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[[File:Rhumart MBI 3000 RESC Controller.JPG|thumb|200px|Drolet's 1990 [[Rhumart]] system, a PEMF device.]]
[[File:Rhumart MBI 3000 RESC Controller.JPG|thumb|200px|Drolet's 1990 [[Rhumart]] system, a PEMF device.]]


'''Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy''' ('''PEMFT'''), also called '''pulsed magnetic therapy''', '''pulse magnetotherapy''', or '''PEMF''', is a reparative technique most commonly used in the field of orthopedics for the treatment of non-union fractures, failed fusions, congenital [[pseudarthrosis]] and depression. In the case of [[bone healing]], PEMF uses directed pulsed magnetic fields through injured tissue. This is believed to stimulate cellular repair. The FDA has approved several such stimulation devices. These devices provide a complementary solution that may aid in bone repair.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Markov, Marko S|title=Expanding Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapies|journal=Electromagnetic Biology & Medicine |volume=26|issue=3 |year=2007|pages=257–274|pmid=17886012|doi=10.1080/15368370701580806}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mooney, V |title=A randomized double-blind prospective study of the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields for interbody lumbar fusions|journal=Spine |volume=15|issue=7 |year=1990|pages=708–712|doi=10.1097/00007632-199007000-00016|pmid=2218718}}</ref>
'''Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy''' ('''PEMFT'''), also called '''pulsed magnetic therapy''', '''pulse magnetotherapy''', or '''PEMF''', is a reparative technique most commonly used in the field of orthopedics for the treatment of non-union fractures, failed fusions, congenital [[pseudarthrosis]] and depression.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Steinberg Ratings of Femoral Head Osteonecrosis | author=Bassett CA, Schink-Ascani M, Lewis SM. | journal=Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center | year=1989 | month=September}}</ref> In the case of [[bone healing]], PEMF uses directed pulsed magnetic fields through injured tissue. This is believed to stimulate cellular repair. The FDA has approved several such stimulation devices. These devices provide a complementary solution that may aid in bone repair.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Markov, Marko S|title=Expanding Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapies|journal=Electromagnetic Biology & Medicine |volume=26|issue=3 |year=2007|pages=257–274|pmid=17886012|doi=10.1080/15368370701580806}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Mooney, V |title=A randomized double-blind prospective study of the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields for interbody lumbar fusions|journal=Spine |volume=15|issue=7 |year=1990|pages=708–712|doi=10.1097/00007632-199007000-00016|pmid=2218718}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 09:19, 13 May 2014

Drolet's 1990 Rhumart system, a PEMF device.

Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMFT), also called pulsed magnetic therapy, pulse magnetotherapy, or PEMF, is a reparative technique most commonly used in the field of orthopedics for the treatment of non-union fractures, failed fusions, congenital pseudarthrosis and depression.[1] In the case of bone healing, PEMF uses directed pulsed magnetic fields through injured tissue. This is believed to stimulate cellular repair. The FDA has approved several such stimulation devices. These devices provide a complementary solution that may aid in bone repair.[2][3]

History

Although electromagnetic therapy became widely adopted in Western Europe, its use was restricted to animals in North America. Veterinarians became the first health professionals to use PEMF therapy, usually to heal broken legs in race horses. Professional sports doctors then decided to experiment with veterinarian devices off label on professional athletes which ultimately led to legally licensed devices for human use in the United States - but under strict stipulations that it was only to be used for non-union bone fractures under a medical prescription from a licensed doctor.

In 1979 the FDA approved non-invasive devices using pulsed electromagnetic fields designed to stimulate bone growth.[4]

In 2004, pulsed electromagnetic field system was approved by FDA as an adjunct to cervical fusion surgery in patients at high risk for non-fusion.[4]

Today, there is a wide variety of professional and consumer PEMF devices that are sold on the internet as wellness devices. The companies that sell and manufacture them make no claims as to their effectiveness mainly to bypass medical device regulations and approvals.[5] They often consist of full body mats and pillows that contain coils of wire that are energized by controller units that will "pulse" magnetic fields through the body - in much the same way the early tesla coils did over 100 years ago.

Use

Delayed- and non-union fractures

In 1974 it was demonstrated that a pulsed magnetic field applied across the site of a bone fracture can accelerate the healing process (Bassett et al., 1974). The mechanism of osteogenesis is not clear; however, the use of PEMF therapy as an adjuvant therapy for delayed- and non-union fractures was supported by empirical evidence collected through clinical studies.[6][7] While PEMF therapy may offer some benefit in the treatment of fractures, the evidence is inconclusive and is insufficient to inform current clinical practice.[8]

Although electricity’s potential to aid bone healing was reported as early as 1841, it was not until the mid-1950s that scientists seriously studied the subject. Fukada’s and Yasuda’s discovery of the electric potential of bone provided evidence of electricity’s effect in promoting osteogenesis (bone growth), particularly in long bone non-unions.[9] During the 1970s, Bassett and his team introduced a new approach for the treatment of delayed fractures, a technique that employed a very specific biphasic low frequency signal [10][11][12][13] to be applied for non-union/delayed fractures. The use of electrical stimulation in the lumbosacral region was first attempted by Alan Dwyer of Australia. In 1974, he reported successful initiation of graft incorporation in 11 of 12 fusion patients. Since that time, electrical stimulation has been shown to significantly increase the probability of bony arthrodesis in spinal fusions.[14][15]

Post-operative pain and edema

There are few clinical trials that have found PEMF therapy to be an effective treatment for tissue trauma, particularly in the early stages of inflammation.[16]

Depression

Main article: Transcranial magnetic stimulation

In 2002, Health Canada certified the use of PEMF to treat severe depression. In 2011, the FDA approved a TMS Therapy system [17] for use if the patient failed to respond to antidepressants. This treatment, known as transcranial pulsed electromagnetic therapy uses a strong electromagnetic field that is pulsed into the patients head.[18][19] The treatment usually consists of two 15-minute treatments each day for two weeks.

References

  1. ^ Bassett CA, Schink-Ascani M, Lewis SM. (1989). "Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Steinberg Ratings of Femoral Head Osteonecrosis". Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Markov, Marko S (2007). "Expanding Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapies". Electromagnetic Biology & Medicine. 26 (3): 257–274. doi:10.1080/15368370701580806. PMID 17886012.
  3. ^ Mooney, V (1990). "A randomized double-blind prospective study of the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields for interbody lumbar fusions". Spine. 15 (7): 708–712. doi:10.1097/00007632-199007000-00016. PMID 2218718.
  4. ^ a b "Electrical stimulation of the spine as an adjunct to spinal fusion procedures". Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi. Pulsed electromagnetic field systems with FDA PMA include the EBI Bone Healing System from Electrobiology, Inc., which was first approved in 1979 and indicated for nonunions, failed fusions, and congenital pseudarthroses; and the Cervical-Stim from Orthofix, which was approved in 2004 as an adjunct to cervical fusion surgery in patients at high risk for non-fusion.
  5. ^ "FDA Executive Summary - Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Devices Panel" (PDF). Fda.gov. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  6. ^ Boopalan, PRJVC; et al. (August 2009). "Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatment for fracture healing". Current Orthopaedic Practice. -20 (4): 423–428. doi:10.1097/BCO.0b013e318198e8b2. {{cite journal}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help); |first3= missing |last3= (help); |first4= missing |last4= (help); |first5= missing |last5= (help); |first6= missing |last6= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  7. ^ REC Rose, BA Bryan-Frankson (2008). "Is there still a role for pulsed electromagnetic field in the treatment of delayed unions and nonunions". The Internet Journal of Orthopedic Surgery. 10 (1).
  8. ^ Template:Cite cochrane
  9. ^ Inoue, S; et al. (1977). "Electret induced callus formation in the rat". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 124 (124): 57–58. PMID 598094. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  10. ^ Bassett CA, Pawluk RJ, Pilla AA (1974). "Acceleration of fracture repair by electromagnetic fields. A surgically noninvasive method". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 238: 242–62. Bibcode:1974NYASA.238..242B. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb26794.x. PMID 4548330.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Bassett CA, Pawluk RJ, Pilla AA (1974). "Augmentation of Bone Repair by Inductively Coupled Electromagnetic Fields". Science. 184 (4136): 575–7. Bibcode:1974Sci...184..575B. doi:10.1126/science.184.4136.575. PMID 4821958.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Bassett CA, Pilla AA, Pawluk RJ (1977). "A non-operative salvage of surgically-resistant pseudarthroses and non-unions by pulsing electromagnetic fields. A preliminary report". Clin Orthop. 124 (124): 128–43. PMID 598067.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Bassett CA, Mitchell SN, Norton L, Pilla A (1978). "Repair of non-unions by pulsing electromagnetic fields". Acta Orthop Belg. 44 (5): 706–24. PMID 380258.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  14. ^ Mackenzie, Donald, Francis D Veninga (2004). "Reversal of delayed union of anterior cervical fusion treated with pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation: case report". Southern Medical Journal. 97 (5): 519–524. doi:10.1097/00007611-200405000-00021. PMID 15180031.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[unreliable medical source?]
  15. ^ Bose, B (2001). "Outcomes after posterolateral lumbar fusion with instrumentation in patients treated with adjunctive pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation". Advances in Therapy. 18 (1): 12–20. doi:10.1007/BF02850247. PMID 11512529.[unreliable medical source?]
  16. ^ Dante Dallari; et al. (2009). "Effects of pulsed electromagnetic stimulation on patients undergoing hip revision prostheses: A randomized prospective double-blind study,". Bioelectromagnetics. 30 (6): 423–430. doi:10.1002/bem.20492. PMID 19384914. {{cite journal}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help); |first3= missing |last3= (help); |first4= missing |last4= (help); |first5= missing |last5= (help); |first6= missing |last6= (help); |first7= missing |last7= (help); |first8= missing |last8= (help); |first9= missing |last9= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  17. ^ NeuroStar TMS Therapy system
  18. ^ Martiny K1, Lunde M, Bech P. (2010). "Transcranial low voltage pulsed electromagnetic fields in patients with treatment-resistant depression". Society of Biological Psychiatry.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Stiller MJ, Pak GH, Shupack JL, Thaler S, Kenny C, Jondreau L. (2014). "A portable pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) device to enhance healing of recalcitrant venous ulcers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial". Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology,. 22. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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