User:ChemStudent24601/sandbox: Difference between revisions
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==Replication== |
==Replication== |
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[[File:Poliovirus life cycle.png|thumb|right|240px|Poliovirus life cycle]] |
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Enteroviruses replicate through the synthesis of a (-) strand RNA from the (+) strand. The newly synthesized strand acts as a template for new (+) strand progeny RNA. While the same proteins are responsible for the synthesis of both strands they recognize two different 3’ elements on the (+) and (-) strands of enterovirus RNA. Proteins recognize oriL on the 3’ end of the (-) strand to initiate synthesis of the (+) strand and oriR on the (+) strand to initiate (-) strand synthesis.<ref name=structure-function>{{cite journal|last=Zoll|first=Jan|coauthors=Heus, Hans A.; van Kuppeveld, Frank J.M.; Melchers, Willem J.G.|title=The structure–function relationship of the enterovirus 3′-UTR|journal=Virus Research|year=2009|month=February|volume=139|issue=2|pages=209–216|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.014}}</ref> The (+) strand 3’ UTR contains two domains X and Y which have hairpin structures.<ref name=Towards>{{cite journal|last=Pilipenko|first=Evgeny V.|coauthors=Svetlana V.Maslova, Alexander N.Sinyakov and Vadim l.Agol|title=Towards identification of cis-acting elements involved in the replication of enterovirus and rhinovirus RNAs: a proposal for the existence of tRNA-like terminal structures|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|year=1992|volume=20|issue=7|pages=1739-1745}}</ref> A so-called kissing interaction is formed between the loops of the X and Y domains and is then stacked on the helical portion of the X domain to form the tertiary structure of oriR.<ref name="Structure kissing element">{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=Jinhua|coauthors=Judith M. J. E. Bakkers, Joep M. D. Galama, Hilbert J. Bruins Slot, Evgeny V. Pilipenko, Vadim I. Agol, Willem J. G. Melchers|title=Structural requirements of the higher order RNA kissing element in the enteroviral 3′UTR|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|year=1999|volume=27|issue=2|pages=485-490}}</ref> An enterovirus subgroup, B-like enteroviruses, contain an additional domain Z.<ref name="B subgroup">{{cite journal|last=Merkle|first=I.|coauthors=van Ooij, M. J. M.; van Kuppeveld, F. J. M.; Glaudemans, D. H. R. F.; Galama, J. M. D.; Henke, A.; Zell, R.; Melchers, W. J. G.|title=Biological Significance of a Human Enterovirus B-Specific RNA Element in the 3' Nontranslated Region|journal=Journal of Virology|date=1 October 2002|volume=76|issue=19|pages=9900–9909|doi=10.1128/JVI.76.19.9900–9909.2002}}</ref> |
Enteroviruses replicate through the synthesis of a (-) strand RNA from the (+) strand. The newly synthesized strand acts as a template for new (+) strand progeny RNA. While the same proteins are responsible for the synthesis of both strands they recognize two different 3’ elements on the (+) and (-) strands of enterovirus RNA. Proteins recognize oriL on the 3’ end of the (-) strand to initiate synthesis of the (+) strand and oriR on the (+) strand to initiate (-) strand synthesis.<ref name=structure-function>{{cite journal|last=Zoll|first=Jan|coauthors=Heus, Hans A.; van Kuppeveld, Frank J.M.; Melchers, Willem J.G.|title=The structure–function relationship of the enterovirus 3′-UTR|journal=Virus Research|year=2009|month=February|volume=139|issue=2|pages=209–216|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.014}}</ref> The (+) strand 3’ UTR contains two domains X and Y which have hairpin structures.<ref name=Towards>{{cite journal|last=Pilipenko|first=Evgeny V.|coauthors=Svetlana V.Maslova, Alexander N.Sinyakov and Vadim l.Agol|title=Towards identification of cis-acting elements involved in the replication of enterovirus and rhinovirus RNAs: a proposal for the existence of tRNA-like terminal structures|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|year=1992|volume=20|issue=7|pages=1739-1745}}</ref> A so-called kissing interaction is formed between the loops of the X and Y domains and is then stacked on the helical portion of the X domain to form the tertiary structure of oriR.<ref name="Structure kissing element">{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=Jinhua|coauthors=Judith M. J. E. Bakkers, Joep M. D. Galama, Hilbert J. Bruins Slot, Evgeny V. Pilipenko, Vadim I. Agol, Willem J. G. Melchers|title=Structural requirements of the higher order RNA kissing element in the enteroviral 3′UTR|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|year=1999|volume=27|issue=2|pages=485-490}}</ref> An enterovirus subgroup, B-like enteroviruses, contain an additional domain Z.<ref name="B subgroup">{{cite journal|last=Merkle|first=I.|coauthors=van Ooij, M. J. M.; van Kuppeveld, F. J. M.; Glaudemans, D. H. R. F.; Galama, J. M. D.; Henke, A.; Zell, R.; Melchers, W. J. G.|title=Biological Significance of a Human Enterovirus B-Specific RNA Element in the 3' Nontranslated Region|journal=Journal of Virology|date=1 October 2002|volume=76|issue=19|pages=9900–9909|doi=10.1128/JVI.76.19.9900–9909.2002}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 20:49, 17 December 2013
Enteroviral 3' UTR elements
Introduction
(In molecular biology, the enteroviral 3' UTR element is an RNA structure found in the 3' UTR of various enteroviruses.) A UTR, or untranslated region, is a section of mRNA which is not read out in translation and thus does not contribute to the protein sequence.[1] It sequence, and particularly its structure, do have important functions in the cell cycle. (The overall structure forms the origin of replication (OriR) for the initiation of (-) strand RNA synthesis. Pseudoknots have also been predicted in this structure.) These structure are important in virus replication.
Replication
Enteroviruses replicate through the synthesis of a (-) strand RNA from the (+) strand. The newly synthesized strand acts as a template for new (+) strand progeny RNA. While the same proteins are responsible for the synthesis of both strands they recognize two different 3’ elements on the (+) and (-) strands of enterovirus RNA. Proteins recognize oriL on the 3’ end of the (-) strand to initiate synthesis of the (+) strand and oriR on the (+) strand to initiate (-) strand synthesis.[2] The (+) strand 3’ UTR contains two domains X and Y which have hairpin structures.[3] A so-called kissing interaction is formed between the loops of the X and Y domains and is then stacked on the helical portion of the X domain to form the tertiary structure of oriR.[4] An enterovirus subgroup, B-like enteroviruses, contain an additional domain Z.[5]
The 3’ end of the (+) strand also contains a poly(A) tail that interacts with the kissing domain and is essential for replication.[2] [3] The deletion of this tail proves detrimental to the virus.[2] Interestingly, if the kissing interaction is deleted replication will still occur but mutants with a distorted kissing domain exhibit a temperature sensitive or lethal phenotype.[4] [2] The kissing interaction must exhibit wildtype structure or not be present at all, which raises questions as to its function in replication.
References
- ^ http://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-U/UTR.html.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b c d Zoll, Jan (2009). "The structure–function relationship of the enterovirus 3′-UTR". Virus Research. 139 (2): 209–216. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.014.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b Pilipenko, Evgeny V. (1992). "Towards identification of cis-acting elements involved in the replication of enterovirus and rhinovirus RNAs: a proposal for the existence of tRNA-like terminal structures". Nucleic Acids Research. 20 (7): 1739–1745.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Wang, Jinhua (1999). "Structural requirements of the higher order RNA kissing element in the enteroviral 3′UTR". Nucleic Acids Research. 27 (2): 485–490.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Merkle, I. (1 October 2002). "Biological Significance of a Human Enterovirus B-Specific RNA Element in the 3' Nontranslated Region". Journal of Virology. 76 (19): 9900–9909. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.19.9900–9909.2002.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)