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Yaroslav Stetsko was active in Ukrainian nationalist organizations from an early age. He was a member of three separate organizations: "Ukrayinska Natsionalistychna Molod'" (Ukrainian Nationalist Youth; {{lang-ua|Українська Націоналістична Молодь}}) where he became a member of the National Executive in 1932, Ukrainian Military Organization the [[Ukrainian Military Organization|UVO]] ({{lang-ua|Українська Військова Організація}}) and eventually the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN) ({{lang-ua|Організація Українських Націоналістів}}).{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}
Yaroslav Stetsko was active in Ukrainian nationalist organizations from an early age. He was a member of three separate organizations: "Ukrayinska Natsionalistychna Molod'" (Ukrainian Nationalist Youth; {{lang-ua|Українська Націоналістична Молодь}}) where he became a member of the National Executive in 1932, Ukrainian Military Organization the [[Ukrainian Military Organization|UVO]] ({{lang-ua|Українська Військова Організація}}) and eventually the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN) ({{lang-ua|Організація Українських Націоналістів}}).{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}


Because of his pro-Ukrainian activities and the recent assassination of [[:pl:Bronisław Pieracki|Piernacki]] by Ukrainian nationalists, Stetsko was arrested by Polish authorities in 1934 and sentenced to a 5-year term.<ref name="cun.org.ua"/> This sentence was reduced, and Stetsko was released in 1937 in a general amnesty.
Because of his anti-Polish activities and the recent assassination of [[:pl:Bronisław Pieracki|Piernacki]] by Ukrainian nationalists, Stetsko was arrested by Polish authorities in 1934 and sentenced to a 5-year term.<ref name="cun.org.ua"/> This sentence was reduced, and Stetsko was released in 1937 in a general amnesty.


In 1929–1934, he studied philosophy at the Universities of Lwow and Kraków in Poland. In the 1930s, he became one of the leaders of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}
In 1929–1934, he studied philosophy at the Universities of Lwow and Kraków in Poland. In the 1930s, he became one of the leaders of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}

Revision as of 06:41, 9 March 2014

Yaroslav Stetsko
Ярослав Стецько
Yaroslav Stetsko
Leader of the OUN-B
In office
1968–1986
Personal details
Born(1912-01-19)19 January 1912
Ternopil, Austria–Hungary
Died5 July 1986(1986-07-05) (aged 74)
Munich, Germany
NationalityUkrainian
Political partyOUN-B
SpouseYaroslava Stetsko
OccupationPolitician

Yaroslav Stetsko (Ukrainian: Ярослав Стецько; born 19 January 1912 in Ternopil, Austria–Hungary; died 5 July 1986 in Munich, Germany) was the leader of the Bandera's Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), from 1968 until death. In 1941, during Nazi Germany invasion into the Soviet Union he was self-proclaimed temporary head of the self-proclaimed Ukrainian statehood. Stetsko was the head of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations from the time of foundation until 1986, the year of his death.

Biography

Childhood

Yaroslav Stetsko was born on 12 January 1912 in Ternopil, Austria–Hungary (now Ukraine) into a Ukrainian Catholic priest's family.[1] His father, Semen, and his mother, Teodoziya, née Chubaty, encouraged him to pursue a higher education, which was very difficult for ethnic Ukrainians. Yaroslav not only graduated high school in Ternopil, but later studied Law and Philosophy at the Kraków and Lwów Universities, graduating in 1934.[2]

Youth activities

Yaroslav Stetsko was active in Ukrainian nationalist organizations from an early age. He was a member of three separate organizations: "Ukrayinska Natsionalistychna Molod'" (Ukrainian Nationalist Youth; Ukrainian: Українська Націоналістична Молодь) where he became a member of the National Executive in 1932, Ukrainian Military Organization the UVO (Ukrainian: Українська Військова Організація) and eventually the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) (Ukrainian: Організація Українських Націоналістів).[citation needed]

Because of his anti-Polish activities and the recent assassination of Piernacki by Ukrainian nationalists, Stetsko was arrested by Polish authorities in 1934 and sentenced to a 5-year term.[2] This sentence was reduced, and Stetsko was released in 1937 in a general amnesty.

In 1929–1934, he studied philosophy at the Universities of Lwow and Kraków in Poland. In the 1930s, he became one of the leaders of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).[citation needed]

World War II

The Nazis and the OUN

According to the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine[citation needed] and other sources[by whom?], OUN leaders had meetings with the heads of Nazi Germany's intelligence, regarding the formation of "Nachtigall" and "Roland" Battalions. In spring the OUN received 2.5 million marks for subversive activities inside the USSR.[3][4]

Operation Barbarossa

On 30 June 1941, Stetsko declared in Lviv the formation of a Ukrainian state which "will closely cooperate with the National-Socialist Greater Germany, under the leadership of its leader Adolf Hitler which is forming a new order in Europe and the world" – as stated in the text of the "Act of Proclamation of Ukrainian Statehood"[4] Gestapo and Abwehr officials protected Bandera followers, as both organizations intended to use them for their own purposes.[5]

On 5 July, OUN-B leader Bandera was placed under honorary arrest (Latin: custodia honesta) in Kraków, and transported to Berlin the next day. 14 July he was released, but required to stay in Berlin. 12 July 1941 he was joined in Berlin by his deputy Yaroslav Stetsko, whom the Germans had moved from Lviv after an unsuccessful attempt by unknown persons to assassinate him.[6] During July–August both of them submitted dozens of proposals for cooperation to different Nazi institutions (OKW, RSHA etc.) and freely communicate with their followers. [7] After the assassination of two key members of Melnyk OUN, said to have been committed by members of OUN-B, Bandera and Stetsko after 15 September 1941 were held in the central Berlin prison at Spandau and, in January 1942, transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp's special barrack for high profile political prisoners Zellenbau.[8]

In April 1944 Bandera and his deputy Yaroslav Stetsko were approached by Otto Skorzeny to discuss plans for diversions and sabotage against Soviet Army.[9]

In September 1944 Stetsko and Bandera were released by the German authorities in the hope that he would rouse the native populace to fight the advancing Soviet Army. With German consent Bandera set up headquarters in Berlin.[10] Germans supplied OUN-B and UIA by air with arms and equipment. Assigned German personnel and agents trained to conduct terrorist and intelligence activities behind Soviet lines, as well as some OUN-B leaders, were also transported by air until early 1945.[11][12]

In April 1945 Stetsko was seriously injured during an Allied air-attack on Nazi military vehicles convoy in Bohemia.[13]

Antisemitsm

In August of 1941 Stetsko wrote his autobiography. It was addressed to the German authorities, and contained several notable antisemitic passages, in particular he stated that he considered Marxism a product of Jewish thought, that was put into practice by the Muscovite-Asiatic people with Jewish assistance; that Moscow and the Jewry are the carriers of the international ideas of the Bolsheviks. He stated that although he consider Moscow rather than Jewry to be the main enemy of imprisoned Ukraine, he absolutely endorses the idea of the indubitable harmful role of Jews in the enslavement of Ukraine by Moscow. He finally states that he absolutely endorses the extermination of Jews, and the rationality of the German methods of extermination of Jews, instead of assimilating them.[14][failed verification] [15][16][17]

After the war

Stetsko continued to be very active politically after World War II. In 1968 he became the supreme leader of the OUN-B.[citation needed]

The Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations

In 1946, Stetsko spearheaded the creation of a new anti-soviet organization, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, the ABN. He was president of this organization until his death.[citation needed]

Death

Memorial plaque for Yaroslav Stetsko and his wife in Munich, Zeppelinstrasse

On 5 July 1986, Yaroslav Stetsko died in Munich, Germany. He was 74 years old.[citation needed]

Legacy

Stetsko's (written in 1951) book "Two Revolutions" is the ideological base of the political party All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda".[18][19] The essence of this doctrine is: "the revolution will not end with the establishment of the Ukrainian state, but will go on to establish equal opportunities for all people to create and share material and spiritual values and in this respect the national revolution is also a social one".[18]

References

  1. ^ John Armstrong (1963). Ukrainian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 54
  2. ^ a b http://cun.org.ua/ukr/content/view/1513/31/ [dead link]
  3. ^ Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія, Раздел 1 http://www.history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Upa/1.pdf стр. 17–30[dead link]
  4. ^ a b І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)
  5. ^ p.15 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0 – У владних структурах рейху знайшлися сили яки з прагматичних міркувань стали на захист бандерівців. Керівники гестапо сподівалися використовувати їх у власних цілях а керівники абверу а радянському тилу.
  6. ^ Після проголошення держави й уряду наложили на нього дня 5.7. почесний арешт (Еренгафт) та перевезли його до Берліна. Дня 14.7 провідника організації звільнено із забороною опускати Берлін. p.420 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  7. ^ p.16 Голова уряду Я.Стецько майже до кінця серпня вільно проживав у Берліні і закидав посланнями відомства Розенберга, Ріббентропа,Гіммлера і Кейтеля) ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  8. ^ Berkhoff, K.C. and M. Carynnyk 'The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys' in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 23 (1999), nr. 3/4, pp. 149—184 .
  9. ^ Завдання підривної діяльності проти Червоної армії обговорювалося на нараді під Берліном у квітні того ж року (1944) між керівником таємних операцій вермахту О.Скорцені й лідерами українських націоналістів С.бандерою та Я.Стецьком» D.Vyedeneyev O.Lysenko OUN and foreign intelligence services 1920s–1950s Ukrainian Historical Magazine 3, 2009 p.137– Institute of History National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine http://www.history.org.ua/JournALL/journal/2009/3/11.pdf [dead link]
  10. ^ "West Germany: The Partisan," Time magazine (Monday, 2 Nov. 1959).
  11. ^ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p.338 [dead link]
  12. ^ D.Vyedeneyev O.Lysenko OUN and foreign intelligence services 1920s–1950s Ukrainian Historical Magazine 3, 2009 p.137– Institute of History National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine http://www.history.org.ua/JournALL/journal/2009/3/11.pdf
  13. ^ Вєдєнєєв Д. Проблеми історії України: факти, судження, пошуки. – Київ: Інститут історії України НАН України, 2003. – №10. ISSN: 0869-2556 – page .405
  14. ^ Template:Ua icon "Тому я підтримую знищення жидів та доцільність впровадження німецьких методів винищення жидівства в Україні, а не лише їхню асиміляцію і тому подібне" http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2012/12/20/93550/
  15. ^ John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 2nd ed. (Littleton, CO.: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1980) 77–84.
  16. ^ Template:Ua icon Orest Dzuban "Українське державотворення. Акт 30 червня 1931. Збірник документів і матеріалів" (Львів-Київ: Піраміда, 2001) p.153
  17. ^ Template:Ua icon "Події на західноукраїнських землях (інтерв’ю з доцентом др. Г.І.Байєром)", Краківські вісті, 6 липня 1941.
  18. ^ a b The Extreme Right in Ukraine by Mridula Ghosh, Friedrich Ebert Foundation (October 2012)
  19. ^ Template:Ua icon "Всеукраїнське об’єднання «Свобода»"

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