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Revision as of 22:21, 27 October 2013
"Shut up" is a direct command with a meaning similar to "be quiet"', but which is commonly perceived as an angrier and more forceful demand to stop making noise or otherwise communicating. The phrase is probably a shortened form of "shut your mouth up", and its use is generally considered rude.
Initial meaning and development
Prior to the Twentieth century, the phrase "shut up" was rarely used as an imperative, and had a different meaning altogether. To say that someone was "shut up" meant that they were locked up, quarantined, or held prisoner. For example, several passages in the King James Version of the Bible instruct that if a priest determines that a person shows certain symptoms of illness, "then the priest shall shut up him that hath the plague of the scall seven days:".[1] This meaning was also used in the sense of closing something, such as a business, and it is also from this use that the longer phrase "shut up your mouth" likely originated.
One source has indicated this:
The use of the phrase "shut up" to signify "hold one's tongue" or "compel silence" dates from the sixteenth century. Among the texts that include examples of the phrase "shut up" in this context are Shakespeare's King Lear, Dickens's Little Dorrit, and Kipling's Barrack-Room Ballads.[2]
However, Shakespeare's use of the phrase in King Lear is limited to a reference to the shutting of doors at the end of Scene II, with the characters of Regan and Cornwall both advising the King, "Shut up your doors". The earlier meaning of the phrase, to close something, is widely used in Little Dorrit, but is used in one instance in a manner which foreshadows the modern usage:
'Altro, altro! Not Ri-' Before John Baptist could finish the name, his comrade had got his hand under his chin and fiercely shut up his mouth."[3]
As early as the late 1859, use of the shorter phrase was expressly conveyed in a literary work:
A sneering infidel, who uses Scripture for a jest-book, raves about "cant," and retails and details every inconsistency, real or imaginary, that he hears respecting parsons and hypocrites, will be told to "shut up" for a few times; but will, if he persevere, make an impression on a workshop.[4]
One 1888 source identifies the phrase by its similarity to Shakespeare's use in Much Ado About Nothing of "the Spanish phrase poeat palabrât, 'few words,' which is said to be pretty well the equivalent of our slang phrase 'shut up'".[5] The usage by Rudyard Kipling appears in his poem, "The Young British Soldier", published in 1892, told in the voice of a seasoned military veteran who says to the fresh troops, "Now all you recruities what's drafted to-day,/You shut up your rag-box an' 'ark to my lay".[6]
Variations
More forceful forms of the phrase may be constructed by the infixation of modifiers, including "shut the hell up" and "shut the fuck up".[7] In shut the heck up, heck is substituted for more aggressive modifiers. In instant messenger communications, these are in turn often abbreviated to STHU and STFU, respectively. Similar phrases include "hush" and "shush" or "hush up" and "shush up" (which are generally less aggressive).[7] Another common variation is "shut your mouth", sometimes substituting "mouth" with another word conveying similar meaning, such as head,[7] face,[8] teeth,[7] trap,[8] yap,[9] chops,[10] crunch,[7] cake-hole (in places including the UK[10][11] and New Zealand[12]), pie-hole (in the United States[13]), or, more archaically, gob.[14] Another variation, shut it,[7] substitutes "it" for the mouth, leaving the thing to be shut to be understood by implication.
Variations produced by changes in spelling, spacing, or slurring of words include "shaddap", shurrup,[7] shurrit,[7] shutup, and shuttup.[7] By derivation, a "shut-up sandwich" is another name for a punch in the mouth.[7]
Another variation, shut the front door, was used in an Oreo TV commercial in 2011, prompting some parents to object.[15]
Objectionability
The objectionability of the phrase has varied over time. For example, in 1957, Milwaukee morning radio personality Bob "Coffeehead" Larsen banned the song Mama Look-a-boo-boo from his show for its repeated inclusion of the phrase, which Larsen felt would set a bad example for the younger listeners at that hour.[16] In 1968, the use of the phrase on the floor of the Australian Parliament drew a rebuke that "The phrase 'shut up' is not a parliamentary term. The expression is not the type which one should hear in a Parliament".[17] A similar objection was raised in the Pakistani Parliament in a session during the 1950s.[18] More recently, the cable network Gospel Music Channel, which debuted in 2004, bars the use of the phrase along with actual profanities within its secular programming, often muting the phrase when it comes up within the dialogue.
Alternative meanings
An alternative modern spoken usage is to express disbelief, or even amazement.[19] When this (politer) usage is intended, the phrase is uttered with mild inflexion to express surprise. The phrase is also used in an ironic fashion, when the person demanding the action simultaneously demands that the subject of the command speak, as in "shut up and answer the question". The usage of this phrase for comedic effect traces at least as far back as the 1870s, where the title character of a short farce titled "Piperman's Predicaments" is commanded to "Shut up; and answer plainly".[20] Another seemingly discordant use, tracing back to the 1920s, is the phrase "shut up and kiss me", which typically expresses both impatience and affection.[21]
See also
References
- ^ Leviticus 13:4 (King James Version).
- ^ JerriAnne Boggis, Eve Allegra Raimon, Barbara Ann White, Harriet Wilson's New England: race, writing, and region (2007), p. 154.
- ^ Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit (c. 1857), p. 125.
- ^ The Christian Miscellany, and Family Visiter (1859), p. 244.
- ^ Sir Henry Irving, Frank Albert Marshall, Edward Dowden, commentary on The Works of William Shakespeare (1888), p. 252.
- ^ Rudyard Kipling, "The Young British Soldier", in Barrack-Room Ballads (1892).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Eric Partridge, Tom Dalzell, Terry Victor, The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z (2006), p. 1444-45.
- ^ a b Eric Partridge, Tom Dalzell, Terry Victor, The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2007), p. 581.
- ^ Joseph Melillo, Edward M. Melillo, American Slang: Cultural Language Guide to Living in the USA (2004), p. 367.
- ^ a b Iona Archibald Opie, Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (2001), p. 194.
- ^ John Ayto, 20th century words (2002), p.232
- ^ Louis S. Leland, A Personal Kiwi-Yankee Dictionary (1984), p. 20.
- ^ Eric Partridge, Tom Dalzell, Terry Victor, The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z (2006), p. 1478.
- ^ John Stephen Farmer and W.E. Henley, Slang and its Analogues Past and Present: Volume 3 (1893), p. 167.
- ^ Nabisco in hot water over Oreo cookie ad, Knoxnews.com (April, 2011).
- ^ Billboard, March 23, 1957, p. 74.
- ^ Parliamentary Debates, Senate weekly Hansard (1968), Volume 70, p. 2864.
- ^ Pakistan Constituent Assembly, Debates. Official Report. (1947-1954). (1955), p. 856.
- ^ Brenda Smith Myles, Melissa L. Trautman, Ronda L. Schelvan, The Hidden Curriculum: Practical Solutions for Understanding Unstated Rules in Social Situations (2004), p. 6.
- ^ "Piperman's Predicaments: A Farce, in One Act", (translated by James Redding Ware), reported in The British Drama, Volume 5 (1871), p. 192.
- ^ Cosmopolitan, Volume 77 (1924), p. 116.