Darfur: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox country |
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|native_name = دار فور |
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|conventional_long_name = Darfur |
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|common_name = Darfur |
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|image_flag = |
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|image_coat = |
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|capital = [[Al-Fashir]] |
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|image_map = Map of Darfur 2011.png |
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|official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |
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|ethnic_groups = |
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|ethnic_groups_year = |
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|demonym = Darfuri and Darfurese |
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|government_type = [[Darfur Regional Authority]] |
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|leader_title1 = Executive Chairman |
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|leader_name1 = [[Tijani Sese]] |
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|leader_title2 = |
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|area_magnitude = |
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|area_km2 = 493180 |
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|area_sq_mi = |
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|percent_water = |
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|population_estimate = 7,500,000 |
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|population_estimate_rank = 2008 |
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}} |
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'''Darfur''' ({{lang-ar|دار فور}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Dār Fūr}}'', {{lang-en|Realm of the [[Fur people|Fur]]}}) is a region in western [[Sudan]]. It was an [[Sultanate of Darfur|independent sultanate]] for several hundred years, incorporated into Sudan by [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian forces]] in 1916. The region is divided into five [[States of Sudan|federal states]]: [[Central Darfur]], [[East Darfur]], [[North Darfur]], [[South Darfur]] and [[West Darfur]]. Because of the [[war in Darfur]] between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency since 2003. |
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==Geography== |
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Darfur covers an area of some {{convert|493180|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaldreamers.org/holocaust/darfur/geography.html |title=Sudan's Geography |publisher=Globaldreamers.org |date= |accessdate=2010-07-13}}</ref> the size of [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite news |author=R. S. O'Fahey |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/15/opinion/15iht-edofahey_ed3_.html |title=Darfur: A complex ethnic reality with a long history |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2004-05-15 |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/jan-june05/darfur_2-17.html |title=Congressional Reps Give Update on Troubled Darfur Region of Sudan |publisher=Pbs.org |date=2005-02-17 |accessdate=2010-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5316306.stm |title=Quick guide: Darfur - BBC News, 2006-09-06 |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-09-06 |accessdate=2010-07-13}}</ref> It is largely an arid plateau with the [[Marrah Mountains]] ([[wikt:Jebel|Jebel]] Marra), a range of volcanic peaks rising up to {{convert|3042|m|ft|sp=us}} of [[topographic prominence]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/africa.html |title=Africa Ultra-Prominences |publisher=Peaklist.org |date=2007-05-10 |accessdate=2010-07-13}}</ref> in the center of the region. The region's main towns are [[Al Fashir]], [[Nyala, Sudan|Nyala]], and [[Geneina]]. |
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There are four main features of its physical geography. The whole eastern half of Darfur is covered with [[plain]]s and low [[hill]]s of [[Sand|sandy soils]], known as ''[[wikt:goz|goz]]'', and [[sandstone]] hills. In many places the ''goz'' is waterless and can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep [[borehole]]s. While dry, ''goz'' may also support rich pasture and [[arable land]]. To the north the ''goz'' is overtaken by the desert sands of the [[Sahara]]. A second feature are the ''[[wadi]]s'', which range from seasonal watercourses that flood only occasionally during the [[wet season]] to large ''wadis'' that [[flood]] for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of miles west to [[Lake Chad]]. Many ''wadis'' have pans of [[alluvium]] with rich heavy soil that are also difficult to cultivate. Western Darfur is dominated by the third feature, [[basement rock]], sometimes covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed, but provides sporadic forest cover that can be grazed by animals. The fourth and final feature are the [[Marrah Mountains]], volcanic plugs created by a [[massif]], that rise up to a peak at [[Deriba crater]] where there is a small area of [[temperate climate]], high rainfall and permanent springs of water. |
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[[Image:Sudan Jebel Marra Deriba Lakes edited.jpg|right|thumb|[[Deriba Crater]] is at the highest point of the [[Marrah Mountains]]]] |
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[[Remote sensing]] has detected the imprint of a vast underground lake under Darfur. The potential water deposits are estimated at {{convert|19110|sqmi|km2}}. The lake, during epochs when the region was more humid, would have contained about 2500 km<sup>3</sup> (607 cubic miles) of water.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN1830279020070718 "Underground lake may bring Darfur peace: scientist"] by Tanzina Vega, ''[[Reuters]]'', July 18, 2007</ref> It may have dried up thousands of years ago.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6908224.stm Ancient Darfur lake 'is dried up'], [[BBC]], July 20, 2007</ref> |
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==Prehistory== |
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Some conjectures include the area of Darfur as part of the [[Proto-Afro-Asiatic Urheimat]] in distant [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] times (c. 10,000 BC), though numerous other theories exclude Darfur. |
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==History== |
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[[Image:Bandera Darfur.svg|thumb|right|Flag of the rebel [[Darfur Liberation Front]]]] |
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{{main|History of Darfur}} |
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Most of the region consists of a [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] plain and thus appears unsuitable for developing a large and complex [[civilization]]. But the [[Marrah Mountains]] offer plentiful water, and the [[Daju people]] created the first known Darfurian civilization based in the mountains, though they left no records besides a list of kings. The [[Tunjur]] displaced the Daju in the fourteenth century and introduced [[Islam]]. The Tunjur [[sultan]]s intermarried with the [[Fur people|Fur]] and sultan [[Musa Sulayman]] (reigned c.1596 to c.1637) is considered{{by whom|date=November 2013}} the founder of the [[Keira dynasty]]. Darfur became a great power of the [[Sahel]] under the Keira dynasty, expanding its borders as far east as the [[Atbarah River]] and attracting [[immigrant]]s from [[Bornu Empire|Bornu]] and [[Kingdom of Baguirmi|Bagirmi]]. During the mid-18th century conflict between rival factions wracked the country, and external war pitted Darfur against [[Kingdom of Sennar|Sennar]] and [[Ouaddai Kingdom|Wadai]]. In 1875, the weakened kingdom was destroyed by the [[Egypt]]ian ruler set up in [[Khartoum]], largely through the machinations of [[Sebehr Rahma]], a slave-trader, who was competing with the [[Dar Lyon|dar]] over access to [[ivory]] in [[Bahr el Ghazal]] to the south of Darfur. |
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The Darfuris were restive under [[Egypt]]ian rule, but were no more predisposed to accept the rule of the self-proclaimed [[Mahdi]], [[Muhammad Ahmad]], when in 1882 his [[Emir]] of Darfur, who came from the Southern Darfur [[Arab]] [[Rizeigat]] tribe led by [[Sheikh Madibbo]], defeated the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces led by [[Slatin Pasha]] (that had just invaded [[Egypt]] earlier that year) in Darfur. When Ahmad's successor, [[Abdallahi ibn Muhammad]], himself an [[Arab]] of Southern Darfur from the [[Ta’isha tribe]], demanded that the pastoralist tribes provide soldiers, several tribes rose up in revolt. Following the overthrow of Abdallahi at [[Omdurman]] in 1899 by the Anglo-Egyptian forces, the new [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian government]] recognized Ali Dinar as the sultan of Darfur and largely left the Dar to its own affairs except for a nominal annual tribute. During [[World War I]], the [[United Kingdom|British]], concerned that the sultanate might fall under the influence of the [[Ottoman Empire]], invaded and incorporated Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1916. Colonial rule directed financial and administrative resources to the tribes of central Sudan near [[Khartoum]] - to the detriment of the outlying regions such as Darfur. |
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=== Under Sudanese rule=== |
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{{see also|Darfur conflict}} |
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[[Image:Darfur IDPs 1 camp.jpg|thumb|Camp of Darfuris [[internally displaced person|internally displaced]] by the [[Darfur conflict|ongoing conflict]]]] |
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A pattern of skewed [[Urban planning|development]] continued following national [[independence]] in 1956. To this was added an element of political instability caused by the [[war by proxy|proxy wars]] between [[Sudan]], [[Libya]] and [[Chad]]. Darfurians, including those identified as "Arab" and "African" people, began to respond to the [[ideology]] of [[Arab]] supremacy propagated by [[Libya]]n leader [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]. A [[famine]] in the mid-1980s disrupted many societal structures and led to the first significant modern fighting amongst Darfuris. A low-level conflict continued for the next fifteen years, with the government co-opting and arming Arab [[Janjaweed]] militias against its enemies. The fighting reached a peak in 2003 with the beginning of the [[Darfur conflict]], in which the resistance coalesced into a roughly cohesive rebel movement. The conflict soon came to be regarded by human rights groups and the UN as one of the worst [[Humanitarian crisis|humanitarian disasters]] in the world. The [[insurgency]] and [[counter-insurgency]] have led to 480,000 deaths (though the [[Khartoum]] government disputes the numbers). Over 2.8 million people have been [[internally displaced person|displaced]] since 2003. Many of these [[refugee]]s have gone into camps where [[Emergency management|emergency aid]] has created conditions that, although extremely basic, are better than in the villages, which offer no protection against the various [[militia]]s that operate in the region. |
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Whilst nearly two-thirds of the population continues to struggle to survive in remote villages, the [[international community]] has largely overlooked their needs, and in the face of soaring inflation in Sudan many families face serious difficulties. Virtually no foreigners visit the region because of the fear of kidnapping, and only organizations such as [[Kids for Kids]] continue to provide long-term grass-roots assistance. |
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===Peace process=== |
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====Doha peace forum==== |
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In December 2010, representatives of the [[Liberation and Justice Movement]], an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups, formed in February of that year,<ref> |
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{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/EXCLUSIVE-Darfur-new-rebel-group,34301 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Darfur new rebel group announces formation of its structure - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan |publisher=Sudan Tribune |date= |accessdate=2011-09-05}} |
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</ref> started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese Government in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]]. A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur, was formed and the [[Justice and Equality Movement]] planned further talks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/sudan-peace-watch-december-21-2010 |title=Sudan Peace Watch-December 21, 2010 | Enough |publisher=Enoughproject.org |date=2010-12-21 |accessdate=2011-09-05}} |
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</ref> The talks ended on December 19 without a new peace agreement, but participants agreed on basic principles, including a regional authority and a referendum on autonomy for Darfur. The possibility of a Darfuri Vice-President was also discussed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudanese-government-LJM-rebels-to,37279 |title=Sudanese government, LJM rebels to sign a peace accord on 19 December - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan |publisher=Sudan Tribune |date= |accessdate=2011-09-05}} |
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</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://195.190.28.213/node/7902 |title=Mediators propose Darfur Authority, announce major diplomatic effort | Radio Dabanga |publisher=195.190.28.213 |date= |accessdate=2011-09-05}}</ref> |
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In January 2011, the leader of the Liberation and Justice Movement, Dr. [[Tijani Sese]], stated that the movement had accepted the core proposals of the Darfur peace document proposed by the joint-mediators in Doha; the proposals included a $300,000,000 compensation package for victims of atrocities in Darfur and special courts to conduct trials of persons accused of human-rights violations. Proposals for a new Darfur Regional Authority were also included; this authority would have an executive council of 18 ministers and would remain in place for five years. The current three Darfur states and state governments would also continue to exist during this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://195.190.28.213/node/7950 |title=DOHA: Darfur peace proposals accepted by LJM rebel coalition | Radio Dabanga |publisher=195.190.28.213 |date=2011-07-09 |accessdate=2011-09-05}} |
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</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/africa/news/article_1609145.php/Alliance-of-rebel-factions-agrees-to-Darfur-peace-deal |title=Alliance of rebel factions agrees to Darfur peace deal |publisher=Monsters and Critics |date=2011-01-03 |accessdate=2011-09-05}} |
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</ref> In February 2011 the Sudanese Government rejected the idea of a single region headed by a vice-president from the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shrig.org.sd/news-archive/darfur-news/2744-office-of-vp-must-meet-national-standards-says-el-haj-adam.html |title=Sudan Human Rights Information Gateway (SHRIG) - Office of VP must meet National standards, says El Haj Adam |publisher=SHRIG |date=2011-02-07 |accessdate=2011-09-05}}</ref> |
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On 29 January, the leaders of the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement issued a joint statement affirming their commitment to the Doha negotiations and agreement to attend the Doha forum on 5 February. The Sudanese government had not yet agreed to attend the forum on that date and instead favoured an internal peace process without the involvement of rebel groups.<ref> |
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{{cite web|author=Stephen Kinzer |url=http://www.sudanjem.com/2009/archives/42241/en/ |title=End human rights imperialism now |publisher=Sudanjem.com |date=2010-01-24 |accessdate=2011-09-05}} |
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</ref> Later in February, the Sudanese Government agreed to return to the Doha peace forum with a view to complete a new peace agreement by the end of that month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://195.190.28.213/node/9451 |title=Sudan government to return chief negotiator to Doha | Radio Dabanga |publisher=195.190.28.213 |date= |accessdate=2011-09-05}}</ref> On 25 February, both the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement announced that they had rejected the peace document proposed by the mediators in Doha. The main sticking points were the issues of a Darfuri vice-president and compensation for victims. The Sudanese government had not commented on the peace document.<ref> |
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{{cite web|url=http://195.190.28.213/node/9880 |title=Darfur movements reject Doha peace proposal | Radio dabanga |publisher=195.190.28.213 |date= |accessdate=2011-09-05}}</ref> |
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At the Doha Peace Forum in June, the Joint Mediators proposed a new [[Darfur Peace Agreement (2011)|Darfur Peace Agreement]], which would supersede the [[Abuja Agreement of 2005]] and if signed, would halt preparations for a Darfur status referendum.<ref> |
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{{cite web|url=http://www.radiodabanga.org/node/14852 |title=Under peace deal, Sudan would halt prep for Darfur Referendum |publisher=Radio Dabanga |date= | accessdate =2011-09-05}} |
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</ref> The proposal included provisions for a Darfuri Vice-President and an administrative structure that includes both the three [[States of Sudan|states]] and a strategic regional authority, the [[Darfur Regional Authority]], to oversee Darfur as a whole.<ref>http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/DPA-_Doha_draft.pdf |
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</ref> The new agreement was signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Darfur-peace-agreement-to-be,39449 |title=Darfur peace agreement to be signed on 14 July - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan |publisher=Sudan Tribune |date= |accessdate=2011-09-05}}</ref> The Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement did not sign the new document at that time but had three months in which to do so if they wished. |
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==Government== |
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The region is now divided into five [[States of Sudan|federal states]]: [[Central Darfur]], [[East Darfur]], [[North Darfur]], [[South Darfur]] and [[West Darfur]]. The [[Darfur Peace Agreement]] of 2006 established a [[Transitional Darfur Regional Authority]] as an interim authority for the region.<ref name="sudantribute">{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15343 |title=Sudan Tribune |publisher=Sudan Tribune |date= |accessdate=2010-07-13}}</ref> The agreement stated that a [[Darfur referendum, 2011|referendum]] on the status of Darfur should be held no later than 2011.<ref name="sudantribute" /> [[Minni Minnawi]] was the first chair of this authority, holding that office from April 2007 until December 2010, when he was succeeded by [[Shartai Jaafar Abdel Hakam]]. The peace agreement that was signed in July 2011 saw the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority reconstituted as the [[Darfur Regional Authority]] with executive and legislative functions. The current chairperson of the Darfur Regional Authority, [[Tijani Sese]], assumed the post on 20 September 2011. |
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In March 2011, it had been proposed that two more states be established in the Darfur region: [[Central Darfur]] around [[Zalingei]] and [[East Darfur]] around [[Ed Daein]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE7270CL20110308?sp=true | work=Reuters | title=Darfur to be cut into smaller states; rebel protest | date=2011-03-08}}</ref> The new states came into being on 11 January 2012, when President Omar al-Bashir issued a republican decree appointing their state governors.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201201110764.html</ref> |
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==Demographics and economy== |
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In 2008, Darfur's population was 7.5 million.<ref name="UNEPDarfur">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/Portals/155/countries/sudan/pdf/consultations/Darfur_%20Recovery_Beyond%20Emergency%20Relief.pdf |title=Beyond Emergency Relief: Longer-term trends and priorities for UN agencies in Darfur |work=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |date=30 September 2010 |accessdate=11 January 2014}}</ref> This in an increase by nearly six times from 1973 (1.3 million).<ref name="UNEPDarfur"/> 52% are 16 years or younger.<ref name="UNEPDarfur"/> |
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Darfur's budget was $286 million in 2008.<ref name="UNEPDarfur"/> |
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==Bibliography== |
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* Arkell, A. J., "A History of Darfur. Part II: The Tunjur etc", ''Sudan Notes and Records'', 32, 2 (1951), 207–238. |
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* Daly, M.W., ''Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide'', Cambridge 2010. |
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* Elliesie, Hatem, "Sudan under the Constraints of (International) Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law: The Case of Darfur", in Hatem Elliesie (ed.), ''Islam and Human Rights / al-islam wa-huquq al-insan'', Frankfurt, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Vienna 2010, pp. 193–217 ISBN 978-3-631-57848-3 |
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* Elliesie, Hatem et al., "Different Approaches to Genocide Trials under National Jurisdiction on the African Continent: The Rwandan, Ethiopian and Sudanese Cases", in ''Recht in Afrika'', Cologne 2009, 12/1, pp. 21–67. ISBN 978-3-89645-804-9 |
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* Nachtigal, G. transl. H. Fisher, ''Sahara and Sudan'', vol. IV (vol. III, 1889), London 1971. |
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* O'Fahey, R. S., ''The Darfur Sultanate: A History'', London 2008. |
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==See also== |
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* [[War in Darfur]] |
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* [[2010 Sahel famine]] |
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* [[Ahmed Abdulshafi Bassey]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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Pisello |
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==External links== |
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{{commons category|Darfur}} |
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* [http://www.fride.org/project/12/the-gap-between-narratives-and-practices-darfur-responses-from-the-arab-world The gap between narratives and practices. Darfur: Responses from the arab world] (by FRIDE) |
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* [http://www.eyesondarfur.org Eyes on Darfur] (by Amnesty International) |
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* [http://www.zmne.hu/aarms/docs/Volume6/Issue4/pdf/18bese.pdf%20 The first military operation between European Union and African Union] |
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* [http://www.radiodabanga.org Radio Dabanga] (with daily news about Darfur) |
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* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/127198391/EU-support-to-the-African-Union-mission-in-Darfur-AMIS EU support to the African Union mission in Darfur – AMIS] |
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* [http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/77169/StratL2_35.pdf?sequence=1 Logistic Experiences: The Case of Darfur] |
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* [http://www.un.org](by UN), |
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* [http://www.msf.fr](by MSF), |
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* [http://www.sauverledarfour.eu](by SLD, Sauver Le Darfour) |
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* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html] |
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{{coord|13|00|N|25|00|E|region:SD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}} |
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[[Category:Darfur| ]] |
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[[Category:History of Islam]] |
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[[Category:Regions of Sudan]] |
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[[Category:Former countries in Africa]] |
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Revision as of 13:59, 19 March 2014
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