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[[File:Rockhead at Sandside Bay, Caithness, Scotland.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Soil with broken rock fragments overlying bedrock, Sandside Bay, [[Caithness]].]]
[[File:Rockhead at Sandside Bay, Caithness, Scotland.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Soil with broken rock fragments overlying bedrock, Sandside Bay, [[Caithness]].]]


In [[stratigraphy]], '''bedrock''' is [[consolidation (soil)|consolidated]] [[Rock (geology)|rock]] underlying the surface of a [[terrestrial planet]], usually the [[Earth]]. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered [[unconsolidated]] rock in the basal [[subsoil]]. The surface of the bedrock beneath soil cover is known as '''rockhead''' in [[engineering geology]]<ref>Price, David George, ''Engineering Geology: Principles and Practice,'' Springer, 2009, p. 16 ISBN 978-3540292494 </ref><ref name="Gribble&McLean">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ayPapNgD1hMC&pg=PA113&dq=bedrock+contour+map+rockhead&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3mIsVNHYNenY7Aa5pYH4CA&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bedrock%20contour%20map%20rockhead&f=false | title=Geology for Civil Engineers | publisher=CRC Press | author=Gribble C. & McLean A. | year=2003 | pages=113 | isbn=9780203362150}}</ref> and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or [[Geophysics|geophysical]] methods, is an important task in most [[civil engineering]] projects. Superficial [[deposit (geology)|deposits]] (also known as [[drift (geology)|drift]]) can be extremely thick, such that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/newsletter/2004No.1.pdf |title=Swinford,E.Mac What the glaciers left behind - drift thickness map of Ohio, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, newsletter 2004, No.1.|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-09-12}}</ref>
In [[stratigraphy]], '''bedrock''' is [[consolidation (soil)|consolidated]] [[Rock (geology)|rock]] underlying the surface of a [[terrestrial planet]], usually the [[Earth]]. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered [[unconsolidated]] rock in the basal [[subsoil]]. The surface of the bedrock beneath soil cover is known as '''rockhead''' in [[engineering geology]]<ref>Price, David George, ''Engineering Geology: Principles and Practice,'' Springer, 2009, p. 16 ISBN 978-3540292494 </ref><ref name="Gribble&McLean">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ayPapNgD1hMC&pg=PA113&dq=bedrock+contour+map+rockhead&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3mIsVNHYNenY7Aa5pYH4CA&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bedrock%20contour%20map%20rockhead&f=false | title=Geology for Civil Engineers | publisher=CRC Press | author=Gribble C. & McLean A. | year=2003 | pages=113 | isbn=9780203362150}}</ref> and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or [[Geophysics|geophysical]] methods, is an important task in most [[civil engineering]] projects. Superficial [[deposit (geology)|deposits]] (also known as [[drift (geology)|drift]]) can be extremely thick, such that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/newsletter/2004No.1.pdf |title=Swinford,E.Mac What the glaciers left behind - drift thickness map of Ohio, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, newsletter 2004, No.1.|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-09-12}}</ref>


Bedrock may also experience subsurface [[weathering]] at its upper boundary, forming [[saprolite]].
Bedrock may also experience subsurface [[weathering]] at its upper boundary, forming [[saprolite]].


A solid [[geologic map]] of an area will usually show the distribution of differing rock types; i.e., rock that would be exposed at the surface if all [[soil]] or other superficial deposits were removed.<ref name="BGS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/digitalmaps/digmapgb_solid.html|title=Digital Geology - Bedrock geology theme|last=BGS|accessdate=2009-11-12| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091213185511/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/digitalmaps/digmapgb_solid.html| archivedate= 13 December 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
A solid [[geologic map]] of an area will usually show the distribution of differing rock types; i.e., rock that would be exposed at the surface if all [[soil]] or other superficial deposits were removed.<ref name="BGS">{{cite web|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/digitalmaps/digmapgb_solid.html|title=Digital Geology - Bedrock geology theme|last=BGS|accessdate=2009-11-12| archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091213185511/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/digitalmaps/digmapgb_solid.html| archivedate= 13 December 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>
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Soil scientists use the capital letters O, A, B, C, and E to identify the master [[soil horizons]], and lowercase letters for distinctions of these horizons. Most soils have three major horizons—the surface horizon (A), the subsoil (B), and the substratum (C). Some soils have an organic horizon (O) on the surface, but this horizon can also be buried. The master horizon, E, is used for subsurface horizons that have a significant loss of minerals (eluviation). Hard bedrock, which is not soil, uses the letter R.
Soil scientists use the capital letters O, A, B, C, and E to identify the master [[soil horizons]], and lowercase letters for distinctions of these horizons. Most soils have three major horizons—the surface horizon (A), the subsoil (B), and the substratum (C). Some soils have an organic horizon (O) on the surface, but this horizon can also be buried. The master horizon, E, is used for subsurface horizons that have a significant loss of minerals (eluviation). Hard bedrock, which is not soil, uses the letter R.


== See also ==
==See also==
* [[Outcrop]]
* [[Outcrop]]


== References ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


Revision as of 04:12, 8 July 2015

For other uses, see Bedrock (disambiguation).
"Subsurface" redirects here. For other uses, see Subsurface (disambiguation).
Soil with broken rock fragments overlying bedrock, Sandside Bay, Caithness.

In stratigraphy, bedrock is consolidated rock underlying the surface of a terrestrial planet, usually the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered unconsolidated rock in the basal subsoil. The surface of the bedrock beneath soil cover is known as rockhead in engineering geology[1][2] and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or geophysical methods, is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Superficial deposits (also known as drift) can be extremely thick, such that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.[3]

Bedrock may also experience subsurface weathering at its upper boundary, forming saprolite.

A solid geologic map of an area will usually show the distribution of differing rock types; i.e., rock that would be exposed at the surface if all soil or other superficial deposits were removed.[4]

Soil profile with bedrock labeled R

Soil scientists use the capital letters O, A, B, C, and E to identify the master soil horizons, and lowercase letters for distinctions of these horizons. Most soils have three major horizons—the surface horizon (A), the subsoil (B), and the substratum (C). Some soils have an organic horizon (O) on the surface, but this horizon can also be buried. The master horizon, E, is used for subsurface horizons that have a significant loss of minerals (eluviation). Hard bedrock, which is not soil, uses the letter R.

See also

References

  1. ^ Price, David George, Engineering Geology: Principles and Practice, Springer, 2009, p. 16 ISBN 978-3540292494
  2. ^ Gribble C. & McLean A. (2003). Geology for Civil Engineers. CRC Press. p. 113. ISBN 9780203362150.
  3. ^ "Swinford,E.Mac What the glaciers left behind - drift thickness map of Ohio, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, newsletter 2004, No.1" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-09-12.
  4. ^ BGS. "Digital Geology - Bedrock geology theme". Archived from the original on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

  • Media related to Bedrock at Wikimedia Commons
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