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]] (transliterated as ḥ(dj)):- <hiero82394205983740952873094853470925730894720593784958723948572093485>T3</hiero> |
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{{About|the letter of the alphabet}} |
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{{one source|date=August 2013}} |
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{{Technical reasons|F#|the programming language|F Sharp (programming language)|F♯|F-sharp (disambiguation){{!}}F-sharp|the [[Godspeed You! Black Emperor]] album|F♯A♯∞}} |
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{{pp-move-indef}} |
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{{Latin letter info|f}} |
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'''F''' ([[English alphabet#Letter names|named]] ''ef''<ref>Spelled ''eff'' as a verb</ref> {{IPAc-en|'|ɛ|f}})<ref>"F", ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989); "ef", "eff", "bee" (under "bee eff"), ''op. cit.''</ref> is the sixth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] in the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]]. |
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==History== |
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{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;" |
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|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE" |
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! Proto-Semitic<br>W |
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! Phoenician <br/> ''[[Waw (letter)|waw]]'' |
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! Greek <br/> ''[[Digamma]]'' |
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! Etruscan<br>V or W |
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! Roman F |
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|--- align=center |
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|[[File:Proto-semiticW-01.png|40px]] |
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|[[File:PhoenicianW-01.png|40px]] |
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|[[File:Digamma uc lc.svg|55px]] |
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|[[File:EtruscanF-01.svg|30px]] |
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|[[File:RomanF-01.png|25px|Roman F]] |
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|} |
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The origin of 'F' is the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] letter ''[[Waw (letter)|vâv]]'' (or ''waw'') that represented a sound like {{IPA|/v/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}. Graphically it originally probably depicted either a hook or a club. It may have been based on a comparable [[Egyptian hieroglyph]] such as [[List of Egyptian hieroglyphs by common name: M-Z#M|that which represented the word ''mace'']] (transliterated as ḥ(dj)):- <hiero>T3</hiero> |
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The Phoenician form of the letter was adopted into Greek as a vowel, ''[[upsilon]]'' (which resembled its descendant, '[[Y]]' but was also ancestor of Roman letters '[[U]]', '[[V]]', and '[[W]]'); and with another form, as a consonant, ''[[digamma]]'', which resembled 'F', but indicated the pronunciation {{IPA|/w/}}, as in Phoenician. (After {{IPA|/w/}} disappeared from Greek, ''digamma'' was used as a numeral only.) |
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In [[Etruscan alphabet|Etruscan]], 'F' probably represented {{IPA|/w/}}, as in Greek; and the Etruscans formed the [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] 'FH' to represent {{IPA|/f/}}. When the Romans adopted the alphabet, they used 'V' (from Greek ''upsilon'') to stand for {{IPA|/w/}} as well as {{IPA|/u/}}, leaving 'F' available for {{IPA|/f/}}. (At that time, the Greek letter [[phi]] 'Φ' represented an aspirated [[voiceless bilabial plosive]] {{IPA|/pʰ/}}, though in Modern Greek it approximates the sound of {{IPA|/f/}}.) And so out of the various vav variants in the Mediterranean world, the letter F entered the Roman alphabet attached to a sound which its antecedents in Greek and Etruscan did not have. The Roman alphabet forms the basis of the alphabet used today for English and many other languages. |
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The [[lowercase]] ' f ' is not related to the visually similar [[long s]], ' ſ ' (or [[medial s]]). The use of the ''long s'' largely died out by the beginning of the 19th century, mostly to prevent confusion with ' f ' when using a short mid-bar (see more at: [[S]]). |
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==Usage== |
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In [[English orthography|the English writing system]] 'f' is used to represent the sound {{IPAc-en|f}}. It is commonly doubled at the end of words. Exceptionally, it represents the voiced sound {{IPAc-en|v}} in the common word "of". |
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In the orthographies of other languages, 'f' commonly represents {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|[ɸ]}} or {{IPA|/v/}}. |
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In [[French orthography]], "f' is used to represent {{IPA|/f/}}. It may also be silent at the end of words. |
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In [[Spanish orthography]], 'f' is used to represent {{IPA|/f/}}. |
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In the [[Hepburn romanization]] of [[Japanese language|Japanese]], 'f' is used to represent {{IPA|[ɸ]}}, which is usually considered to be an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/u/}}. |
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In phonetic and phonemic transcription, the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] uses 'f' to represent the [[voiceless labiodental fricative]]. |
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==Related letters and other similar characters== |
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*{{Unicode|Ƒ ƒ}} : [[Ƒ|Latin letter F with hook]] |
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*{{Unicode|Ϝ ϝ}} : [[Digamma|Greek letter digamma/wau]], from which F is directly descended |
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*Y y : [[Y|Latin letter Y]], sharing its roots with F |
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*V v : [[V|Latin letter V]], also sharing its roots with F |
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*U u : [[U|Latin letter U]], which is descended from V |
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*W w : [[W|Latin letter W]], also descended from V |
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*{{Unicode|𐤅}}: [[Waw (letter)|Phoenician letter waw]], the original glyph |
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==Computing codes== |
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{{charmap |
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| 0046 | 0066 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter F | name2 =     Latin Small Letter F |
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| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = C6 | map1char2 = 86 |
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| map2 = [[ASCII]] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 46 | map2char2 = 66 |
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}} |
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: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}} |
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==Other representations== |
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{{Letter other reps |
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|NATO=Foxtrot |
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|Morse=··–· |
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|Character=F6 |
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|Braille=⠋ |
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}} |
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== References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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*{{Commons-inline|F}} |
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*{{Wiktionary-inline|F}} |
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*{{Wiktionary-inline|f}} |
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{{Latin alphabet|F|}} |
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[[Category:ISO basic Latin letters]] |
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Revision as of 23:57, 7 May 2014
]] (transliterated as ḥ(dj)):- <hiero82394205983740952873094853470925730894720593784958723948572093485>T3</hiero>