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Tyrannoderp (talk | contribs) First paragraph for my portion of wiki project |
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Assignment 3: |
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(This paragraph will go below the first two paragraphs under Health Effects of the Urban Heat Islands article) |
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Disproportionate health impacts from urban heat islands have been well studied. One such study showed that individuals face different levels of vulnerability to [[Hyperthermia|heat stress]] depending on different factors. Harlan et. al. investigated heat-related health inequalities and ran a simulation model to estimate a human thermal comfort index (HTCI) using information collected from eight neighborhoods in [[Phoenix, USA]]. The index was used to quantify heat-related health impacts. The results showed that those who were an ethnic minority and of a lower [[socioeconomic status]] were more likely to have a greater exposure to heat stress. The authors concluded that people living in warmer neighborhoods were more vulnerable to heat exposure as they had less resources to cope with issues that arose.<ref>Harlan, S.L., Brazel, A.J., Prashad, L., Stefanov, W.L., & Larsen, L. Neighborhood mircoclimates and vulnerability to heat stress. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 2847-2863.</ref> |
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Another study conducted by Hansen et. al. identified that heat waves had an effect on individuals with poor [[mental health]]. Using health outcome data from 1993-2006 from the Australian city of Adelaide, the authors looked at hospital admissions and mortalities related to mental health to see if heat waves had an effect. The results showed that for temperatures above 26.7 °C, there was positive association between the surrounding temperature and hospital admissions for individuals with mental health disorders. The authors concluded that extreme heat can pose a risk to individuals with poor mental health.<ref>Hansen, A., Bi P., Nitschke, M., Ryan, P., Pisaniello, D., & Tucker, G. The effect of heat waves on mental health in a temperate Australian city. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 1369-1375.</ref> Studies have also shown that heat stress can impact cognitive performance. A review by Hancock and Vasmatzidis identified two trends regarding this phenomenon. The first trend was that, depending on the task performed, heat affects performance differentially. The second trend was that a relationship could be established between the effects of heat stress and [[Human body temperature|deep core temperature]]. |
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Increased temperatures have been reported to cause [[heat stroke]], [[heat exhaustion]], [[heat syncope]], and [[heat cramps]]<ref name=Review1/>. Some studies have also looked at how severe heat stroke can lead to permanent damage to organ systems<ref name=Review1>{{cite journal|last=Kovats|first=R. Sari|coauthors=Hajat, Shakoor|title=Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|date=April 2008|volume=29|issue=1|pages=41–55|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843}}</ref>. This damage can increase the risk of early mortality because the damage can cause severe impairment in organ function<ref name=Review1/>. Other complications of heat stroke include [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome|respiratory distress syndrome]] in adults and [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]]<ref name=WHO>{{cite journal|last=Koppe|first=Christina|coauthors=Sari Kovats, Gerd Jendritzky, and Bettina Menne|title=Heat-waves: risks and responses|journal=Health and Global Environmental Change Series|date=2004|volume=2|url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/heat-waves-risks-and-responses}}</ref>. Some researchers have noted that any compromise to the human body’s ability to [[Thermoregulation|thermoregulate]] would in theory increase risk of mortality<ref name=Review1/>. This includes illnesses that may affect a person’s mobility, awareness, or behavior<ref name=Review1/>. Researchers<ref name=WHO/> have noted that individuals with cognitive health issues (e.g. [[Depression_(mood)|depression]], [[dementia]], [[Parkinson’s disease]]) are more at risk when faced with high temperatures and “need to take extra care”<ref name=Review1/> as cognitive performance has been shown to be differentially affected<ref name="Cognitive Performance">{{cite journal|last=Hancock|first=P. A.|coauthors=Vasmatzidis, I.|title=Research Article|journal=International Journal of Hyperthermia|date=January 2003|volume=19|issue=3|pages=355–372|doi=10.1080/0265673021000054630}}</ref> by heat. People with diabetes<ref name=Review1/>, are overweight<ref name=WHO/>, have sleep deprivation<ref name=WHO/>, or have cardiovascular/cerebrovascular conditions should avoid too much heat exposure<ref name=Review1/><ref name=WHO/>. Some common medications that have an effect on thermoregulation can also increase the risk of mortality. Specific examples include [[anticholinergics]]<ref name=Review1/>, [[diuretics]]<ref name=Review1/>, phenotiazines<ref name=WHO/> and [[barbiturates]]<ref name=WHO/>. Not only health, but heat can also affect behavior. A U.S. study suggests that heat can make people more irritable and aggressive, noting that violent crimes increased by 4.58 out of 100,000 for every one degree increase in temperature<ref name=DOE>{{cite web|title=Assessment of International Urban Heat Island Research|url=http://www.eereblogs.energy.gov/buildingenvelope/file.axd?file=2011/10/uhi_report.pdf|work=U.S. Department of Energy Report|publisher=Navigant Consulting|accessdate=30 April 2014}}</ref>. |
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Age can also play in a role in how an individual is impacted by urban heat islands. In [[Madrid]], a study was conducted to determine the effects of heat waves on the elderly. Diaz et. al. collected mortality data from the Madrid Regional Inland Revenue Authority. Heat waves were quantified using daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, and [[relative humidity]]. The results from the study showed that mortality in elderly can increase up to 28.4% for every degree the temperature rises above 36.5 °C.<ref>Diaz, J., Jordan, A., Garcia, R., Lopez, C., Alberdi, J.C., Hernandez, E., & Otero, A. Heat waves in Madrid 1986-1997: effects on the health of the elderly. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 75, 163-170.</ref> |
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As the above studies have shown, the health impacts of urban heat islands can be unevenly distributed based on a variety of factors (age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, etc.). The uneven distribution can be seen by some as an environmental justice issue. |
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Comment from Annie: The last two sentences, I wanted to talk more about it being an environmental justice issue but I was worried it might be considered too biased and not neutral. It might also get addressed by Stephen (not sure what his wiki pseudonym is) when he talks about who gets impacted by urban heat islands. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 04:48, 30 April 2014
(This paragraph will go below the first two paragraphs under Health Effects of the Urban Heat Islands article)
Increased temperatures have been reported to cause heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, and heat cramps[1]. Some studies have also looked at how severe heat stroke can lead to permanent damage to organ systems[1]. This damage can increase the risk of early mortality because the damage can cause severe impairment in organ function[1]. Other complications of heat stroke include respiratory distress syndrome in adults and disseminated intravascular coagulation[2]. Some researchers have noted that any compromise to the human body’s ability to thermoregulate would in theory increase risk of mortality[1]. This includes illnesses that may affect a person’s mobility, awareness, or behavior[1]. Researchers[2] have noted that individuals with cognitive health issues (e.g. depression, dementia, Parkinson’s disease) are more at risk when faced with high temperatures and “need to take extra care”[1] as cognitive performance has been shown to be differentially affected[3] by heat. People with diabetes[1], are overweight[2], have sleep deprivation[2], or have cardiovascular/cerebrovascular conditions should avoid too much heat exposure[1][2]. Some common medications that have an effect on thermoregulation can also increase the risk of mortality. Specific examples include anticholinergics[1], diuretics[1], phenotiazines[2] and barbiturates[2]. Not only health, but heat can also affect behavior. A U.S. study suggests that heat can make people more irritable and aggressive, noting that violent crimes increased by 4.58 out of 100,000 for every one degree increase in temperature[4].
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kovats, R. Sari (April 2008). "Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review". Annual Review of Public Health. 29 (1): 41–55. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g Koppe, Christina (2004). "Heat-waves: risks and responses". Health and Global Environmental Change Series. 2.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Hancock, P. A. (January 2003). "Research Article". International Journal of Hyperthermia. 19 (3): 355–372. doi:10.1080/0265673021000054630.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Assessment of International Urban Heat Island Research" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy Report. Navigant Consulting. Retrieved 30 April 2014.