Makah language: Difference between revisions

Makah
Makah
qʷi·qʷi·diččaq
Native to	United States
Region	Northwestern corner of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington state, on the south side of the Strait of Juan de Fuca
Extinct	2002. Last native speaker was Ruth E. Claplanhoo
Language family	Wakashan Southern Wakashan Makah; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	myh
ELP	Makah
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

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The Makah language is the Indigenous language spoken by the Makah people. Makah has been extinct as a first language since 2002, when its last fluent native speaker died. However, it survives as a second language, and the Makah tribe is attempting to revive the language, including through preschool classes.^[2] The endonymous name for Makah is qʷi·qʷi·diččaq.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Postalveolar	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
		Labial	central	lateral	Postalveolar	plain	labial	plain	labial	Glottal
Stops	voiceless	p	t			k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʔ
	ejective	p̓ [pʼ]	t̓ [tʼ]			k̓ [kʼ]	k̓ʷ [kʷʼ]	q̓ [qʼ]	q̓ʷ [qʷʼ]
	voiced	b	d
Affricates	voiceless		c [ts]	ƛ [tɬ]	č [tʃ]
Affricates	ejective		c̓ [tsʼ]	ƛ̓ [tɬʼ]	č̓ [tʃʼ]
Fricatives			s	ł [ɬ]	š [ʃ]	x	xʷ	x̌ [χ]	x̌ʷ [χʷ]
Approximants				l		y [j]		w

Vowels There are five "short" vowels (actually lax), written a, e, i, o, and u, and pronounced [ə], [ɛ], [ɪ], [ɔ], and [ʊ]), five "long" vowels (written a·, e·, i·, o·, and u·, and pronounced [a], [æ], [i], [o], and [u]), and six "diphthongs" (written ay, oy, ey, iy, aw, and uy, and pronounced [aj], [ɔj], [e], [iː], [aw], and [uːj]).

Morphology

Like other Wakashan languages, Makah inflects verbs for evidentiality, indicating the level and source of the speaker's knowledge about a statement. Some examples are shown in the following table:^[3]

Example	Translation	Evidential
hi·dawʔaƛwa·d	"I hear he found it"	-wa·t, hearsay
pu·pu·q̓adʔi	"he's blowing a whistle"	-q̓adi, auditory
č̓apaccaqil	"It looks like a canoe"	-caqił, uncertain visual evidence, as trying to make out something at a distance
haʔuk̓aƛpi·dic	"I see you ate"	-pi·t, inference from physical evidence
dudu·k̓aƛx̌a·š	"He's probably singing"	-x̌a·-š, inferred probability

Alongside those examples, compare corresponding sentences without the evidentials: hi·dawʔal, "he found it"; č̓apac̓, "it's a canoe"; haʔuk̓alic, "you're eating"; dudu·k̓al, "he's singing".

References

^ LOWLANDS-L archives - August 2002, week 4 (#10)
^ Makah Language anur Language
^ Jacobsen (1986). "The Heterogeneity of Evidentials in Makah." In Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology, eds. Wallace Chafe & Johanna Nichols. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Cited in Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 185

Bibliography

Renker, Ann M. and Gunther, Erna (1990). "Makah". In "Northwest Coast", ed. Wayne Suttles. Vol. 7 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.

External links

[1] LOWLANDS-L archives - August 2002, week 4 (#10)

[2] Makah Language anur Language

[3] Jacobsen (1986). "The Heterogeneity of Evidentials in Makah." In Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology, eds. Wallace Chafe & Johanna Nichols. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Cited in Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 185

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-The '''Makah language''' is the [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous]] language spoken by the [[Makah people]]. Makah has been extinct as a [[first language]] since 2002, when its last fluent native speaker died. However, it survives as a second language, and the Makah tribe is attempting to revive the language, including through preschool classes.<ref>[http://www.native-languages.org/makah.htm Makah Language and the Makah Indian Tribe (Kweedishchaaht, Kweneecheeaht, Macaw, Classet, Klasset)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.makah.com/language.htm Our Language<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[endonym]]ous name for Makah is qʷi·qʷi·diččaq.<ref>Davidson, Matthew (2002). [http://depts.washington.edu/wll2/files/davidson_02_diss.pdf ''Studies in Southern Wakashan (Nootkan) Grammar'']. Ph.D. dissertation, SUNY Buffalo, p. 349</ref>
+The '''Makah language''' is the [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous]] language spoken by the [[Makah people]]. Makah has been extinct as a [[first language]] since 2002, when its last fluent native speaker died. However, it survives as a second language, and the Makah tribe is attempting to revive the language, including through preschool classes.<ref>[http://www.native-languages.org/makah.htm Makah Language anur Language<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[endonym]]ous name for Makah is qʷi·qʷi·diččaq.<ref>Davidson, Matthew (2002). [http://depts.washington.edu/wll2/files/davidson_0eside in the northwestern corner of the [[Olympic Peninsula]] of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington state]], on the south side of the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]]. It is closely related to [[Nuu-chah-nulth language|Nuu-chah-nulth]] and [[Ditidaht language|Ditidaht]], which are languages of the [[First Nations]] of the west coast of [[Vancouver Island]] on the north side of the strait, in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]]. Makah is the only member of the [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan language family]] in the United States, with the other members spoken by in [[British Columbia]], from [[Vancouver Island]] to the [[British Columbia Coast|Central Coast]] region.
-Makah is spoken by the [[Makah people]] who reside in the northwestern corner of the [[Olympic Peninsula]] of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington state]], on the south side of the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]]. It is closely related to [[Nuu-chah-nulth language|Nuu-chah-nulth]] and [[Ditidaht language|Ditidaht]], which are languages of the [[First Nations]] of the west coast of [[Vancouver Island]] on the north side of the strait, in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian province]] of [[British Columbia]]. Makah is the only member of the [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan language family]] in the United States, with the other members spoken by in [[British Columbia]], from [[Vancouver Island]] to the [[British Columbia Coast|Central Coast]] region.
-Makah, Nuu-chah-nulth and Ditidaht belong to the Southern Nootkan branch of the [[Wakashan languages|Wakashan]] family. The Northern Wakashan languages, which are [[Kwak'wala language|Kwak'wala]], [[Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language|Heiltsuk-Oowekyala]] and [[Haisla language|Haisla]], are spoken farther north, beyond the territory of the [[Nuu-chah-nulth people]].
 ==Structure==
 ===Phonology===
-The [[phoneme]]s (distinctive sounds) of Makah are presented below in the Makah alphabet; if the symbol in the native alphabet differs from the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbol, the IPA equivalent will be given in brackets.<ref>The phoneme inventory and Makah alphabet are from pg. 422 of Renker and Gunther (1990) and from [http://content.lib.washington.edu/cmpweb/exhibits/makah/symbols-sounds.html Makah Alphabet]</ref>
+The [[phoneme]]s (distinctivlent will be given in brackets.<ref>The phoneme inventory and Makah alphabet are from pg. 422 of Renker and Gunther (1990) and from [http://content.lib.washington.edu/cmpweb/exhibits/makah/symbols-sounds.html Makah Alphabet]</ref>
 '''Consonants'''