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The Ottoman Interregnum, or the Ottoman Civil War,^[1] (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413; Turkish: Fetret Devri) was a civil war in the Ottoman Empire between the sons of Sultan Bayezid I following the defeat of their father by the Central Asian warlord Timur at the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Although Mehmed Çelebi was confirmed as sultan by Timur, his brothers İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and later, Mustafa Çelebi, refused to recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself.^[2] Civil war was the result. The Interregnum lasted for 11 years until the Battle of Çamurlu on 5 July 1413, when Mehmed Çelebi emerged as victor in the strife, crowned himself sultan Mehmed I, and restored the empire.

Civil war

Isa and Mehmed

Civil war broke out among the sons of Sultan Bayezid I upon his death in 1403. His oldest son, Süleyman, with his capital at Edirne, ruled northern Greece, Bulgaria and Thrace. The second son, İsa Çelebi, established himself as an independent ruler at Bursa^[3] and Mehmed formed a kingdom at Amasya.^[4] War broke out between Mehmed and İsa, and following the battles of Ermeni-beli^[5] and Ulubad(March–May 1403),^[6] Isa fled to Constantinople and Mehmed occupied Bursa.^[7] The subsequent battle at Karasi between Mehmed and Isa resulted in a victory for Mehmed and Isa fleeing to Karaman.^[8] Isa was later killed in a bath by agents of Mehmed.^[9]

Suleyman enters civil war

Meanwhile the other surviving son of Bayezid, Musa Çelebi, who was captured at the battle of Ankara, was released by Timur into the custody of Yakub of Germiyan^[10] Mûsa was freed, after Mehmed made a request for his brother's release. Following Isa's death, Süleyman crossed the straits with a large army.^[11] Initially, Suleyman was successful. He invaded Anatolia, capturing Bursa (March 1404)^[12] and Ankara later that year.

During the stalemate in Anatolia, which lasted from 1405-1410, Mehmed sent Musa across the Black Sea to Thrace with a small force to attack Suleyman's territories in south-eastern Europe. This maneuver soon recalled Suleyman to Thrace, where a short but sanguinary contest between him and Mûsa ensued. At first Suleyman had the advantage, winning the battle of Kosmidion in 1410, but in 1411 his army defected to Mûsa at Edirne and Suleyman was executed on the orders of Musa.^[13]^[14] Mûsa was now the ruler of the Ottoman dominions in Thrace.

Mehmed and Musa

Manuel II Palaiologos, the Byzantine emperor, had been the ally of Suleyman; Mûsa therefore besieged Constantinople. Manuel called on Mehmed to protect him, and Mehmed's Ottomans now garrisoned Constantinople against Musa's Ottomans of Thrace. Mehmed made several unsuccessful sallies against his brother's troops, and was obliged to re-cross the Bosporus to quell a revolt that had broken out in his own territories. Mûsa now pressed the siege of Constantinople. Mehmed returned to Thrace, and obtained the assistance of Stefan Lazarevic, the Serbian Despot.

The armies of the rival Ottoman brothers met on the plain of Chamurli (today Samokov, Bulgaria). Hassan, the Agha of the Janissaries of Mehmed, stepped out before the ranks and tried to get the troops to change sides. Mûsa rushed towards Hassan and killed him, but was himself wounded by an officer who had accompanied Hassan. Mûsa's Ottomans fought well, but the battle was won by Mehmed and his allies. Mûsa and his army fled, until he was shot from his horse and then killed by one of Mehmed's commanders. With Mûsa dead, Mehmed was the sole surviving son of the late Sultan Bayezid I and became Sultan Mehmed I. The Interregnum was a striking example of the fratricide that would become common in Ottoman successions.

Political titles

During the Interregnum, only Mehmed Celebi minted coins titling himself Sultan. His brother Suleyman's coins called himself, Emir Suleyman b. Bayezid, while Musa's coins stated, Musa b. Bayezid. No coins of Isa's have survived.^[15].

Notes

^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman. Civil War of 1402-1413, Brill, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8., xi.
^ Fine, John Van Antwerp, The Late Medieval Balkans, (University of Michigan Press, 1994), 499.
^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 79.
^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 73.
^ Donald Edgar Pitcher, An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire, (E.J.Brill, 1968), 59.
^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 79.
^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 90-91.
^ Donald Edgar Pitcher, 59.
^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 109-110.
^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 85.
^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 110.
^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 112.
^ Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (Basic Books, 2004), 32.
^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis , 155-156.
^ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 198

References

Fine, John Van Antwerp, The Late Medieval Balkans, University of Michigan Press, 1994.
Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, Basic Books, 2004.
Harris, Jonathan, The End of Byzantium. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8
Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire. London: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2002. ISBN 0-333-61387-2
Kastritsis, Dimitris , The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman. Civil War of 1402-1413, Brill, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{History of the Ottoman Empire sidebar |Timeline=Timeline of Interregnum}}
 {{Ottoman Interregnum battles}}
-The '''Ottoman Interregnum''', or the '''Ottoman Civil War''',<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, ''The Sons of Bayezid'', (Brill, 2007), xi.</ref> ([[Battle of Ankara|20 July 1402]] – [[Battle of Çamurlu|5 July 1413]]; {{lang-tr|'''Fetret Devri'''}}) was a civil war in the [[Ottoman Empire]] between the sons of [[List of Sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan]] [[Bayezid I]] following the defeat of their father by the [[Central Asia]]n warlord [[Timur]] at the [[Battle of Ankara]] on 20 July 1402. Although [[Mehmed Çelebi]] was confirmed as sultan by Timur, his brothers [[İsa Çelebi]], [[Musa Çelebi]], [[Süleyman Çelebi]], and later, [[Mustafa Çelebi]], refused to recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself.<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp, ''The Late Medieval Balkans'', (University of Michigan Press, 1994), 499.</ref> Civil war was the result. The Interregnum lasted for 11 years until the [[Battle of Çamurlu]] on 5 July 1413, when Mehmed Çelebi emerged as victor in the strife, crowned himself sultan [[Mehmed I]], and restored the empire.
+The '''Ottoman Interregnum''', or the '''Ottoman Civil War''',<ref name="Kastritsis"> Dimitris J. Kastritsis, ''The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman. Civil War of 1402-1413'', Brill, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8., xi.</ref> ([[Battle of Ankara|20 July 1402]] – [[Battle of Çamurlu|5 July 1413]]; {{lang-tr|'''Fetret Devri'''}}) was a civil war in the [[Ottoman Empire]] between the sons of [[List of Sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan]] [[Bayezid I]] following the defeat of their father by the [[Central Asia]]n warlord [[Timur]] at the [[Battle of Ankara]] on 20 July 1402. Although [[Mehmed Çelebi]] was confirmed as sultan by Timur, his brothers [[İsa Çelebi]], [[Musa Çelebi]], [[Süleyman Çelebi]], and later, [[Mustafa Çelebi]], refused to recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself.<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp, ''The Late Medieval Balkans'', (University of Michigan Press, 1994), 499.</ref> Civil war was the result. The Interregnum lasted for 11 years until the [[Battle of Çamurlu]] on 5 July 1413, when Mehmed Çelebi emerged as victor in the strife, crowned himself sultan [[Mehmed I]], and restored the empire.
 ==Civil war==
 ===Isa and Mehmed===
-Civil war broke out among the sons of Sultan Bayezid I upon his death in 1403.  His oldest son, [[Süleyman Çelebi|Süleyman]], with his capital at [[Edirne]], ruled northern [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Thrace]]. The second son, [[İsa Çelebi]], established himself as an independent ruler at [[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]]<ref name="Kastritsis79">Dimitris J. Kastritsis, ''The Sons of Bayezid'', 79.</ref> and Mehmed formed a kingdom at [[Amasya]].<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 73.</ref> War broke out between Mehmed and İsa, and following the battles of Ermeni-beli<ref>Donald Edgar Pitcher, ''An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire'', (E.J.Brill, 1968), 59.</ref> and [[Battle of Ulubad|Ulubad]](March–May 1403),<ref name="Kastritsis79" /> Isa fled to Constantinople and Mehmed occupied Bursa.<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 90-91.</ref> The subsequent battle at Karasi between Mehmed and Isa resulted in a victory for Mehmed and Isa fleeing to [[Karaman]].<ref>Donald Edgar Pitcher, 59.</ref> Isa was later killed in a bath by agents of Mehmed.<ref name="Kastritsis110">Dimitris J. Kastritsis, ''The Sons of Bayezid'', 109-110.</ref>
+Civil war broke out among the sons of Sultan Bayezid I upon his death in 1403.  His oldest son, [[Süleyman Çelebi|Süleyman]], with his capital at [[Edirne]], ruled northern [[Greece]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Thrace]]. The second son, [[İsa Çelebi]], established himself as an independent ruler at [[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]]<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 79.</ref> and Mehmed formed a kingdom at [[Amasya]].<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 73.</ref> War broke out between Mehmed and İsa, and following the battles of Ermeni-beli<ref>Donald Edgar Pitcher, ''An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire'', (E.J.Brill, 1968), 59.</ref> and [[Battle of Ulubad|Ulubad]](March–May 1403),<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 79.</ref> Isa fled to Constantinople and Mehmed occupied Bursa.<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 90-91.</ref> The subsequent battle at Karasi between Mehmed and Isa resulted in a victory for Mehmed and Isa fleeing to [[Karaman]].<ref>Donald Edgar Pitcher, 59.</ref> Isa was later killed in a bath by agents of Mehmed.<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 109-110.</ref>
 ===Suleyman enters civil war===
-Meanwhile the other surviving son of Bayezid, [[Musa Çelebi]], who was captured at the [[battle of Ankara]], was released by Timur into the custody of Yakub of [[Germiyan]]<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 85.</ref> Mûsa was freed, after Mehmed made a request for his brother's release. Following Isa's death, Süleyman crossed the straits with a large army.<ref name="Kastritsis110" /> Initially, Suleyman was successful. He invaded Anatolia, capturing Bursa (March&nbsp;1404)<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 112.</ref> and Ankara later that year.
+Meanwhile the other surviving son of Bayezid, [[Musa Çelebi]], who was captured at the [[battle of Ankara]], was released by Timur into the custody of Yakub of [[Germiyan]]<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 85.</ref> Mûsa was freed, after Mehmed made a request for his brother's release. Following Isa's death, Süleyman crossed the straits with a large army.<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 110.</ref> Initially, Suleyman was successful. He invaded Anatolia, capturing Bursa (March&nbsp;1404)<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 112.</ref> and Ankara later that year.
-During the stalemate in Anatolia, which lasted from 1405-1410, Mehmed sent Musa across the [[Black Sea]] to [[Thrace]] with a small force to attack Suleyman's territories in south-eastern Europe. This maneuver soon recalled Suleyman to Thrace, where a short but sanguinary contest between him and Mûsa ensued. At first Suleyman had the advantage, winning the [[battle of Kosmidion]] in 1410, but in 1411 his army defected to Mûsa at Edirne and Suleyman was executed on the orders of Musa.<ref>Finkel, Caroline, ''Osman's Dream'', (Basic Books, 2004), 32.</ref><ref>Kastritsis, Dimitris J., 155-156.</ref> Mûsa was now the ruler of the Ottoman dominions in Thrace.
+During the stalemate in Anatolia, which lasted from 1405-1410, Mehmed sent Musa across the [[Black Sea]] to [[Thrace]] with a small force to attack Suleyman's territories in south-eastern Europe. This maneuver soon recalled Suleyman to Thrace, where a short but sanguinary contest between him and Mûsa ensued. At first Suleyman had the advantage, winning the [[battle of Kosmidion]] in 1410, but in 1411 his army defected to Mûsa at Edirne and Suleyman was executed on the orders of Musa.<ref>Finkel, Caroline, ''Osman's Dream'', (Basic Books, 2004), 32.</ref><ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis , 155-156.</ref> Mûsa was now the ruler of the Ottoman dominions in Thrace.
 ===Mehmed and Musa===
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 ==Political titles==
-During the Interregnum, only [[Mehmed I|Mehmed Celebi]] minted coins titling himself ''Sultan''.<ref name="Kastritsis198">Dimitris J. Kastritsis, ''The Sons of Bayezid'', 198.</ref> His brother Suleyman's coins called himself, ''Emir Suleyman b. Bayezid'', while Musa's coins stated, ''Musa b. Bayezid''.<ref name="Kastritsis198" /> No coins of Isa's have survived.<ref name="Kastritsis198" />
+During the Interregnum, only [[Mehmed I|Mehmed Celebi]] minted coins titling himself ''Sultan''. His brother Suleyman's coins called himself, ''Emir Suleyman b. Bayezid'', while Musa's coins stated, ''Musa b. Bayezid''. No coins of Isa's have survived.<ref>Dimitris J. Kastritsis, 198</ref>.
 ==Notes==

Part of a series on the
History of the Ottoman Empire

Timeline
Rise (1299–1453) Beylik of Osman Interregnum (1402–1413) Fall of Constantinople
Classical Age (1453–1566) Sultanate of Women (1533–1656)
Transformation (1566–1703) Köprülü Era (1656–1703)
Old Regime (1703–1789) Tulip Era (1718–1730)
Decline & Modernization (1789–1908) Nizam-i Djedid (late 18th and early 19th) Tanzimat Era (1839–1876) 1st Constitutional Era (1876–1878)
Dissolution (1908–1922) 2nd Constitutional Era (1908–1920) World War I (1914–1918) Partitioning (1918–1922) Abolition of the Sultanate (1922) Abolition of the Caliphate (1924)
Historiography (Ghaza, Decline)
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