John Hughes Bennett

John Hughes Bennett
Born	(1812-08-31)31 August 1812
Died	25 September 1875(1875-09-25) (aged 63)
Nationality	British
Education	Exeter
Alma mater	Edinburgh
Occupation(s)	physician, pathologist
Known for	leukemia

John Hughes Bennett (31 August 1812 – 25 September 1875) was an English physician, physiologist and pathologist. His main contribution to medicine has been the first description of leukemia as a blood disorder. The first person to describe leukemia as an unknown disease was Alfred François Donné.

Bennett was the first doctor to describe aspergillosis. In his seminal paper published in 1842 entitled "On the parasitic vegetable structures found growing in living animals" he makes the very first description of aspergillus (a pathogenic fungus) growing in the lung tissue of humans.

In 1855 he was a prime opponent of Thomas Laycock for the Edinburgh Chair. His obituary [1] refers to this as an "exciting contest". It was in fact extremely bitter (see Barfoot 1995), and became a source of great dissension in subsequent years. Barfoot (1995:213) describes him as having "the personality biographers' dreams are made of", and quotes Bennett's biographer John M'Kendrick as stating that Bennett "regarded his defeat (by Laycock) as the great disappointment of his life, and there is little doubt that it tended to a certain extent to distort his views of men an things".

Life

Born in London, he was educated at Exeter, and being destined for the medical profession he entered an apprenticeship with a surgeon in Maidstone. In 1833, he began his studies at Edinburgh, and in 1837 graduated with the highest honors and a gold medal, with a dissertation entitled The Physiology and Pathology of the Brain.

John Hughes Bennett

During the next four years he studied in Paris, France (where he founded the English-speaking Medical Society) and Germany, and on his return to Edinburgh in 1841 he published a Treatise on Cod-liver Oil as a Therapeutic Agent. In the same year he began to lecture as an extra-academical teacher on histology, drawing attention to the importance of the microscope in the investigation of disease; and as physician to the Royal Public Dispensary of Edinburgh he instituted courses of polyclinical medicine. In 1843 he was appointed professor of the Institutes of Medicine at Edinburgh, and performed the duties of that chair with great energy till incapacitated by failing health, in 1874.

In 1845, Bennett published a paper entitled Case of Hypertrophy of the Spleen and Liver in which Death Took Place from Suppuration of the Blood, the first recorded case of leukemia, then known as leucocythemia, in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal.

In 1851, Bennett founded and became the first president of the Physiological Society of Edinburgh.

In 1873, he was elected a member of the French Academy of Medicine and granted recognition by the French government to practice medicine in France. In August 1875 he was able to be present at the meeting of the British Medical Association in Edinburgh, on which occasion he received the degree of LL.D., but the fatigue he then underwent brought on a relapse, and he was compelled to have the operation of lithotomy performed. He sank rapidly and died on 25 September 1875 at Norwich.

His publications were very numerous including Lectures on Clinical Medicine (1850–1856), which in second and subsequent editions were called Clinical Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Medicine, and were translated into various languages, including Russian and Hindi; Leucocythaemia (1852), the first recorded cure of which was published by him in 1845; Outlines of Physiology (1858), reprinted from the 8th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Pathology and Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (1853); Textbook of Physiology (1871–1872).

Because Bennett introduced practical classes in the teaching of physiology, he is considered the father of physiological education in medical schools. He was also the first to teach the clinical use of the microscope systematically and its uses in the teaching of pathology and physiology. He opposed bloodletting and was highly influent in changing medical therapeutics towards a more science-based approach in the second half of the 19th century. He supported the admission of women to medical schools and advocated a better interaction between medical specialties.

In 1901, the University of Edinburgh inaugurated the John Hughes Bennett Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, in homage to one of that galaxy of talent and genius that illuminated Edinburgh in the middle decades of the last century. A second laboratory with his name was opened in 1998, in a joint venture between Britain's Leukaemia Research Fund, the University of Edinburgh and the Western General Hospital Trust.

References

• Bennett, J.H. (1851) The Mesmeric Mania of 1851, With a Physiological Explanation of the Phenomena Produced, Sutherland and Knox, (Edinburgh).
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bennett, John Hughes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Bettany, George Thomas (1885). "Bennett, John Hughes" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 4. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
• Piller, G. J. "Bennett, John Hughes (1812–1875)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2126. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

External links

• Biography of John Hughes Bennett
• Aspergillus Website Hall of Fame
• Obituary [2] in British Medical Journal

Sources

• Barfoot, Michael (1995) To ask the suffrages of the patrons: Thomas Laycock and the Edinburgh chair of medicine, 1855. Medical history no. 15. London: Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 1995.