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== Places ==
== Places ==
{{Main|Mass murders in Piaśnica|Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)}}
{{Main|Mass murders in Piaśnica|Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)}}
[[File:Dolina smierci Bydgoszcz.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Polish teachers from [[Bydgoszcz]] guarded by members of ''Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz'' before execution]]
Most executions of this regional action took place in forests near [[Mass murders in Piaśnica|Piaśnica Wielka]], Mniszek near [[Świecie]] and in the Szpęgawski forests near [[Starogard Gdański]]. Local Germans ([[Selbstschutz]]) and the [[Gestapo]] murdered 5,000 – 6,600 [[Poles]] and [[Jews]] in October and November 1939 in [[Fordon, Bydgoszcz|Fordon]], [[Bydgoszcz]], northern [[Poland]] in a place known as the "[[Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)|Fordon Valley of Death]]" ({{lang-pl|fordońska Dolina Śmierci}}).<ref>Konrad Ciechanowski [et al.]: Stutthof: hitlerowski obóz koncentracyjny. Warszawa: Interpress, 1988. ISBN 978-83-223-2369-4.</ref><ref>Jochen Böhler, Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Jürgen Matthäus: Einsatzgruppen w Polsce. Warszawa: Bellona, 2009. ISBN 978-83-11-11588-0.</ref> In a similar mass murder near [[Chojnice]], known as "Choinice Valley of Death" ({{lang-pl|Choinicka Dolina Śmierci}}), 2000 citizens from Chojnice were murdered between 1939 and 1945. Most victims were Polish intelligentsia and patients from local mental hospitals murdered in the "[[Euthanasia]] Program" called [[Action T4]].<ref>Tadeusz Nasierowski, Zagłada osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi w okupowanej Polsce. Początek ludobójstwa, wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.historia.echojnice.pl/do1939_historia_chojnice_112.html] history of Chojnice in Polish</ref>
Most executions of this regional action took place in forests near [[Mass murders in Piaśnica|Piaśnica Wielka]], Mniszek near [[Świecie]] and in the Szpęgawski forests near [[Starogard Gdański]]. Local Germans ([[Selbstschutz]]) and the [[Gestapo]] murdered 5,000 – 6,600 [[Poles]] and [[Jews]] in October and November 1939 in [[Fordon, Bydgoszcz|Fordon]], [[Bydgoszcz]], northern [[Poland]] in a place known as the "[[Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)|Fordon Valley of Death]]" ({{lang-pl|fordońska Dolina Śmierci}}).<ref>Konrad Ciechanowski [et al.]: Stutthof: hitlerowski obóz koncentracyjny. Warszawa: Interpress, 1988. ISBN 978-83-223-2369-4.</ref><ref>Jochen Böhler, Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Jürgen Matthäus: Einsatzgruppen w Polsce. Warszawa: Bellona, 2009. ISBN 978-83-11-11588-0.</ref> In a similar mass murder near [[Chojnice]], known as "Choinice Valley of Death" ({{lang-pl|Choinicka Dolina Śmierci}}), 2000 citizens from Chojnice were murdered between 1939 and 1945. Most victims were Polish intelligentsia and patients from local mental hospitals murdered in the "[[Euthanasia]] Program" called [[Action T4]].<ref>Tadeusz Nasierowski, Zagłada osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi w okupowanej Polsce. Początek ludobójstwa, wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.historia.echojnice.pl/do1939_historia_chojnice_112.html] history of Chojnice in Polish</ref>


Revision as of 21:31, 27 May 2013

Intelligenzaktion Pommern
LocationGerman occupied Pomeranian Voivodeship, Free City of Danzig
annexed as Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany)
Date1939 - 1940
TargetPolish intellectuals and the upper classes.
Attack type
Massacres
WeaponsAutomatic weapons
Deaths23,000[1]
PerpetratorsGermany Nazi Germany, organized militia of German minority in Poland

The "Intelligenzaktion Pommern"[2][3][4] was a Nazi action aimed at the elimination of the Polish intelligentsia in Pomeranian Voivodeship and other adjacent areas, at the beginning of World War II. It was part of a larger genocidal action that took place in all Nazi-occupied Poland, named Operation Tannenberg[5] after its planners or Intelligenzaktion[6] after its victims: the action was planned on the direct order of Adolf Hitler by Reinhard Heydrich's bureau "Referat Tannenberg" of Heinrich Himmler's SS-Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA), executed primarily by SS-Einsatzgruppen,[7] and targeted the Polish intelligentsia and elites.[5] Starting in September 1939[5] with a second wave in the spring of 1940,[8] it was an early measure of the Generalplan Ost.

Background

Intelligenzaktion in Pomerania - places of executions

After the Nazi invasion of Poland, the Polish and Kashubian population of Polish Pomerania was immediately subjected to brutal terror.[9] Poles were seen by German state during the war as subhuman. Prisoners of war,[10] as well as many Polish intellectuals and community leaders were murdered. Many of the crimes were carried out, with official approval, by the so-called Einsatzkommando 16 and "Selbstschutz", or paramilitary organizations of ethnic Germans with previously Polish citizenship. They in turn were encouraged to participate in the violence and pogroms by the local Gauleiter Albert Forster,[11] who in a speech at the Prusinski Hotel in Wejherowo agitated ethnic Germans to attack Poles by saying "We have to eliminate the lice ridden Poles, starting with those in the cradle... in your hands I give the fate of the Poles, you can do with them what you want". The crowd gathered before the hotel chanted "Kill the Polish dogs!" and "Death to the Poles".[12] The Selbstschutz participated in the early massacres as Piaśnica, and many of their members later joined police and SS formations which continued the massacres until the Fall of 1940.[12]

Organized action aimed at exterminating the Polish population of the region, however, began only after the end of the September campaign, with the Intelligenzaktion Pommern, a part of an overall Intelligenzaktion by Nazi Germany aimed at liquidating the Polish elite. Its main targets were the Polish intelligentsia, which was blamed by the Nazis for pro-Polish policies in the Polish corridor during the interwar period. Educated Poles were also perceived by the Nazis as the main obstacle to the planned complete Germanization of the region.

"The enemies of Reich list"

Main article: Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen
Poles and Jews interned in Bydgoszcz

Even before the Nazi invasion of Poland, German police and Gestapo cooperated with the German minority in Poland to prepare special lists of Poles "Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen" whom they regarded as representative of Polish government, administration, culture and life in the region. People on this list were called ""The enemies of Reich" and were designated to be executed.[12] According to official criteria, the Polish "intelligentsia" included anyone with a middle school or higher education, priests, teachers, doctors, dentists, veterinarians, veteran military officers, bureaucrats, members of Polish administration, police, medium and large businessmen and merchants, medium and large landowners, writers, journalists and newspaper editors.[12] Furthermore, all persons who during the interwar period had belonged to many Polish cultural and patriotic organizations such as Polski Związek Zachodni (Polish Union of the West), Związek Obrony Kresów Zachodnich, Polish Gymnastic Society "Falcon" and Maritime and Colonial League.[12]

Between the fall of 1939 and spring of 1940, in the "Intelligenzakition" and other actions, the Nazis killed around 60,000 Polish intellectuals and others.[13] The main site of these murders were the forests around Wielka Piasnica.

Method of realisation

Main article: Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz

The action was realised by SS paramilitary death squads - Einsatzcommando 16 and the paramilitary organisation of the German minority in Poland - Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz.[14] The aim of this action was elimination of Polish society elite: Polish nobles, intelligentsia, teachers, polish entrepreneurs, social workers, military veterans, members of national organisations, priests, judges and political activists.

Places

Main articles: Mass murders in Piaśnica and Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)
Polish teachers from Bydgoszcz guarded by members of Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz before execution

Most executions of this regional action took place in forests near Piaśnica Wielka, Mniszek near Świecie and in the Szpęgawski forests near Starogard Gdański. Local Germans (Selbstschutz) and the Gestapo murdered 5,000 – 6,600 Poles and Jews in October and November 1939 in Fordon, Bydgoszcz, northern Poland in a place known as the "Fordon Valley of Death" (Template:Lang-pl).[15][16] In a similar mass murder near Chojnice, known as "Choinice Valley of Death" (Template:Lang-pl), 2000 citizens from Chojnice were murdered between 1939 and 1945. Most victims were Polish intelligentsia and patients from local mental hospitals murdered in the "Euthanasia Program" called Action T4.[17][18]

German forces

Those who participated in the mass murder in Piaśnica included:

Mass murder in Szpęgawski Forest:

Mass murder in Mniszek:

Bibliography

  • Elżbieta Grot, "Ludobójstwo w Piaśnicy z uwzględnieniem losów mieszkańców powiatu wejherowskiego." (Genocide in Piaśnica with a discussion of the fate of the inhabitants of Wejherow county", Public Library of Wejherowo,[19]
  • Maria Wardzyńska "Był rok 1939 Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion" IPN Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-063-8
  • Tadeusz Piotrowski, "Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947", McFarland, 1998, pg. 25,[20]
  • Maria Wardzyńska: "Intelligenzaktion" na Warmii, Mazurach oraz Północnym Mazowszu. Główna Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej nr. 12/1, 2003/2004, ss. 38-42.[21]
  • Andrzej Szcześniak: Generalplan Ost. Plan Zagłady Słowian. Radom: Polskie Wydawnictwo Encyklopedyczne, 2001, ISBN 978-83-88822-03-2.
  • Dieter Schenk "Hitlers Mann in Danzig Gauleiter Forster und die NS-Verbrechen in Danzig-Westpreußen", J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. Verlag, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-8012-5029-6, ISBN 978-3-8012-5029-4
  • Meier, Anna "Die Intelligenzaktion: Die Vernichtung Der Polnischen Oberschicht Im Gau Danzig-Westpreusen" VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, ISBN 978-3-639-04721-9 ISBN 978-3-639-04721-9

References

  1. ^ Moor-Jankowski, Jan. "Holocaust of Non-Jewish Poles During WWII". Repreduced in warsawuprising.com, Courtesy of Polish American Congress, Washington Metropolitan Area Division. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
  2. ^ Ignatowicz, Aneta (2009). Tajna oświata i wychowanie w okupowanej Warszawie (in Polish). Warsaw: Fundacja Warszawa Walczy 1939-1945. p. 10.""Intelligenzaktion Pommern – operacja przeprowadzona na Pomorzu, w której zamordowano 23 tysiące Polaków"
  3. ^ Literatura współczesna:(1939-1956)Tadeusz Bujnicki, Anna Skoczek, page 106, 2006
  4. ^ The history of music in Poland:The Contemporary Era. 1939-1974 Stefan Sutkowski,page 37, 2001"...some 183 professors of the Jagiel- lonian University and the Academy of Mining and Foundry in Cracow were arrested, with similar actions undertaken in Pomerania and Silesia (known as the Intelligenzaktion Pommern und Schlesien)"
  5. ^ a b c Friedländer,, Saul (2006). Das dritte Reich und die Juden (in German). Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Munich: C.H.Beck. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-406-54966-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  6. ^ Longerich, Peter (2008). Heinrich Himmler. Biographie (in German). Siedler. p. 445. ISBN 978-3-88680-859-5.
  7. ^ Cüppers, Martin (2004). Wegbereiter der Shoah: die Waffen-SS, der Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS und die Judenvernichtung 1939-1945. Veröffentlichungen der Forschungsstelle Ludwigsburg der Universität Stuttgart (in German). Vol. 4. Verlag Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. p. 53. ISBN 978-3-534-18096-7.
  8. ^ Mallmann, Klaus-Michael (2004). Genesis des Genozids: Polen 1939-1941. Veröffentlichungen der Forschungsstelle Ludwigsburg der Universität Stuttgart (in German). Vol. 3. Verlag Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-534-18096-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A concise history of Poland, Cambridge concise histories, Concise Histories Series, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pg. 228, [1]
  10. ^ Johen Bohler, "Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu w Polsce" (Warcrimes of Wehrmacht in Poland), Wydawnictwo Znak, Kraków, 2009, pg 183-192
  11. ^ Dieter Schenk "Hitlers Mann in Danzig Gauleiter Forster und die NS-Verbrechen in Danzig-Westpreußen", J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. Verlag, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-8012-5029-6, ISBN 978-3-8012-5029-4 - Polish translation Dieter Schenk "Albert Forster gdański namiestnik Hitlera. Zbrodnie hitlerowskie w Gdańsku i Prusach Zachodnich" Gdańsk 2002 ISBN 978-83-86181-83-4
  12. ^ a b c d e Elżbieta Grot, "Ludobójstwo w Piaśnicy z uwzględnieniem losów mieszkańców powiatu wejherowskiego." (Genocide in Piaśnica with a discussion of the fate of the inhabitants of Wejherow county", Public Library of Wejherowo,[2]
  13. ^ *Maria Wardzyńska "Był rok 1939 Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion" IPN Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-063-8
  14. ^ Andrzej Szcześniak: Generalplan Ost. Plan Zagłady Słowian. Radom: Polskie Wydawnictwo Encyklopedyczne, 2001, ISBN 978-83-88822-03-2.
  15. ^ Konrad Ciechanowski [et al.]: Stutthof: hitlerowski obóz koncentracyjny. Warszawa: Interpress, 1988. ISBN 978-83-223-2369-4.
  16. ^ Jochen Böhler, Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Jürgen Matthäus: Einsatzgruppen w Polsce. Warszawa: Bellona, 2009. ISBN 978-83-11-11588-0.
  17. ^ Tadeusz Nasierowski, Zagłada osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi w okupowanej Polsce. Początek ludobójstwa, wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa 2008.
  18. ^ [3] history of Chojnice in Polish
  19. ^ "Biblioteka Publiczna Gminy Wejherowo im. Aleksandra Labudy w Bolszewie". Bpgw.org.pl. 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  20. ^ Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife ... - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  21. ^ "W oparciu o Dokumenty Google". Docs.google.com. Retrieved 2010-06-30.

Internet

See also

Template:Link GA

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