Johann Reinhold Forster: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Forsterundsohn.jpg|right|thumb|Johann Reinhold Forster and [[Georg Forster]] in [[Tahiti]], by [[John Francis Rigaud]] (1742–1810), 1780.]] |
[[Image:Forsterundsohn.jpg|right|thumb|Johann Reinhold Forster and [[Georg Forster]] in [[Tahiti]], by [[John Francis Rigaud]] (1742–1810), 1780.]] |
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'''Johann Reinhold Forster''' (22 October 1729 – 9 December 1798) was a [[Germany|German]] [[ |
'''Johann Reinhold Forster''' (22 October 1729 – 9 December 1798) was a [[Germany|German]] [[Continental Reformed church | Reformed (Calvinist)]] pastor<ref> (German) Dove, Alfred. "Forster, Johann Reinhold" in ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'', v.7 (1878), pp.166-172. [http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118534432.html?anchor=adb]</ref> and [[natural history|naturalist]] of partially [[Scotland|Scottish]] descent who made contributions to the early [[ornithology]] of [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. He is best known as the naturalist on [[James Cook]]'s second [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] voyage, where he was accompanied by his son [[Georg Forster]]. |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Forster's family originated in the [[Lord Forrester|Lords Forrester]] in [[Scotland]] from where his great-grandfather had emigrated after losing most of his property during the rule of [[Oliver Cromwell]] along with many other Scots. Forster himself was born in the city of [[Tczew|Dirschau (Tczew)]] in the province of [[Royal Prussia]], in the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]].<ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite book |title= Dzieje nauki polskiej|last= Iłowiecki|first= Maciej|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1981|publisher= Wydawnictwo Interpress|location= Warszawa|isbn= 83-223-1876-6|page= 140|pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> He studied languages and natural history at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium in Berlin, theology at the [[University of Halle]], afterwards serving as a |
Forster's family originated in the [[Lord Forrester|Lords Forrester]] in [[Scotland]] from where his great-grandfather had emigrated after losing most of his property during the rule of [[Oliver Cromwell]] along with many other Scots. Forster himself was born in the city of [[Tczew|Dirschau (Tczew)]] in the province of [[Royal Prussia]], in the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland]].<ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite book |title= Dzieje nauki polskiej|last= Iłowiecki|first= Maciej|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1981|publisher= Wydawnictwo Interpress|location= Warszawa|isbn= 83-223-1876-6|page= 140|pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> He studied languages and natural history at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium in Berlin, theology at the [[University of Halle]], afterwards serving as a Protestant pastor in Nassenhuben (now [[Mokry Dwór, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Mokry Dwór]]). He married his cousin Elisabeth Nikolai. They had several children including a son, [[Georg Forster]]. |
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In 1765 he accepted an offer made to him by the Russian government to inspect and report upon the new colonies founded on the banks of the [[Volga]], in the province of [[Saratov]].<ref name=eb>{{Cite EB1911|Forster, Johann Georg Adam|short=x}}</ref> His irritable temper soon involved him in difficulties with the Russian government, and in the following year he went with Georg (the eldest of eight children, seven of which survived childhood) to [[England]] and became teacher of natural history at [[Warrington]], [[Lancashire]].<ref name=nie>{{Cite NIE|Forster, Johann Reinhold|year=1906|vb=1}}</ref> |
In 1765 he accepted an offer made to him by the Russian government to inspect and report upon the new colonies founded on the banks of the [[Volga]], in the province of [[Saratov]].<ref name=eb>{{Cite EB1911|Forster, Johann Georg Adam|short=x}}</ref> His irritable temper soon involved him in difficulties with the Russian government, and in the following year he went with Georg (the eldest of eight children, seven of which survived childhood) to [[England]] and became teacher of natural history at [[Warrington]], [[Lancashire]].<ref name=nie>{{Cite NIE|Forster, Johann Reinhold|year=1906|vb=1}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 16:50, 19 December 2012
Johann Reinhold Forster | |
|---|---|
 Johann Reinhold Forster | |
| Born | 22 October 1729 |
| Died | 9 December 1798 (aged 69) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | natural history, ethnology |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | J.R.Forst |
Johann Reinhold Forster (22 October 1729 – 9 December 1798) was a German Reformed (Calvinist) pastor[1] and naturalist of partially Scottish descent who made contributions to the early ornithology of Europe and North America. He is best known as the naturalist on James Cook's second Pacific voyage, where he was accompanied by his son Georg Forster.
Biography
Forster's family originated in the Lords Forrester in Scotland from where his great-grandfather had emigrated after losing most of his property during the rule of Oliver Cromwell along with many other Scots. Forster himself was born in the city of Dirschau (Tczew) in the province of Royal Prussia, in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.[2] He studied languages and natural history at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium in Berlin, theology at the University of Halle, afterwards serving as a Protestant pastor in Nassenhuben (now Mokry Dwór). He married his cousin Elisabeth Nikolai. They had several children including a son, Georg Forster.
In 1765 he accepted an offer made to him by the Russian government to inspect and report upon the new colonies founded on the banks of the Volga, in the province of Saratov.[3] His irritable temper soon involved him in difficulties with the Russian government, and in the following year he went with Georg (the eldest of eight children, seven of which survived childhood) to England and became teacher of natural history at Warrington, Lancashire.[4] He spent three years teaching at the Dissenting Warrington Academy, succeeding Joseph Priestley. Compelled by his violent temper to resign this appointment, Forster then moved with his son to London, where they earned a precarious living by doing translations.[3] He became known as a natural historian.
When Joseph Banks withdrew at the last moment as naturalist on Cook's second voyage, Forster and his son were appointed to fill the vacant position. In July 1772 they set sail on the Resolution, returning to England in July 1775. During a stop in Cape Town, Forster engaged Anders Sparrman to act as his assistant.
Both the Forsters kept detailed diaries of everything they saw on the voyage, and made extensive collections of both natural history specimens and artifacts. On his return Forster published Observations Made during a Voyage round the World (1778). However the income from the book was insufficient to clear his debts, and the bulk of Georg's drawings from the voyage had to be sold to Joseph Banks. During the next few years Forster undertook a variety of writing work, including a German translation of Thomas Pennant's Arctic Zoology.
In November 1779 Forster was appointed Professor of Natural History and Mineralogy at the University of Halle, and director of the Botanische Garten der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, where he remained until his death. His Descriptiones animalium, completed within a month of returning to England with Cook, was eventually edited by Hinrich Lichtenstein and published in 1844.
Forster's Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1772–73) on zoology, ornithology, and ichthyology established him as one of the earliest authorities on North American zoology.
See also
References
- ^ (German) Dove, Alfred. "Forster, Johann Reinhold" in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, v.7 (1878), pp.166-172. [1]
- ^ Template:Pl icon Iłowiecki, Maciej (1981). Dzieje nauki polskiej. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Interpress. p. 140. ISBN 83-223-1876-6.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1906). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ International Plant Names Index. J.R.Forst.
External links
- Scans of Specimen Historiae Naturalis Volgensis at the Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum
- Biography at the Australian Dictionary of Biography
- SUB Göttingen Forster, J. R. 1771.Novæ species insectorum. Centuria I. Londini. (Davies, White).
- Gaedike, R.; Groll, E. K. & Taeger, A. 2012: Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 : online database - version 1.0 - Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.