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{{two other uses|the temperature scale|the idealized thermodynamic cycle for a steam engine|Rankine cycle|the scale measuring recovery after stroke|modified Rankin scale}}
{{two other uses|the temperature scale|the idealized thermodynamic cycle for a steam engine|Rankine cycle|the scale measuring recovery after stroke|modified Rankin scale}}
{{redirect|°R|other temperature scales sometimes indicated using this notation|Réaumur scale|and|Rømer scale}}
{{redirect|R|other temperature scales sometimes indicated using this notation|Réaumur scale|and|Rømer scale}}
{{temperature}}
{{temperature}}
'''Rankine''' is a [[thermodynamic temperature|thermodynamic (absolute) temperature]] scale named after the [[Glasgow University]] [[engineer]] and [[physicist]] [[William John Macquorn Rankine]], who proposed it in 1859. (The [[Kelvin]] scale was first proposed in 1848.)
'''Rankine''' is a [[thermodynamic temperature|thermodynamic (absolute) temperature]] scale named after the [[Glasgow University]] [[engineer]] and [[physicist]] [[William John Macquorn Rankine]], who proposed it in 1859. (The [[Kelvin]] scale was first proposed in 1848.)


The symbol for '''degrees Rankine''' is °R<ref name="SP811"/> (or °Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the [[Rømer scale|Rømer]] and [[Réaumur scale|Réaumur]] scales). By analogy with Kelvin, some authors call the unit '''Rankine''', omitting the degree symbol.<ref name="dummies">{{cite book |last=Pauken |first=Michael |date=2011 |title= Thermodynamics For Dummies|url= |location=Indianapolis |publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc. |isbn=978-1-118-00291-9 |accessdate= |page=20}}</ref><ref name="engineering">{{cite book |last=Balmer |first=Robert |date=2011 |title=Modern Engineering Thermodynamics |url= |location=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |isbn=978-0-12-374996-3 |accessdate= page=10}}</ref> Zero on both the Kelvin and Rankine scales is [[absolute zero]], but the Rankine degree is defined as equal to one degree [[Fahrenheit]], rather than the one degree [[Celsius]] used by the Kelvin scale. A temperature of −459.67 °F is exactly equal to 0 °R.
The symbol for '''degrees Rankine''' is R<ref name="SP811"/> (or Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the [[Rømer scale|Rømer]] and [[Réaumur scale|Réaumur]] scales). By analogy with Kelvin, some authors call the unit '''Rankine''', omitting the degree symbol.<ref name="dummies">{{cite book |last=Pauken |first=Michael |date=2011 |title= Thermodynamics For Dummies|url= |location=Indianapolis |publisher=Wiley Publishing Inc. |isbn=978-1-118-00291-9 |accessdate= |page=20}}</ref><ref name="engineering">{{cite book |last=Balmer |first=Robert |date=2011 |title=Modern Engineering Thermodynamics |url= |location=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier Inc. |isbn=978-0-12-374996-3 |accessdate= page=10}}</ref> Zero on both the Kelvin and Rankine scales is [[absolute zero]], but the Rankine degree is defined as equal to one degree [[Fahrenheit]], rather than the one degree [[Celsius]] used by the Kelvin scale. A temperature of −459.67 °F is exactly equal to 0 R.
Like Kelvins the correct way to represent Rankine is incorrect. Most people use °K to to represent Kelvins but the correct way is just K exactly like Rankine but it is unofficially °R though Rankine is expressed as either or.


Some engineering fields in the [[United States]] measure thermodynamic temperature using the Rankine scale.<ref name="physorg">http://www.physorg.com/tags/temperature/</ref> The US [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] recommends not using degrees Rankine in NIST publications.<ref name="SP811">[http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html B.8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically] from [http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/contents.html Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)], NIST Special Publication 811, 2008 edition, Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor</ref>
Some engineering fields in the [[United States]] measure thermodynamic temperature using the Rankine scale.<ref name="physorg">http://www.physorg.com/tags/temperature/</ref> The US [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] recommends not using degrees Rankine in NIST publications.<ref name="SP811">[http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html B.8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically] from [http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/contents.html Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)], NIST Special Publication 811, 2008 edition, Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor</ref>
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|align="center"|−273.15 °C
|align="center"|−273.15 °C
|align="center"|−459.67 °F
|align="center"|−459.67 °F
|align="center"|0 °R
|align="center"|0 R
|-
|-
!Freezing point of brine<br>(by definition on Fahrenheit scale(only))
!Freezing point of brine<br>(by definition on Fahrenheit scale(only))
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|align="center"|−17.78 °C
|align="center"|−17.78 °C
|align="center"|0 °F
|align="center"|0 °F
|align="center"|459.67 °R
|align="center"|459.67 R
|-
|-
!Freezing point of water<ref>The ice point of purified water has been measured to be 0.000089(10) degrees Celsius – see {{cite journal |last=Magnum |first=B.W. |date=June 1995 |title=Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements |journal=Nist Technical Note |volume=1411 |url=http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-11}}</ref>
!Freezing point of water<ref>The ice point of purified water has been measured to be 0.000089(10) degrees Celsius – see {{cite journal |last=Magnum |first=B.W. |date=June 1995 |title=Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements |journal=Nist Technical Note |volume=1411 |url=http://www.cstl.nist.gov/div836/836.05/papers/magnum95icept.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-02-11}}</ref>
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|align="center"|0 °C
|align="center"|0 °C
|align="center"|32 °F
|align="center"|32 °F
|align="center"|491.67 °R
|align="center"|491.67 R
|-
|-
![[Triple point]] of water<br>(by definition)
![[Triple point]] of water<br>(by definition)
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|align="center"|0.01 °C
|align="center"|0.01 °C
|align="center"|32.018 °F
|align="center"|32.018 °F
|align="center"|491.688 °R
|align="center"|491.688 R
|-
|-
![[Boiling point]] of water<ref>For [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water]] at one [[Atmosphere (unit)|standard atmosphere]] (101.325 kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100&nbsp;°C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1&nbsp;mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water#VSMOW in temperature measurement|VSMOW in temperature measurement]].</ref>
![[Boiling point]] of water<ref>For [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water]] at one [[Atmosphere (unit)|standard atmosphere]] (101.325 kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100&nbsp;°C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1&nbsp;mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see [[Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water#VSMOW in temperature measurement|VSMOW in temperature measurement]].</ref>
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|align="center"|[[Celsius#Melting_and_boiling_points_of_water|99.9839 °C]]
|align="center"|[[Celsius#Melting_and_boiling_points_of_water|99.9839 °C]]
|align="center"|211.97102 °F
|align="center"|211.97102 °F
|align="center"|671.64102 °R
|align="center"|671.64102 R
|}
|}


Revision as of 16:31, 19 February 2014

Template:Two other uses

"R" redirects here. For other temperature scales sometimes indicated using this notation, see Réaumur scale and Rømer scale.
Rankine temperature conversion formulae
from Rankine to Rankine
Celsius x °R ≘ (x − 491.67) × ⁠5/9⁠ °C x °C ≘ (x + 273.15) × ⁠9/5⁠ °R
Fahrenheit x °R ≘ (x − 459.67) °F x °F ≘ (x + 459.67) °R
Kelvin x °R ≘ x × ⁠5/9⁠ K x K ≘ x × ⁠9/5⁠ °R
For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,
Template:Temperature/R/int
Conversion between temperature scales

Rankine is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale named after the Glasgow University engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine, who proposed it in 1859. (The Kelvin scale was first proposed in 1848.)

The symbol for degrees Rankine is R[1] (or Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the Rømer and Réaumur scales). By analogy with Kelvin, some authors call the unit Rankine, omitting the degree symbol.[2][3] Zero on both the Kelvin and Rankine scales is absolute zero, but the Rankine degree is defined as equal to one degree Fahrenheit, rather than the one degree Celsius used by the Kelvin scale. A temperature of −459.67 °F is exactly equal to 0 R. Like Kelvins the correct way to represent Rankine is incorrect. Most people use °K to to represent Kelvins but the correct way is just K exactly like Rankine but it is unofficially °R though Rankine is expressed as either or.

Some engineering fields in the United States measure thermodynamic temperature using the Rankine scale.[4] The US National Institute of Standards and Technology recommends not using degrees Rankine in NIST publications.[1]

Some key temperatures relating the Rankine scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.

Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit Rankine
Absolute zero
(by definition) 		0 K −273.15 °C −459.67 °F 0 R
Freezing point of brine
(by definition on Fahrenheit scale(only)) 		255.37 K −17.78 °C 0 °F 459.67 R
Freezing point of water[5] 273.15 K 0 °C 32 °F 491.67 R
Triple point of water
(by definition) 		273.16 K 0.01 °C 32.018 °F 491.688 R
Boiling point of water[6] 373.1339 K 99.9839 °C 211.97102 °F 671.64102 R

Conversion table between the temperature units

Kelvin


Celsius


Fahrenheit


Rankine scale


Rømer scale


Newton scale


Delisle scale


Réaumur scale

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b B.8 Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically from Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 2008 edition, Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor
  2. ^ Pauken, Michael (2011). Thermodynamics For Dummies. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing Inc. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-118-00291-9.
  3. ^ Balmer, Robert (2011). Modern Engineering Thermodynamics. Oxford: Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-374996-3. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Missing pipe in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^ http://www.physorg.com/tags/temperature/
  5. ^ The ice point of purified water has been measured to be 0.000089(10) degrees Celsius – see Magnum, B.W. (June 1995). "Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements" (PDF). Nist Technical Note. 1411. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  6. ^ For Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water at one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) when calibrated solely per the two-point definition of thermodynamic temperature. Older definitions of the Celsius scale once defined the boiling point of water under one standard atmosphere as being precisely 100 °C. However, the current definition results in a boiling point that is actually 16.1 mK less. For more about the actual boiling point of water, see VSMOW in temperature measurement.
Look up degree Rankine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.


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