Enterovirus 68: Difference between revisions
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==Epidemiology== |
==Epidemiology== |
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Since its discovery in 1962, EV68 was described mostly sporadically, in isolated cases; six clusters (equal or more than 10 cases) or [[outbreaks]] between 2005 and 2011 have been reported from the Philippines, Japan, the Netherlands, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Pennsylvania and Arizona.<ref name=cdc2011/> EV68 was found in 3 of 5 children during a 2009 cluster of [[Polio-like syndrome|polio-like disease]] in California.<ref name=LAT>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Eryn |date=23 February 2014 |title=Mysterious polio-like illnesses reported in some California children|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-polio-like-paralysis-california-20140223-story.html#axzz2uFNvNHaN|newspaper=LA Times |publisher=|accessdate=25 February 2014 }}</ref> In August 2014, the virus caused clusters of respiratory disease in eleven, mostly Midwestern states of the U.S., first confirmed in [[Kansas City, Missouri]] and Chicago.<ref name=cdc2014>{{cite journal|title=Severe Respiratory Illness Associated with Enterovirus D68 — Missouri and Illinois, 2014|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)|date=September 8, 2014|volume=63(Early Release)|pages= |
Since its discovery in 1962, EV68 was described mostly sporadically, in isolated cases; six clusters (equal or more than 10 cases) or [[outbreaks]] between 2005 and 2011 have been reported from the Philippines, Japan, the Netherlands, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Pennsylvania and Arizona.<ref name=cdc2011/> EV68 was found in 3 of 5 children during a 2009 cluster of [[Polio-like syndrome|polio-like disease]] in California.<ref name=LAT>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Eryn |date=23 February 2014 |title=Mysterious polio-like illnesses reported in some California children|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-polio-like-paralysis-california-20140223-story.html#axzz2uFNvNHaN|newspaper=LA Times |publisher=|accessdate=25 February 2014 }}</ref> In August 2014, the virus caused clusters of respiratory disease in eleven, mostly Midwestern states of the U.S., first confirmed in [[Kansas City, Missouri]] and Chicago.<ref name=cdc2014>{{cite journal|title=Severe Respiratory Illness Associated with Enterovirus D68 — Missouri and Illinois, 2014|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)|date=September 8, 2014|volume=63(Early Release)|pages=1–2|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm63e0908a1.htm?s_cid=mm63e0908a1_x|accessdate=9 September 2014|publisher=CDC}}</ref> |
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Cases have been described to occur late in the [[enterovirus]] season,<ref name=cdc2011/> which is typcally during the warm months, from spring to fall, so in August/September on the Northern hemisphere. |
Cases have been described to occur late in the [[enterovirus]] season,<ref name=cdc2011/> which is typcally during the warm months, from spring to fall, so in August/September on the Northern hemisphere. |
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==Symptoms== |
==Symptoms== |
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EV68 almost exclusively causes [[respiratory illness]], and varies from mild to severe; symptoms thus include throat ache, runny nose, cough, difficulty breathing as in [[pneumonia]] up to [[respiratory failure]].<ref name=cdc2011>{{cite web|title=Clusters of Acute Respiratory Illness Associated with Human Enterovirus 68 --- Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008--2010|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6038a1.htm|website=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)|publisher=CDC|accessdate=9 September 2014|location=60(38)|pages= |
EV68 almost exclusively causes [[respiratory illness]], and varies from mild to severe; symptoms thus include throat ache, runny nose, cough, difficulty breathing as in [[pneumonia]] up to [[respiratory failure]].<ref name=cdc2011>{{cite web|title=Clusters of Acute Respiratory Illness Associated with Human Enterovirus 68 --- Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008--2010|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6038a1.htm|website=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)|publisher=CDC|accessdate=9 September 2014|location=60(38)|pages=1301–1304|date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> As all enteroviruses it can cause variable skin rashes, abdominal pain and soft stools. Extremely rarely it can attack the [[central nervous system]] either causing headaches, or [[paralysis]] of one or more limbs that reaches peak severity within 48 hours of onset.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1093/infdis/129.3.304}}</ref> |
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==Prevention== |
==Prevention== |
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Revision as of 15:47, 9 September 2014
| Enterovirus 68 | |
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| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
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| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | |
| Subtype | |
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Enterovirus 68 | |
| Synonyms | |
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Human rhinovirus 87[1] | |
Enterovirus 68 (EV68, EV-D68, HEV68) is a member of the Picornaviridae family, an enterovirus. First isolated in California in 1962 and considered rare, it has been on a worldwide upswing in the early 21st century.[2][3][4]
Biology
EV68 is one of the more than hundred types of enteroviruses, a group of ssRNA viruses containing the polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses. Unlike other all other enteroviruses, EV68 displays acid lability and a lower optimum growth temperature, both characteristic features of the human rhinoviruses.[5]
Epidemiology
Since its discovery in 1962, EV68 was described mostly sporadically, in isolated cases; six clusters (equal or more than 10 cases) or outbreaks between 2005 and 2011 have been reported from the Philippines, Japan, the Netherlands, Georgia, Pennsylvania and Arizona.[6] EV68 was found in 3 of 5 children during a 2009 cluster of polio-like disease in California.[7] In August 2014, the virus caused clusters of respiratory disease in eleven, mostly Midwestern states of the U.S., first confirmed in Kansas City, Missouri and Chicago.[8]
Cases have been described to occur late in the enterovirus season,[6] which is typcally during the warm months, from spring to fall, so in August/September on the Northern hemisphere.
Predisposing factors
Children under the age of 5 years and children with asthma appear to be most at risk for the illness,[9] although adults with asthma and immunosuppression have also been reported.[6]
Symptoms
EV68 almost exclusively causes respiratory illness, and varies from mild to severe; symptoms thus include throat ache, runny nose, cough, difficulty breathing as in pneumonia up to respiratory failure.[6] As all enteroviruses it can cause variable skin rashes, abdominal pain and soft stools. Extremely rarely it can attack the central nervous system either causing headaches, or paralysis of one or more limbs that reaches peak severity within 48 hours of onset.[10]
Prevention
The CDC recommends "avoiding those who are sick". Since the virus is spread through saliva and phlegm as well as stool, washing hands is most important. Sick people can avoid spreading the virus, by basic sanitary measures covering the nose and mouth during sneezes or coughs.[9]
Treatment
There is no specific treatment and no vaccine, so the illness has to run its course; treatment is directed against symptoms (symptomatic treatment. Most people recover completely, and few need to be hospitalized.[6] The EV 68 paralysis cases treated with steroids, Intravenous Immmunoglobulin and/or plasma exchange had no apparent benefit and the "recovery of motor function was poor at 6-month follow-up". [11]
References
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1159/000065866 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1159/000065866instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1099/vir.0.79925-0, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1099/vir.0.79925-0instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036005, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036005instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1099/vir.0.043935-0, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1099/vir.0.043935-0instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1128/JCM.40.11.4218-4223.2002 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.11.4218-4223.2002instead. - ^ a b c d e "Clusters of Acute Respiratory Illness Associated with Human Enterovirus 68 --- Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008--2010". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 60(38): CDC. September 30, 2011. pp. 1301–1304. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Brown, Eryn (23 February 2014). "Mysterious polio-like illnesses reported in some California children". LA Times. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- ^ "Severe Respiratory Illness Associated with Enterovirus D68 — Missouri and Illinois, 2014". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 63(Early Release). CDC: 1–2. September 8, 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
- ^ a b Gillian Mohney (2014-09-06). "Respiratory Virus Sickening Children in Colorado". ABC News.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1093/infdis/129.3.304, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1093/infdis/129.3.304instead. - ^ Alexandra Roux,Sabeen Lulu, Emmanuelle Waubant,Carol Glaser,Keith Van Haren (April 29, 2014). "A Polio-Like Syndrome in California: Clinical, Radiologic, and Serologic Evaluation of Five Children Identified by a Statewide Laboratory over a Twelve-Months Period". Poster Session III: Child Neurology and Developmental Neurology III. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- "Clusters of Acute Respiratory Illness Associated with Human Enterovirus 68 — Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008–2010". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 30, 2011.
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