Janos, Chihuahua: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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Janos was founded around 1580 by [[Franciscan]] missionaries.<ref name="UT">{{Cite web|title=Presidio de San Felipe y Santiago de Janos Records, 1706-1858|publisher=University of Texas|location=Austin, Texas|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utlac/00083/lac-00083p1.html}}</ref> It was subject to raids by [[Apache]] and [[Jumano Indians]], and in 1680 the mission (Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Janos) was completely destroyed in such a raid. As a result, in 1686 the Spanish governor ordered Captain Juan Fernández de la Fuente to sent troops to Janos to establish a |
Janos was founded around 1580 by [[Franciscan]] missionaries.<ref name="UT">{{Cite web|title=Presidio de San Felipe y Santiago de Janos Records, 1706-1858|publisher=University of Texas|location=Austin, Texas|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utlac/00083/lac-00083p1.html}}</ref> It was subject to raids by [[Apache]] and [[Jumano Indians]], and in 1680 the mission (Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Janos) was completely destroyed in such a raid. As a result, in 1686 the Spanish governor ordered Captain Juan Fernández de la Fuente to sent troops to Janos to establish a [[presidio]]. It was named Presidio de San Felipe y Santiago de Janos and in 1717 resettlement efforts resulted in the town being re-established with [[Suma Indians|Janos and Jocomes Indians]].<ref name="UT" /> This settlement offer was also open to Apache, but few took advantage of it. Over the next several years, the Spanish made a number of punative raids against local Apache groups, both from the Janos Presidio and others in the area. When Hugo Oconor (Hugh O'Connor) assumed command of the military in Chihuahua in 1772, he instituted large scale campaigns against the Apache. In 1789 Chief Squielnoctero and his family surrendered at Janos<ref>{{Cite book|author=Griffen, William B.|year=|title=Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio, 1750-1858|location=Norman, Oklahoma|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|page=[http://books.google.com/books?id=lTLS_XZj-a0C&pg=PA63 63]|isbn=978-0-8061-3084-2}}, originally published in 1988 by the University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico</ref> and with the peace agreement with Ojos Colorados<ref>probably [[Mangas Colorado]] {{Cite book|author=Stockel, H. Henrietta|year=2008|title=Salvation Through Slavery: Chiricahua Apaches and priests on the Spanish colonial frontier|location=Albuquerque, New Mexico|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|page=[http://books.google.com/books?id=Wmc329HNTskC&pg=PA106 106]|isbn=978-0-8263-4325-3}}</ref> in 1790, the area became relatively peaceful, the Apache having been seriously weakened by war and disease.<ref name="UT" /> |
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==Climate== |
==Climate== |
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Revision as of 17:40, 24 September 2013
Janos is a town located in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua.[1] It serves as the municipal seat of government for the surrounding Janos Municipality of the same name. The 2010 Mexican national census reported a population of 2,738 inhabitants.
History
Janos was founded around 1580 by Franciscan missionaries.[2] It was subject to raids by Apache and Jumano Indians, and in 1680 the mission (Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Janos) was completely destroyed in such a raid. As a result, in 1686 the Spanish governor ordered Captain Juan Fernández de la Fuente to sent troops to Janos to establish a presidio. It was named Presidio de San Felipe y Santiago de Janos and in 1717 resettlement efforts resulted in the town being re-established with Janos and Jocomes Indians.[2] This settlement offer was also open to Apache, but few took advantage of it. Over the next several years, the Spanish made a number of punative raids against local Apache groups, both from the Janos Presidio and others in the area. When Hugo Oconor (Hugh O'Connor) assumed command of the military in Chihuahua in 1772, he instituted large scale campaigns against the Apache. In 1789 Chief Squielnoctero and his family surrendered at Janos[3] and with the peace agreement with Ojos Colorados[4] in 1790, the area became relatively peaceful, the Apache having been seriously weakened by war and disease.[2]
Climate
Janos has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk).[5] Winters are cool and sunny with a January average of 7.1 °C (44.8 °F) and temperatures regularly fall below freezing.[6] Occasionally, the city can see 2 or 3 snowfalls per year.[6] Summers are warm with June being the warmest month with an average of 22.3 °C (72.1 °F). Most of the precipitation falls during this time of the year, during the monsoon season. The highest recorded temperature was 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) on August 21, 1979 and the lowest recorded temperature was −13 °C (8.6 °F) on December 9, 1978.[7]
| Climate data for Janos, Chihuahua | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.0 (78.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
36.0 (96.8) |
40.0 (104.0) |
42.0 (107.6) |
40.0 (104.0) |
45.0 (113.0) |
40.0 (104.0) |
36.5 (97.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
45.0 (113.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.2 (57.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
27.3 (81.1) |
31.5 (88.7) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.1 (86.2) |
27.1 (80.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
14.6 (58.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) |
8.8 (47.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.2 (64.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
14.8 (58.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.1 (31.8) |
0.9 (33.6) |
2.8 (37.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
2.1 (35.8) |
0.2 (32.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −10.0 (14.0) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15.3 (0.60) |
11.6 (0.46) |
11.0 (0.43) |
7.1 (0.28) |
5.8 (0.23) |
16.7 (0.66) |
73.8 (2.91) |
58.6 (2.31) |
46.3 (1.82) |
29.5 (1.16) |
15.5 (0.61) |
21.5 (0.85) |
312.7 (12.31) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 9.1 | 7.2 | 5.2 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 41.3 |
| Average snowy days | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.31 | 0.57 | 2.33 |
| Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico National[7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Colegio de Postgraduados (snowy days)[6] | |||||||||||||
References
- ^ Janos (Approved) at GEOnet Names Server, GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- ^ a b c "Presidio de San Felipe y Santiago de Janos Records, 1706-1858". Austin, Texas: University of Texas.
- ^ Griffen, William B. Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio, 1750-1858. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8061-3084-2., originally published in 1988 by the University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- ^ probably Mangas Colorado Stockel, H. Henrietta (2008). Salvation Through Slavery: Chiricahua Apaches and priests on the Spanish colonial frontier. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8263-4325-3.
- ^ Kottek, M. (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" (PDF). Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Normales climatológicas para Janos, Chihuahua" (in Spanish). Colegio de Postgraduados. Retrieved February, 2013.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ a b "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951-2010" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico National. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
30°53′16″N 108°11′24″W / 30.88778°N 108.19000°W
 State of Chihuahua | ||
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Chihuahua (capital) | ||
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