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{{Wiktionary|viz.|videlicet}} |
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{{redirect|Sc.|other uses|SC (disambiguation)}} |
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'''''Viz.''''' (also rendered '''''viz''''' without a full stop) and the adverb '''videlicet''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ɪ|ˈ|d|eɪ|l|ɪ|ˌ|k|ɛ|t}} or anglicized as {{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|ɪ|ˌ|k|ɛ|t}})<ref>{{cite web|title="videlicet", Random House Dictionary|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/videlicet?s=t|website=dictionary.com|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref> are used as synonyms for "namely", "that is to say", and "as follows". |
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==Etymology== |
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'''''Viz.''''' is the medieval [[scribal abbreviation]] for ''videlicet''; it uses a [[Tironian notes|Tironian]] abbreviation. It comprises the letters ''v'' and ''i'' followed by '''⁊''',<ref>{{cite book |title=Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable |last=Brewer |first=Ebenezer |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1970 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |isbn= |page=1132 |url= }}</ref><ref group="note">According to E. Cobham Brewer (1810–1897), ''Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', the same abbreviation mark was used for "habet" and "omnibus".</ref> the common [[Medieval Latin]] contraction for ''et'' and ''-et''. It has been included in [[Unicode]] since version 5.1. The [[⁊#Current|current use]] of [[⁊]] to also mean "and" (regardless of what word means "and" in the text's language) is the only other case of remaining usage of any Tironian abbreviation. |
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==Usage== |
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''Viz.'' is an [[abbreviation]] of ''videlicet'', which itself is a [[contraction (grammar)|contraction]] from [[Latin]] of ''videre licet'' meaning "it is permitted to see".<ref>[[OED]]</ref><ref>[[A Dictionary of Modern English Usage|The New Fowler's Modern English Usage]] (revised third edition, 1998), pp. 825, 828.</ref><ref>[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]] (fourth edition, 2000), p. 1917</ref> |
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The spelling ''viz.'' is the continuation of an abbreviation using [[Tironian notes|Tironian ''et'']] (''vi⁊''), the ''z'' replacing the ''⁊'' once the latter had fallen out of common use. |
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In contradistinction to [[i.e.]] and [[exempli gratia|e.g.]], viz. is used to indicate a detailed description of something stated before, and when it precedes a list of group members, it implies (near) completeness. |
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*''Viz.'' is usually read aloud as "that is", "namely", or "to wit",<ref name="AMHER1917">[[AMHER]] (fourth edition, 2000), p. 1917.</ref> but is sometimes pronounced as it is spelt, viz.: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɪ|z}}. |
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*''Videlicet'' is pronounced {{IPAc-en|v|ɪ|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|ɨ|s|ɛ|t}} or {{IPAc-en|w|ɪ|ˈ|d|eɪ|l|ɨ|k|ɛ|t}}.<ref name="AMHER1917" /> |
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A similar expression is ''scilicet'', abbreviated as ''sc.'', which is Latin for "it is permitted to know". ''Sc.'' provides a parenthetic clarification, removes an ambiguity, or supplies a word omitted in preceding text, while ''viz.'' is usually used to elaborate or detail text which precedes it. |
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In legal usage, ''scilicet'' appears abbreviated as ''ss.'' or, in a caption, as [[Section sign|§]], where it provides a statement of venue{{Clarify|date=April 2011}} and is read as "to wit".<ref>[[Black's Law Dictionary]] (sixth edition, 1990), p. 1403.</ref> ''Scilicet'' can be read as "namely", "to wit", or "that is to say", or pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|l|ɨ|s|ɛ|t}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|iː|l|ɨ|k|ɛ|t}}.<ref>[[AMHER]] (fourth edition, 2000), p. 1560.</ref> |
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===Examples=== |
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*The main point of his speech, ''viz.'' that our attitude was in fact harmful, was not understood. |
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*"My grandfather had four sons who grew up, viz.: Thomas, John, Benjamin and Josiah."<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/148 ''The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin''] at Project Gutenberg.</ref> |
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*The noble gases, viz., helium, neon, argon, xenon, krypton, and radon, show an unexpected behavior when exposed to this new element. |
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==References== |
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<references/> |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist|group=note}} |
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[[Category:Abbreviations]] |
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[[Category:Latin words and phrases]] |
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Revision as of 14:38, 26 July 2015
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