petura |
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| title = New Breakthrough in Dog Genetics |
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| url = http://www.workingdogweb.com/RSH-2004-2.htm |
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| work = The Racing Siberian Husky Online & WorkingDogWeb.com |
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| date = 2004 |
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| accessdate = 2008-05-10 |
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}} |
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* {{cite journal |
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| last = Travis |
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| first = John |
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| title = Breeds Apart: Purebred dogs defined by DNA differences |
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| journal = [[Science News]] |
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| volume = 165 |
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| issue = 21 |
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| date = 2004-05-19 |
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| url = http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/5053/title/Breeds_Apart_Purebred_dogs_defined_by_DNA_differences |
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| accessdate = 2008-05-10 |
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}} |
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{{Dog nav}} |
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[[Category:Dog breeds|*]] |
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[[Category:Ancient history]] |
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{{Link FL|uk}} |
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[[id:Anjing ras termurni di dunia]] |
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[[pl:Psy pierwotne]] |
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[[ru:Древние породы собак]] |
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[[uk:Стародавні породи собак]] |
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