Naturopathy: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 18:53, 10 July 2014

blank b1tches

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+blank b1tches
-{{Alternative medical systems|Medical systems}}
-'''Naturopathy''', or '''naturopathic medicine''', is a form of [[alternative medicine]] based on a belief in [[vitalism]], which posits that a special energy called "vital energy" or "vital force" guides bodily processes such as [[metabolism]], [[reproduction]], growth, and [[adaptation]]. Naturopathy favors a [[holistic health|holistic]] approach with non-invasive treatment and generally avoids the use of [[surgery]] and [[Medication|drugs]]. Practitioners of naturopathy often prefer methods of treatment that are not compatible with [[evidence-based medicine]], and in doing so, reject the tenets of [[biomedicine]] and [[modern science]]. Naturopathic medicine is considered replete with [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]], ineffective, unethical, and possibly dangerous practices.<ref name= atwood2003/>
-The term "naturopathy" is derived from [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]], and literally translates as "nature disease". Modern naturopathy grew out of the [[History of alternative medicine|Natural Cure movement]] of [[Europe]]. The term was coined in 1895 by [[John Scheel]] and popularized by [[Benedict Lust]], the "father of U.S. naturopathy". Beginning in the 1970s, there was a revival of interest in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], in conjunction with the holistic health movement. Today, naturopathy is primarily practiced in the United States and Canada. The scope of practice varies widely between jurisdictions, and naturopaths in unregulated jurisdictions may use the ''Naturopathic Doctor'' designation or other titles regardless of level of education.
-Naturopathic practitioners in the United States can be divided into three categories: traditional naturopaths; naturopathic physicians; and other health care providers that provide naturopathic services. Naturopathic physicians employ the principles of naturopathy within the context of conventional medical practices. Naturopathy comprises many different [[treatment modalities]], including [[nutrition]]al and [[herbal medicine]], [[lifestyle advice]], [[counseling]], [[flower essence]], [[homeopathy]] and [[remedial massage]].
-Much of the ideology and methodological underpinnings of naturopathy are in conflict with the paradigm of [[evidence-based medicine]]. Many naturopaths have opposed [[vaccination]] based in part on the early views that shaped the profession. According to the [[American Cancer Society]], "scientific evidence does not support claims that naturopathic medicine can cure [[cancer]] or any other disease, since virtually no studies on naturopathy as a whole have been published."<ref name=ACS />
-==History==
-[[File:SKneipp.jpg|thumb|Monsignor Sebastian Kneipp, 1821–1897]]
-[[File:BenedictLust.jpg|thumb|115px|Benedict Lust, 1872–1945]]
-Some see the ancient Greek "Father of Medicine", [[Hippocrates]], as the first advocate of naturopathic medicine, before the term existed.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.naturopathy-uk.com/home/home-what-is-naturopathy/ |title= What is Naturopathy? |work= College of Naturopathic Medicine website |location= UK |accessdate= |author= <!-- no byline --> }}</ref><ref name=NCAHF_np>{{cite web |url= http://www.ncahf.org/articles/j-n/naturo.html |title= NCAHF Fact Sheet on Naturopathy |accessdate= 2009-04-17 |date= January 30, 2001 |origyear= copyright 1997 |last= Jarvis |first= William T. |publisher= [[National Council Against Health Fraud]] }}</ref> The modern practice of naturopathy has its roots in the Nature Cure movement of Europe during the 19th century.<ref name= pmid1139856>{{cite journal |pmc= 1139856 |title= Nineteenth-century American health reformers and the early nature cure movement in Britain |last= Brown |first= P.S. |journal= Medical History |volume= 32 |pages= 174–194 |pmid= 3287059 |issue= 2 |date= April 1, 1988 |doi=10.1017/S0025727300047980}}</ref><ref name=N-UK-hist>{{Cite web |last=Langley |first= Stephen |title= History of Naturopathy |work= College of Naturopathic Medicine website |publisher=<!-- College of Naturopathic Medicine redundant to website name--> |location=UK |url=http://www.naturopathy-uk.com/blog/2007/11/28/history-of-naturopathy/ |accessdate= }}</ref> In [[Scotland]], [[Thomas Allinson]] started advocating his "Hygienic Medicine" in the 1880s, promoting a natural diet and exercise with avoidance of tobacco and overwork.<ref>{{cite web |title= How it all began |url= http://www.allinsonflour.co.uk/history/ |author= <!-- no byline --> |work= [[Allinson|Allinson Flour]] website |publisher= Silver Spoon, [[British Sugar]], [[Associated British Foods]] |accessdate= }}
-</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=  |journal= [[BMJ]] |series= Views & Reviews: Medical Classics |title= A system of hygienic medicine (1886) and The advantages of wholemeal bread (1889) |first= John A.S. |last= Beard |issue= 336 |page= 1023 |date= May 3, 2008 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.39562.446528.59 |volume= 336 }}</ref>
-The term ''naturopathy'' was coined in 1895 by John Scheel,<ref name=ama_1997 /> and purchased by [[Benedict Lust]], the "father of U.S. naturopathy".<ref name=Baer2001>{{Cite journal |last= Baer |first= Hans A. |date=September 2001 |title= The sociopolitical status of U.S. naturopathy at the dawn of the 21st century |journal= [[Medical Anthropology Quarterly]] |pmid= 11693035 |volume= 15 |issue= 3 |pages= 329–46 |doi= 10.1525/maq.2001.15.3.329 }}</ref> Lust had been schooled in [[Water cure (therapy)|hydrotherapy]] and other natural health practices in [[Germany]] by Father [[Sebastian Kneipp]]; Kneipp sent Lust to the [[United States]] to spread his drugless methods.<ref name=Barrett-Naturopathy>{{cite web |url= http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/naturopathy.html |last= Barrett |first= Stephen |title= A close look at naturopathy |work= [[QuackWatch]] |date= December 23, 2003 |accessdate= 2010-11-20 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110406111422/http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/naturopathy.html |archivedate= 2011-04-06}}</ref> Lust defined naturopathy as a broad discipline rather than a particular method, and included such techniques as hydrotherapy, [[herbal medicine]], and homeopathy, as well as eliminating overeating, tea, coffee, and alcohol.<ref name=Gale_Frey>{{cite book |first1= Barbara |last1= Boughton |first2= Rebecca J. |last2= Frey |chapter= Naturopathic Medicine |year= 2005 |url= http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/naturopathic-medicine |title= Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine |publisher= [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] |edition= Online}}</ref> He described the body in [[spirituality|spiritual]] and vitalistic terms with "absolute reliance upon the cosmic forces of man's nature".<ref name=Whorton_2002>Lust, Benedict cited in: {{cite book|last=Whorton|first=James C.|title=Nature Cures : The History of Alternative Medicine in America: The History of Alternative Medicine in America|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=N21eyOQlE0kC&pg=PA224|accessdate=2013-09-03|year=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195349788|page=224}}</ref>
-In 1901, Lust founded the American School of Naturopathy in [[New York]]. In 1902 the original North American Kneipp Societies were discontinued and renamed "Naturopathic Societies". In September 1919 the Naturopathic Society of America was dissolved and Benedict Lust founded the American Naturopathic Association to supplant it.<ref name=Baer2001 /><ref name=Beyerstein_NW>{{cite web |title= Naturopathy: A Critical Analysis |last1= Beyerstein |first1= Barry L. |last2= Downie |first2= Susan |date= May 12, 2004 |accessdate= 2009-03-21 |work= NaturoWatch |publisher= QuackWatch |url= http://www.naturowatch.org/general/beyerstein.html}}</ref> Naturopaths became licensed under naturopathic or drugless practitioner laws in 25 states in the first three decades of the twentieth century.<ref name=Baer2001 /> Naturopathy was adopted by many [[chiropractic|chiropractors]], and several schools offered both Doctor of Naturopathy (ND) and Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degrees.<ref name=Baer2001 /> Estimates of the number of naturopathic schools active in the United States during this period vary from about one to two dozen.<ref name=ACS>{{Cite web |title= Naturopathic Medicine | publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]  |date= November 1, 2008 <!-- url points to page updated after accessdate --> |url= http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/MindBodyandSpirit/naturopathic-medicine <!-- url points to page updated after accessdate --> | accessdate = 2010-11-20 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101130114645/http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/MindBodyandSpirit/naturopathic-medicine |archivedate= 2010-11-30 <!-- url points to page updated after accessdate -->}}</ref><ref name=ama_1997>{{cite web |url= http://www.idt.mdh.se/kurser/ct3340/archives/ht03/assignment-2d-extra-articles/Alternative%20Medicine.pdf |title= Report 12 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (A-97) |year= 1997 |publisher= [[American Medical Association]] |laysummary= http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/csaa-97.pdf |laysource= 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association:Summaries and Recommendations of the Council on Scientific Affairs |laydate= 1997}}<!-- main link substituted with convenience copy --></ref><ref name=Baer2001 />
-After a period of rapid growth, naturopathy went into decline for several decades after the 1930s. In 1910 the [[Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]] published the [[Flexner Report]], which criticized many aspects of medical education, especially quality and lack of scientific rigour. The advent of [[penicillin]] and other "miracle drugs" and the consequent popularity of modern medicine also contributed to naturopathy's decline. In the 1940s and 1950s, a broadening in scope of practice laws led many chiropractic schools to drop their ND degrees, though many chiropractors continued to practice naturopathy. From 1940 to 1963, the [[American Medical Association]] campaigned against heterodox medical systems. By 1958 practice of naturopathy was licensed in only five states.<ref name=Baer2001 /> In 1968 the [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] issued a report on naturopathy concluding that naturopathy was not grounded in medical science and that naturopathic education was inadequate to prepare graduates to make appropriate diagnosis and provide treatment; the report recommends against expanding [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] coverage to include naturopathic treatments.<ref name=ACS /><ref name=HEW1968>{{cite web |title= HEW Report on Naturopathy (1968) |url= http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/hew.html |author= <!-- no byline --> |date= August 30, 1999 |work= QuackWatch |accessdate= 2013-09-03}} Citing: {{cite book |last = Cohen |first = Wilbur J. |title = Independent Practitioners Under Medicare: A Report to the Congress | publisher = [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] |year= 1969 |oclc= 3000280  |url=   | isbn= }}</ref> In 1977 an Australian committee of inquiry reached similar conclusions; it did not recommend licensure for naturopaths.<ref name=Aust1977>{{cite web |title= Naturopathy: Report of the Australian Committee of Inquiry (1977) |url= http://www.naturowatch.org/hx/australia.html |author= <!-- no byline --> |work= NaturoWatch |publisher= QuackWatch |date= December 25, 2003 |accessdate= 2013-09-03}} Citing: {{cite book |last= Webb |first= Edwin C. |last2= et al. |title= Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Chiropractic, Osteopathy, Homoeopathy and Naturopathy |publisher= Australian Government Publishing Service |location= Canberra |year= 1977 |pages=|isbn= 064292287X |oclc= |doi= |url= }}</ref> As of 2009, fifteen U.S. states, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia licensed naturopathic doctors,<ref name= "LicState">{{cite web |url= http://www.naturopathic.org/content.asp?contentid=57 |title= Licensed States & Licensing Authorities |work= American Association of Naturopathic Physicians website |author= <!-- no byline --> |publisher= <!-- redundant to website name --> |year= 2009 |accessdate= |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091130234327/http://naturopathic.org/content.asp?contentid=57 |archivedate= 2009-11-30}}</ref> and the state of Washington requires insurance companies to offer reimbursement for services provided by naturopathic physicians.<ref name="WAC 284-43-205">{{cite web |title= Washington Administrative Code: Title 284, Chapter 43, Section 205: Every category of health providers |url= http://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=284-43-205 |publisher= Washington State Legislature |date= August 28, 1999 (effective)}}</ref><ref name="PBS_WA">{{cite episode |title= Insuring Alternatives |series= NewsHour with Jim Lehrer |serieslink= PBS NewsHour |last= Minott |first= Rod |transcript= Online NewsHour transcript |transcripturl= http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july96/alt_medicines_7-3.html |date= July 3, 1996 |network= [[PBS]]}}</ref> South Carolina and Tennessee prohibit the practice of naturopathy.<ref name= "SC Code"/><ref name= "TN Code"/><ref name=AMA_report_2006 />
-Beginning in the 1970s, interest waxed in the United States and Canada in conjunction with the holistic health movement.<ref name=Baer2001 /><ref name=Gale_Frey /> Today, naturopathy is practiced primarily in the United States and Canada.<ref name="Romeyke-2011">{{cite journal |date=May 2011 |title= A study of costs and length of stay of inpatient naturopathy – evidence from Germany |first1= Tobias |last1= Romeyke |first2= Harald |last2= Stummer |journal= Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice |volume= 17 |issue= 2 |pages= 90–5 |pmid= 21457898 |doi= 10.1016/j.ctcp.2010.09.001}}</ref>
-== Practice ==
-Naturopathy is based on vitalism, which posits that a special energy called vital energy or vital force guides bodily processes such as [[metabolism]], [[reproduction]], growth, and [[adaptation]]. Diagnosis and treatment focus on alternative therapies which naturopaths claim promote the body's natural ability to heal.<ref name=Gale_Frey /><ref name=Skepdic_naturopathy>{{cite web |url= http://skepdic.com/natpathy.html |title= Naturopathy |accessdate= 2009-04-17 |date= February 23, 2009 |last= Carroll |first=Robert T. |work= [[The Skeptic's Dictionary]]  |archivedate= 2009-05-05 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090505052716/http://www.skepdic.com/natpathy.html <!-- page updated since accessdate --> |deadurl= no}}</ref> Naturopaths focus on a [[holistic]] approach, often completely avoiding the use of surgery and drugs.<ref name=ACS /><ref name=Sarris>{{cite book|last1=Sarris|first1=Jerome|last2=Wardle|first2=Jon|title=Clinical Naturopathy: An evidence-based guide to practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lpEAJ9vjPyUC&pg=PT32|accessdate=2013-09-01|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier Health Sciences |location= Sydney |isbn=9780729579261|pages=32–36}}</ref> Naturopaths aim to prevent illness through stress reduction and changes to diet and lifestyle, often rejecting the methods of [[evidence based medicine]].<ref name=ECHP>{{cite book |editor1-last= Clark |editor1-last= Carolyn C. |editor2-last= Gordon |editor2-first= Rena J. |title= Encyclopedia of Complementary Health Practice |chapterurl= http://books.google.com/books?id=cwYnA1qunUwC&pg=PA57 |accessdate= 2013-09-03 |year= 1999 |publisher= [[Springer Publishing]] |isbn= 9780826117229 |pages= 57–59 |chapter= Naturopathy: Practice Issues |last= Pizzorno |first= Joseph E.}}</ref>
-A consultation typically begins with a lengthy patient interview focusing on lifestyle, medical history, emotional tone, and physical features, as well as physical examination.<ref name=Gale_Frey /> Many naturopaths present themselves as primary care providers, and some may prescribe [[prescription drug|drugs]], perform minor surgery, and integrate other conventional medical approaches with their naturopathic practice.<ref name=Gale_Frey /><ref name=CNME-handbook>{{cite web |url= http://www.cnme.org/resources/2007_hoa.pdf |title= Handbook of Accreditation for Naturopathic Medicine Programs |year= 2007 |publisher= Council on Naturopathic Medical Education |accessdate= 2010-11-20}}</ref> However, traditional naturopaths focus exclusively on lifestyle changes, not diagnosing or treating disease. Naturopaths do not generally recommend vaccines and [[antibiotic]]s, based in part on the early views that shaped the profession, and they may provide alternative remedies even in cases where [[evidence-based medicine]] has been shown effective.<ref name="Downey2009" /><ref name=LiveSci2004 />
-=== Methods ===
-The particular modalities used by an individual naturopath varies with training and scope of practice. These include: [[acupuncture]], [[applied kinesiology]],<ref name=PoaP /> [[botanical medicine]], [[brainwave entrainment]], [[Chelation therapy#Heart disease|chelation therapy]] for [[atherosclerosis]],<ref name=atwood2004>{{cite journal |last= Atwood IV |first= Kimball. C. |date= March 26, 2004 |title= Naturopathy, pseudoscience, and medicine: Myths and fallacies vs truth |journal= Medscape General Medicine |volume= 6 |issue= 1 |page= 33 |pmid= 15208545|pmc= 1140750}}</ref> [[Colon cleansing|colonic enemas]],<ref name=Barrett-Naturopathy /> [[color therapy]],<ref name=PoaP>{{Cite book |url= http://www.pewscholars.com/pdf_files/Naturo2.pdf |title= Profile of a Profession: Naturopathic Practice |first1= Holly J. |last1= Hough |first2= Catherine |last2= Dower |first3= Edward H. |last3= O’Neil |publisher= Center for the Health Professions, [[University of California, San Francisco]] |date=September 2001 |page= 54 |deadurl= yes |archivedate= 2008-10-02 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081002072928/http://www.pewscholars.com/pdf_files/Naturo2.pdf }}</ref> [[cranial osteopathy]],<ref name=LiveSci2004 /> [[Hair analysis (alternative medicine)|hair analysis]],<ref name=LiveSci2004>{{cite web |authorlink= Andrew A. Skolnick |first= Andrew A. |last= Skolnick |title= Voice of Reason: Licensing Naturopaths May Be Hazardous to Your Health | date= November 18, 2004 | publisher= [[TechMediaNetwork]] |url= http://www.livescience.com/health/naturopathy_license_041118.html | work= [[LiveScience]] | pages = |accessdate= 2009-04-17}}</ref> [[homeopathy]],<ref name="Boon HS"/> [[iridology]],<ref name=PoaP/> [[live blood analysis]], ''nature cures''—i.e.&nbsp;a range of therapies based upon exposure to natural elements such as [[sunshine]], fresh air, heat, or cold, [[nutrition]] (examples include [[vegetarian]] and [[wholefood]] diet, [[fasting]], and [[abstention]] from [[alcohol]] and [[sugar]],<ref name=dummy>{{Cite book |title= Complementary Medicine for Dummies |first= Jacqueline |last= Young |isbn=9780470026250 |year= 2007|publisher= Wiley |location= Chichester, England |oclc= 174043853 |chapter= Chapters 8 & 13}}</ref> [[ozone therapy]],<ref name=ACS /> [[physical medicine]] (e.g.,&nbsp;naturopathic, osseous, and soft tissue [[manipulative therapy]], [[sports medicine]], [[Physical exercise|exercise]], and [[hydrotherapy]]), [[Counseling psychology|Psychological counseling]] (e.g.,&nbsp;[[meditation]], [[Relaxation technique|relaxation]], and other methods of [[stress management]]<ref name=dummy />), [[public health]] measures and [[hygiene]],<ref name=ECHP /> [[reflexology]],<ref name=PoaP /> [[rolfing]],<ref name=Beyerstein_NW /> and [[traditional Chinese medicine]].
-A 2004 survey determined the most commonly prescribed naturopathic therapeutics in [[Washington (state)|Washington State]] and [[Connecticut]] were botanical medicines, vitamins, minerals, homeopathy, and allergy treatments.<ref name="Boon HS">{{cite journal |journal= BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine |year= 2004 |volume= 20 |issue= 4 |page= 14 |title= Practice patterns of naturopathic physicians: Results from a random survey of licensed practitioners in two U.S. States |last1= Boon |first1=Heather S. |last2= Cherkin |first2= Daniel C. |last3= Erro |first3= Janet |last4= Sherman |first4= Karen J. |last5= Milliman |first5= Bruce |last6= Booker |first6= Jennifer |last7= Cramer |first7= Elaine H. |last8= Smith |first8= Michael J. |last9= Deyo |first9= Richard A. |last10= Eisenberg |first10= David M. |displayauthors= 4 |doi= 10.1186/1472-6882-4-14 |pmc= 529271|pmid= 15496231}}</ref>
-==Practitioners==
-Naturopathic practitioners can be divided into three groups, naturopathic physicians, traditional naturopaths and other health care providers who offer naturopathic services.<ref name=ACS /><ref name=NCCAM>
-{{Cite web | title =Naturopathy: An Introduction | publisher =[[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]], [[National Institutes of Health]], [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] | origyear = Created April 2007 |date=March 2012 |archiveurl = |archivedate= | url = http://nccam.nih.gov/health/naturopathy/naturopathyintro.htm?nav=gsa | accessdate =2013-03-16 |author= <!-- no byline --> |volume= NCCAM Pub. No. D372}}</ref><ref name=IMB_policy>{{cite web |author= Iowa Board of Medicine |title= A Policy Statement on Naturopathy |url= http://medicalboard.iowa.gov/policies/naturopathy.html |publisher= <!-- Iowa Board of Medicine, redundant to author -->Iowa Department of Public Health, State of Iowa |date= February 7, 2002 |accessdate= 2013-09-01}}
-</ref><ref>The Platform of the American Naturopathic Association as drawn up by the Golden Jubilee Congress. July 27th – August 2nd, 1947</ref><ref name=MNNWG>{{cite web |url= http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/hpsc/hop/nawg/summary092308.pdf |title= Traditional Naturopathy Working Session Summary September 23 and October 1, 2008 |author= Naturopathy Work Group |publisher= Minnesota Department of Health |accessdate=2010-11-20}}</ref>
-=== Licensure ===
-Naturopathic doctors are licensed in 17 US states and 5 Canadian provinces.<ref>{{cite web |title= Revised Code of Washington: Title 18, Chapter 18.36A: Naturopathy |url= http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=18.36A&full=true |publisher= Washington State Legislature |date= January 1, 1988 (effective) |accessdate= 2009-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aanmc.org/careers/naturopathic-doctor-licensure.php |title=Naturopathic Doctor Licensure |accessdate=February 20, 2014}}</ref> In jurisdictions where Naturopathic doctor (ND or NMD) or a similar term is a protected designation, naturopathic doctors must pass the [[Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Examinations]] administered by the  North American Board of Naturopathic Examiners (NABNE)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nabne.org/home/about/ |title= About Us  |work= North American Board of Naturopathic Examiners website |accessdate= 2013-09-03 |publisher= <!-- redundant to website name --> |author= <!-- no byline --> |date= <!-- no date in source --> }}</ref> after graduating from a college accredited by the CNME.<ref name=CNME-handbook /> Residency programs are offered at four of these colleges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bastyr.edu/education/naturopath/degree/training.asp |title= Academic Degree Programs: Naturopathic Medicine Degree Program |work=[[Bastyr University]] website |publisher= <!-- redundant to website name --> |date= <!-- 2009-05-28 not given in source -->|accessdate=2009-09-22 |archivedate= 2010-01-28 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100128013520/http://www.bastyr.edu/education/naturopath/degree/training.asp <!-- page updated and redirected since accessdate -->}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ncnm.edu/naturopathic-medicine-residency-program.php |work= [[National College of Natural Medicine]] website |title= Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine Residency Program |date= <!-- 2009-01-26 no date in source --> |accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Residencies |url= http://www.scnm.edu/residencies.html |accessdate= 2009-09-22 <!-- page updated since accessdate --> |work= [[Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine]] website |date= <!-- no date in source --> |publisher= <!-- redundant to website name --> |archivedate= 2010-05-27 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100527120823/http://www.scnm.edu/residencies.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bridgeport.edu/academics/graduate/naturo/clinic/residency.aspx |title=Residency Programs at Bridgeport |publisher=[[University of Bridgeport]] |date= |accessdate=2010-11-19}}</ref>  NDs are not required to engage in residency training, except in the state of Utah.<ref name=ACS /><ref name= "UT license app"/>
-In 2005, the [[Massachusetts Medical Society]] opposed licensure in that [[Massachusetts|commonwealth]] based on concerns that NDs are not required to participate in residency, and are trained in inappropriate or harmful treatments.<ref name=MassMed2005/> The Massachusetts Special Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medical Practitioners rejected their concerns and recommended licensure.<ref name=MassCtte>{{cite web |title= Majority Report of the Special Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medical Practitioners: A Report to the Legislature |date=January 2002 |author= The Special Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medical Practitioners |publisher= Massachusetts: The Special Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medical Practitioners |url= http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/majority.pdf |accessdate= 2010-11-10 |postscript= .}}</ref>
-Many naturopaths present themselves as primary care providers.<ref name=Gale_Frey /><ref name=CNME-handbook>{{cite web |url= http://www.cnme.org/resources/2007_hoa.pdf |title= Handbook of Accreditation for Naturopathic Medicine Programs |year= 2007 |publisher= Council on Naturopathic Medical Education |accessdate= 2010-11-20}}</ref> Doctor of Naturopathy (ND) training includes basic medical diagnostic tests and procedures such as [[medical imaging]] and [[blood test]]s, as well as vitalism and pseudoscientific modalities such as homeopathy.<ref name= atwood2003>{{cite journal|last=Atwood |first= Kimball C., IV |year= 2003|doi= |title= Naturopathy: A critical appraisal |url= http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/465994 |journal= Medscape General Medicine |volume= 5 |issue= 4 |page= 39 |pmid= 14745386}}{{registration required}}</ref><ref name= Barrett-Naturopathy/><ref name=Gale_Frey /><ref name= atwood2004 /><ref name=McKnight2009>{{cite news |first= Peter |last= McKnight |title= Naturopathy's main article of faith cannot be validated; Reliance on vital forces leaves its practises based on beliefs without scientific backing |date= March 7, 2009 |url= http://www.vancouversun.com/story_print.html?id=1364389 |newspaper= [[Vancouver Sun]] |page= C5 |edition= final |accessdate= 2009-03-21 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}<!-- available for purchase via Infomart - http://www.fpinfomart.ca/ as of Feb 2013 --></ref>
-[[Texas]] has begun establishing practice guidelines for MDs who integrate alternative and complementary medicine into their practice.<ref>{{cite web |work= Texas Administrative Code, Title 22, Part 9, Chapter 200, Rule 200.3, |title= Practice Guidelines for the Provision of Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date= November 22, 1998 (effective) |publisher= Secretary of State, Texas |url= http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=22&pt=9&ch=200&rl=3 }}</ref> Continuing education in naturopathic modalities for health care professionals varies greatly but includes offerings for many professions, including [[physician]]s, [[physical therapy|physical therapists]], [[chiropractor]]s, [[acupuncture|acupuncturists]], [[dentistry|dentists]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|researchers]], [[veterinarian]]s, [[physician assistant]]s, and [[Registered Nurses|nurses]].<ref name=PoaP/>
-=== Traditional naturopaths ===
-Traditional naturopaths are represented in the United States by the [[American Naturopathic Association]] (ANA), representing about 1,800 practitioners <ref name="Swartout(Firm)2006">{{cite book|editor1-last=Swartout|editor1-first=Kristy A.|author2=Thomson Gale (Firm)|title=Encyclopedia of Associations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wf6PPHSMD4IC|accessdate=2013-09-04|year=2006|publisher=Thomson Gale|isbn=9780787682866|pages=1777–1778}}</ref> and the [[American Naturopathic Medical Association]] (ANMA).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://anma.org/  |title= American Naturopathic Medical Association |work= American Naturopathic Medical Associaton website |publisher= <!-- redundant to website name --> |author= <!-- no byline --> |date= <!-- no date in source -->}}{{Self-published source|date=September 2013}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2013}}
-The level of naturopathic training varies among traditional naturopaths in the United States. Traditional naturopaths may complete non-degree certificate programs or undergraduate degree programs and generally refer to themselves as Naturopathic Consultants. These programs often offer online unaccredited degrees, but do not offer proper biomedical education or clinical training. Those completing a Doctor of Naturopathy (ND) degree from an ANMCB approved school can become a Board Certified Naturopathic Doctor.<ref name="ANMCB">{{cite web |url= http://www.anmcb.org |title= American Naturopathic Medical Certification Board |work= American Naturopathic Medical Certification Board website |accessdate= 2010-03-12 |publisher= <!-- redundant to website name --> |date= <!-- no date in source --> |author= <!-- no byline -->}}{{Self-published source|date=September 2013}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2013}}<ref>{{cite book |first= Paul |last= Wendel |title= Standardized Naturopathy |year= 1951 |location= Brooklyn, NY |publisher= Wendel |oclc= 6617124}}{{Self-published source|date=September 2013}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2013}} This board certification is in no way the same as holding an ND license and holds no weight in states that regulate the practice of naturopathic medicine.
-Traditional naturopathic practitioners surveyed in Australia perceive evidence based medicine to be an ideologic assault on their beliefs in vitalistic and holistic principles.<ref name=Naturo2006/> They advocate the integrity of natural medicine practice.<ref name=Naturo2006/><ref name=Naturo2006>{{cite journal |journal= [[Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine]] |date=April 2006 |volume= 12 |issue= 3 |pages= 323–8 |title= Evidence-based medicine and naturopathy |first1= Tom |last1= Jagtenberg |first2= Sue |last2= Evans |first3= Airdre |last3= Grant |first4= Ian |last4= Howden |first5= Monique |last5= Lewis |first6= Judy |last6= Singer |displayauthors= 4 |doi= 10.1089/acm.2006.12.323 |pmid=16646733}}</ref> Some naturopaths have begun to adapt modern scientific principles into clinical practice.<ref name="Smith MJ, Logan AC 2002 173–84">{{cite journal |journal= Medical Clinics of North America |date=January 2002 |volume= 86 |issue= 1 |pages= 173–84 |title= Naturopathy |last1= Smith Michael J. |last2= Logan |first2= Alan C. |doi= 10.1016/S0025-7125(03)00079-8|pmid=11795088}}</ref>
-=== Lack of scientific basis ===
-Naturopathy lacks an adequate scientific basis,<ref>{{cite journal | author = Jagtenberg, Tom; Evans, Sue; Grant, Airdre; Howden, Ian et al. | date = April 2006 | title = Evidence-based medicine and naturopathy | journal = Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 323–328 | doi = 10.1089/acm.2006.12.323 |pmid= 16646733}}</ref> and it is rejected by the medical community.<ref name=Naturo2006/> Some methods rely on immaterial "vital energy fields", the existence of which has not been proven, and there is concern that naturopathy as a field tends towards isolation from general scientific discourse.<ref name=NCAHF_np /><ref name=Herbert1994>{{cite book |last1= Herbert |first1= Victor |last2= Barrett |first2= Stephen |title= The Vitamin Pushers: How the "Health Food" Industry is Selling America a Bill of Goods |publisher= Prometheus Books |location= Buffalo, NY |year= 1994 |pages= |isbn=9780879759094 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="isbn0-87975-761-2">{{cite book |last1= Barrett |first1= Stephen |last2= Raso |first2= Jack |title=Mystical Diets: Paranormal, Spiritual, and Occult Nutrition Practices |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=Buffalo, New York |year=1993 |pages= |isbn=0879757612 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> Naturopathy is criticized for its reliance on and its association with unproven, disproven, and other controversial alternative medical treatments, and for its vitalistic underpinnings.<ref name=ACS /><ref name=McKnight2009>{{cite news| first= Peter |last= McKnight |title= Naturopathy's main article of faith cannot be validated; Reliance on vital forces leaves its practises based on beliefs without scientific backing |date= March 7, 2009 |url= http://www.vancouversun.com/story_print.html?id=1364389 |newspaper= [[Vancouver Sun]] |page= C5 |edition= final |accessdate= 2009-03-21 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}<!-- available for purchase via Infomart - http://www.fpinfomart.ca/ as of Feb 2013 --></ref><ref name=ToT_Ernst>{{cite book |last2= Ernst |first2= Edzard |last1= Singh |first1= Simon  |authorlink1= Simon Singh|authorlink2 = Edzard Ernst|title= [[Trick or Treatment : The Undeniable Facts About Alternative Medicine]] |publisher= W. W. Norton |location= New York |year= 2008 |pages= |isbn= 0393066614 |oclc= 181139440}}</ref> According to the [[American Cancer Society]], "scientific evidence does not support claims that naturopathic medicine can cure [[cancer]] or any other disease, since virtually no studies on naturopathy as a whole have been published."<ref name=ACS />
-[[Kimball C. Atwood IV]] writes, in the journal ''Medscape General Medicine'', "Naturopathic physicians now claim to be primary care physicians proficient in the practice of both "conventional" and "natural" medicine. Their training, however, amounts to a small fraction of that of medical doctors who practice primary care. An examination of their literature, moreover, reveals that it is replete with pseudoscientific, ineffective, unethical, and potentially dangerous practices".<ref name=atwood2003 /> In another article, Atwood writes that "Physicians who consider naturopaths to be their colleagues thus find themselves in opposition to one of the fundamental ethical precepts of modern medicine. If naturopaths are not to be judged "nonscientific practitioners", the term has no useful meaning".<ref name=atwood2004>{{cite journal |last= Atwood IV |first= Kimball. C. |date= March 26, 2004 |title= Naturopathy, pseudoscience, and medicine: Myths and fallacies vs truth |journal= Medscape General Medicine |volume= 6 |issue= 1 |page= 33 |pmid= 15208545|pmc= 1140750}}</ref>
-=== Unproven treatments and pseudoscientific practices ===
-According to [[Arnold S. Relman]], the ''Textbook of Natural Medicine'' is inadequate as a teaching tool, as it omits to mention or treat in detail many common ailments, improperly emphasizes treatments "not likely to be effective" over those that are, and promotes unproven herbal remedies at the expense of pharmaceuticals. He concludes that "the risks to many sick patients seeking care from the average naturopathic practitioner would far outweigh any possible benefits".<ref name=Relman_text>{{cite web |url= http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Naturopathy/relman1.html |title= Textbook of Natural Medicine |accessdate= 2009-04-17 |last= Relman |first= Arnold S. |authorlink= Arnold S. Relman |origyear= January 9, 2001 |date= April 10, 2002 (revised) |publisher= QuackWatch }}</ref>
-"All forms of naturopathic education include concepts incompatible with basic science, and do not necessarily prepare a practitioner to make appropriate diagnosis or referrals."<ref name=LiveSci2004 /><ref name=MassMed2005>{{cite web |first= <!-- contact not author Richard P. --> |last= <!-- contact not author Gulla --> |title= Massachusetts Medical Society Testifies in Opposition to Licensing Naturopaths |date= May 11, 2005 |publisher= [[Massachusetts Medical Society]] |url= http://www.massmed.org/AM/PrinterTemplate.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=12458&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2009-04-17 | language = |archivedate= 2011-07-16 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110716132319/http://www.massmed.org/AM/PrinterTemplate.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=12458&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm |deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="ToT_Ernst"/>
-Certain naturopathic treatments offered by traditional naturopaths, such as [[homeopathy]], [[rolfing]], and [[iridology]], are widely considered [[pseudoscience]] or [[quackery]].<ref name="NSBattitudes">{{cite web |title= Chapter 7 Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding, Section: Belief in Alternative Medicine |url= http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm#c7s5l2a |work= Science and Engineering Indicators - 2002 |date= January 15, 2002 |author= [[National Science Board]] |publisher= Division of Science Resources Statistics, [[National Science Foundation]] |location= Arlington, VA}}</ref><ref name="WahlbergQuack">
-{{cite journal |last= Wahlberg |first= Ayo |date=December 2007 |doi= 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.07.024 |title= A quackery with a difference—new medical pluralism and the problem of 'dangerous practitioners' in the United Kingdom |journal= [[Social Science & Medicine]] |volume= 65 |issue= 11 |pages= 2307–16 |pmid= 17719708}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Iridology is Nonsense |url= http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/iridology.html |last= Barrett |first= Stephen |date= March 28, 2008 |work= QuackWatch |accessdate= 2013-09-08}}</ref> [[Stephen Barrett]] of [[QuackWatch]] and [[the National Council Against Health Fraud]] has stated that Naturopathy is "simplistic and that its practices are riddled with quackery".<ref name=Barrett-Naturopathy /> "Non-scientific health care practitioners, including naturopaths, use unscientific methods and deception on a public who, lacking in-depth health care knowledge, must rely upon the assurance of providers. Quackery not only harms people, it undermines the ability to conduct scientific research and should be opposed by scientists", says William T. Jarvis.<ref name="Jarvis WT">{{cite journal |pmid= 1643742 |date=August 1992 |last1= Jarvis |first1= William T. |title= Quackery: A national scandal |volume= 38 |issue= 8B Pt 2 |pages= 1574–86 |journal= [[Clinical Chemistry (journal)|Clinical chemistry]]}}</ref>
-=== Safety of natural treatments ===
-Naturopaths often recommend exposure to naturally occurring substances, such as [[sunshine]], [[herbs]] and certain foods, as well as activities they describe as natural, such as [[exercise]], [[meditation]] and [[relaxation (psychology)|relaxation]]. Naturopaths claim that these natural treatments help restore the body's innate ability to heal itself without the adverse effects of conventional medicine. However, "natural" methods and chemicals are not necessarily safer or more effective than "artificial" or "synthetic" ones, and any treatment capable of eliciting an effect may also have deleterious [[side effect]]s.<ref name=ACS /><ref name=Barrett-Naturopathy /><ref name=SkepDic_natural>{{cite web |url= http://skepdic.com/natural.html |title= Natural |accessdate= 2013-09-08 |last= Carroll
-| first= Robert |work= The Skeptic's Dictionary |date= November 26, 2012}}</ref><ref name=NCAHF_herb>{{cite web |url= http://www.ncahf.org/pp/herbal.html |title= NCAHF Position Paper on Over the Counter Herbal Remedies (1995) |accessdate= 2009-04-17 |year= 1995 |publisher= National Council Against Health Fraud}}</ref>
-=== Anti-vaccine beliefs ===
-Many forms of alternative medicine, including naturopathy, homeopathy, and [[chiropractic]] are based on beliefs opposed to vaccination and have practitioners who voice their opposition. The reasons for this opposition are based, in part, on the early views which shaped the foundation of each profession.<ref name=Ernst-2001>{{cite journal |journal= [[Vaccine (journal)|Vaccine]] |year= 2001 |volume= 20 |issue= Suppl. 1, 5th European Conference on Vaccinology: A Safe Future with Vaccination
-| pages= S90–3 |title= Rise in popularity of complementary and alternative medicine: reasons and consequences for vaccination |last= Ernst |first= Edzard |authorlink= Edzard Ernst|doi= 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00290-0 |pmid= 11587822}}</ref> A survey of a cross section of students of a major complementary and alternative medicine college in Canada reported that students in the later years of the program opposed vaccination more strongly than newer students.<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Vaccine |year= 2008 |volume= 26 |issue= 49 |pages= 6237–42 |title= Attitudes towards vaccination among chiropractic and naturopathic students |last1= Busse |first1= Jason W. |last2= Wilson |first2= Kumanan |last3= Campbell |first3= James B. |doi= 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.020 |pmid=18674581}}</ref>
-A [[University of Washington]] study investigated insurance claim histories for alternative medicine use in relation to the receipt of vaccinations against preventable illnesses, grouped into children aged 1–2 years and 1–17 years. Both groups were significantly less likely to receive a number of their vaccinations if they visited a naturopath. The study found a significant association between visits to naturopaths with a reduced receipt of pediatric vaccinations and with increased infection by [[vaccine-preventable diseases]].<ref name="Downey2009">{{cite journal |journal= Maternal and Child Health Journal |year=2009 |volume= 14 |issue= 6|pages= 922–30|title=Pediatric vaccination and vaccine-preventable disease acquisition: associations with care by complementary and alternative medicine providers |last1= Downey |first1= Lois |last2= Tyree |first2= Patrick T. |last3= Huebner |first3= Colleen E. |last4= Lafferty |first4= William E. |displayauthors= 4 |pmid= 19760163 |url=  |pmc= 2924961 |doi= 10.1007/s10995-009-0519-5}}</ref>
-== Regulation ==
-Naturopathy is practiced in many countries, primarily the United States and Canada, and is subject to different standards of regulation and levels of acceptance. The scope of practice varies widely between jurisdictions, and naturopaths in some unregulated jurisdictions may use the Naturopathic Doctor designation or other titles regardless of level of education.<ref name="IMB_policy" /> The practice of naturopathy is illegal in two states.<ref name= "SC Code"/><ref name= "TN Code"/><ref name=AMA_report_2006 />
-=== North America ===
-In five Canadian provinces, seventeen U.S. states, and the [[District of Columbia]], naturopathic doctors who are trained at an accredited school of naturopathic medicine in North America, are entitled to use the designation ND or NMD. Elsewhere, the designations "naturopath", "naturopathic doctor", and "doctor of natural medicine" are generally unprotected or prohibited.<ref name=AMA_report_2006 /><ref name="IMB_policy" />
-In North America, each jurisdiction that regulates naturopathy defines a local scope of practice for naturopathic doctors that can vary considerably. Some regions permit minor surgery, access to prescription drugs, spinal manipulations, obstetrics and gynecology and other regions exclude these from the naturopathic scope of practice or prohibit the practice of naturopathy entirely.<ref name=AMA_report_2006 /><ref name="Sunrise-2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.dora.state.co.us/OPR/archive/2008NaturopathicPhysiciansSunrise.pdf |deadurl= yes |archivedate= 2008-10-02 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081002001141/http://www.dora.state.co.us/opr/archive/2008NaturopathicPhysiciansSunrise.pdf |date= January 4, 2008 |title=2008 Sunrise Review: Naturopathic Physicians |pages=18–19 |author= Office of Policy, Research and Regulatory Reform, Department of Regulatory Agencies, State of Colorado |publisher= <!-- redundant to author State of Colorado -->}}</ref>
-==== Canada ====
-Several Canadian provinces license naturopathic doctors: [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Ontario]], and [[Saskatchewan]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cand.ca/index.php?40 |title= Questions: Education and Regulation |accessdate= 2013-09-06 |work= Canadian Association of Naturopathic Doctors website |publisher= <!-- redundant to website name --> |author= <!-- no byline --> |date= <!-- no date in source -->}}</ref> British Columbia has regulated naturopathic medicine since 1936 and together with Ontario (since 2009) are the only two Canadian provinces that allow certified NDs to prescribe pharmaceuticals and perform minor surgeries.<ref>{{cite news |title= B.C. gives naturopaths right to prescribe drugs |url= http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2009/04/10/bc-naturopaths.html |date= April 10, 2009 |author= <!-- no byline CBC News staff --> |work= [[CBC News]]}}</ref>
-The province of Quebec does not directly regulate naturopathy. The Quebec Ministry of Education has prohibited schools from offering doctoral programs in the subject, and there are no universities with a naturopath program. Therefore, studies must be done out of province. Furthermore, in Quebec, the [[Collège des médecins du Québec]] (CMQ) has exclusive rights to perform certain activities including but not limited to: ordering diagnostic examinations, prescribing medication and other substances and clinically monitoring the condition of patients whose state of health presents risks. This severely restrains the scope of practice for a naturopathic doctor.<ref>{{cite web |title= Illegal practice of medicine
- |url= http://www.cmq.org/en/Public/Profil/Commun/AProposOrdre/ProcessusDisciplinaire/Enquetes/ExerciceIllegal.aspx |work= Collège des médecins du Québec website |date= 2009 <!-- date of copyright for website -->|author= <!-- no byline --> |publisher= <!-- redundant to website name -->}}</ref>
-In Quebec, group benefits insurance is mandatory if offered by the employer, and coverage for a naturopathic doctor is typically included in these policies. As a result of the limitations (scope of practice, title, education) in Quebec concerning naturopathic doctors, the term naturotherapy has been accepted by some insurance carriers.<ref>{{cite web |title= Welcome |url= http://www.anpq.qc.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=110%3Adefinition&catid=35&Itemid=82&lang=en |work=  Association des Naturothérapeutes du Québec website}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2013}}<ref>{{cite web |title= Naturopathie - Présentation |url= http://www.passeportsante.net/fr/Therapies/Guide/Fiche.aspx?doc=naturopathie_th |work= PasseportSanté.net website |publisher= |date= |language= French |accessdate= }}</ref>{{Verify source|date=September 2013}}
-The minimum requirement for a naturotherapist is usually between 400 or 800 hours of study.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.association.quebec.aqtn.ca/description_of_therapies.php#natural_therapy |title= Description of Represented Therapies |work= Alliance Québécoise des Thérapeutes Naturels  website |date= <!-- no date in source --> |author= <!-- no byline --> |publisher= <!-- redundant to website name --> }}{{Self-published source|date=September 2013}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2013}}
-[[Medavie Blue Cross]] is an insurance provider, and listed ten associations it accepted as naturopathic providers for compensation and thirty it refuses to pay in a contract document with Syndicat des employés de métiers d'Hydro-Québec published on March 20, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.scfp1500.org/pdf/comites/avantages-sociaux/paramedicaux20032013.pdf |title= Régime D’assurance Maladie et Hospitalisation et Santé D’hydro-Québec |date= March 20, 2013 |publisher= Syndicat des employés de métiers d'Hydro-Québec |language= French}}</ref>
-====United States====
-* U.S. jurisdictions that currently regulate or license naturopathy include: [[Alaska]], [[Arizona]], [[California]] (see [[California Bureau of Naturopathic Medicine]]), [[Connecticut]], [[Colorado]], [[District of Columbia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Idaho]], [[Kansas]], [[Maine]], [[Minnesota]], [[Montana]], [[New Hampshire]], [[North Dakota]], [[Oregon]], [[Puerto Rico]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oslpr.org/download/ES/1997/208s0783.pdf |title=Ley para Reglamentar el Ejercicio de la Medicina Naturopática en Puerto Rico [Law to Regulate the Practice of Naturopathic Medicine in Puerto Rico] |language=Spanish |date= December 30, 1997 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081002072926/http://www.oslpr.org/download/ES/1997/208s0783.pdf |archivedate= 2008-10-02}}</ref> [[US Virgin Islands]], [[Utah]], [[Vermont]], and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]].<ref name="LicState"/> Additionally, [[Florida]] and [[Virginia]] license the practice of naturopathy under a [[grandfather clause]].<ref name=AMA_report_2006>{{cite web  |authorlink= American Medical Association | title= Reports of the Board of Trustees |chapter= 2. Licensure of Naturopaths |date=November 2006 |author= Board of Trustees, American Medical Association |url= http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/38/i-06bot.pdf |publisher= American Medical Association  |pages= 25–28 | accessdate = 2009-03-19 }}</ref>
-:* U.S. jurisdictions that permit access to prescription drugs: [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[District of Columbia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Idaho]], [[Kansas]], [[Maine]], [[Montana]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Oregon]], [[Utah]], [[Vermont]], and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]].
-:* U.S. jurisdictions that permit minor surgery: [[Arizona]], [[District of Columbia]], [[Idaho]], [[Kansas]], [[Maine]], [[Montana]], [[Oregon]], [[Utah]], [[Vermont]], and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]].
-*U.S. states which specifically prohibit the practice of naturopathy: [[South Carolina]],<ref name= "SC Code">{{cite web |url= http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t40c031.htm |work= South Carolina Code of Laws (Unannotated), Current through the end of the 2007 Regular Session |title= Title 40, Chapter 31, Sections 10 & 20 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090112214025/http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t40c031.htm |archivedate= 2009-01-12 |publisher= South Carolina Legislative Council}}</ref><ref name=AMA_report_2006 /> and [[Tennessee]].<ref name= "TN Code">{{citation |chapter-url= http://web.lexisnexis.com/research/xlink?app=00075&view=full&interface=1&docinfo=off&searchtype=get&search=Tenn.+Code+Ann.+%A7+63-6-205 |chapter=
-.6.205 Practice of naturopathy |title= Title 63 Professions of the Healing Arts, Chapter 6 Medicine and Surgery, Part 2 General Provisions |work= Tennessee Code Annotated |author= State of Tennessee |publisher= [[LexisNexis]] |year= 2013 |accessdate= 2013-09-07}}</ref><ref name=AMA_report_2006 />
-[[Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine|Naturopathic doctors]] are not mandated to undergo [[residency (medicine)|residency]] between graduation and commencing practice,<ref name=ACS /> except in the state of Utah.<ref name= "UT license app">{{cite web |url= http://www.dopl.utah.gov/licensing/forms/applications/072_naturopathic_phys.pdf |title= Application for Licensure: Naturopathic Physician |author= Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing, Utah Department of Commerce, State of Utah |date= February 17, 2012 |page= 1 |accessdate= 2013-09-08}}</ref>
-=== Australia ===
-Currently the  industry is self-regulated. There is no protection of title, meaning that technically anyone can practice as a naturopath.
-In 1977 a committee reviewed all colleges of naturopathy in Australia and found that, although the syllabuses of many colleges were reasonable in their coverage of basic biomedical sciences on paper, the actual instruction bore little relationship to the documented course. In no case was any practical work of consequence available. The lectures which were attended by the committee varied from the dictation of textbook material to a slow, but reasonably methodical, exposition of the terminology of medical sciences, at a level of dictionary definitions, without the benefit of depth or the understanding of mechanisms or the broader significance of the concepts. The committee did not see any significant teaching of the various therapeutic approaches favoured by naturopaths. People reported to be particularly interested in homoeopathy, Bach's floral remedies or mineral salts were interviewed, but no systematic courses in the choice and use of these therapies were seen in the various colleges. The committee were left with the impression that the choice of therapeutic regime was based on the general whim of the naturopath and, since the suggested applications in the various textbooks and dispensations overlap to an enormous extent, no specific indications are or can be taught.<ref name=Aust1977 />
-=== India ===
-In India there is a 5½-year degree course offering a "Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences" (BNYS) degree. There are two post graduation programs called MD (Naturopathy) and MD (Yoga-Clinical) which can be done after completing the BNYS program. The first college of naturopathy was started in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh]] by B. Venkatrao which offered a diploma in Naturopathy (ND). There are17 naturopathy colleges in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= No author given |date= ''nd'' |url= http://www.punenin.org/attach/BNYS.pdf |publisher= Hosted on the National Institute of Naturopathy website (Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India) |accessdate= 2013-09-08 |title= BNYS (list of colleges with university affiliation / government recognition)}}{{Self-published source|date=September 2013}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=December 2012}}
-Naturopathy and yoga, as an Indian system of medicine, falls under the Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy ([[AYUSH]]), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India.<ref name="AYUSH">{{cite web |url= http://www.indianmedicine.nic.in/ |title= Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) website, (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India) |date= <!-- no date in source --> |publisher= <!-- redundant to website title --> |author= <!-- no author in source -->}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2013}}<!-- probably available somewhere on website not on this page, implied by name -->
-The National Institute of Naturopathy in [[Pune]] was established on December 22, 1986. It encourages facilities for standardization and propagation of the existing knowledge and its application through research in naturopathy throughout India. This institute has a governing body, with the Union Minister for Health as its president.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.punenin.org/ |title= National Institute of Naturopathy website (Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India)}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2013}}<!-- probably available somewhere on website not on this page -->
-=== United Kingdom ===
-Naturopathy is not regulated in the [[United Kingdom]]. In 2012, publicly funded universities in the United Kingdom dropped their alternative medicine programs, including naturopathy.<ref>{{cite news |last= Bevanger |first= Lars |title= UK universities drop alternative medicine degree programs |url= http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15673133,00.html |accessdate= 2012-02-05 |newspaper= [[Deutsche Welle]]|date= January 18, 2012}}</ref>
-==See also==
-{{Portal|Medicine}}
-{{div col|3}}
-* [[Arnold Ehret]]
-* [[Essential nutrient]]
-* [[Friedrich Eduard Bilz]]
-* [[Health freedom movement]]
-* [[Heilpraktiker]]
-* [[List of ineffective cancer treatments]]
-* [[List of topics characterized as pseudoscience]]
-* [[Megavitamin therapy]]
-* [[Metamorphic Technique]]
-* [[Orthomolecular medicine]]
-* [[Osteopathy]] and [[osteopathic medicine]]
-* [[Phytonutrient]]
-{{div col end}}
-==References==
-{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
-==External links==
-*{{DMOZ|Health/Alternative/Naturopathy}}
-*[http://www.cnme.org Council on Naturopathic Medical Education]
-*[http://www.wgfnms.com/index.asp World General Federation of Natural Medicine Societies (WGFNMS)]
-{{Traditional Medicine}}
-{{Pseudoscience}}
-[[Category:Alternative medical systems]]
-[[Category:Naturopathic medicine| ]]
-[[Category:Simple living]]
-[[Category:Vitalism]]
-[[Category:Pseudoscience]]