Sotho calendar

Notes: The orthography used in this and related articles is that of South Africa, not Lesotho. For a discussion of the differences between the two see the notes on Sesotho orthography. Hovering the mouse cursor over most [ɪˈtælɪk] Sesotho text should reveal an IPA pronunciation key (excluding tones).

The Sotho language (Sesotho) has traditional names for the months of the familiar Gregorian calendar. The names reflect a deep connection that the Sotho people (Basotho) traditionally have with the natural world and the importance of agriculture.

Although the month names are often not used by the general public (being considered part of "deep Sesotho"), they are regularly used in news broadcasts and other media and are more common than English imports.

Additionally, the names of the seasons and the days of the week are regularly used by all speakers.

Months

The names of the months ([dixʷedi]) indicate special natural and agricultural events which traditionally happened during the period. Being cattle breeders who lived in the semi-arid regions of Southern Africa, a deep understanding of agriculture and the natural world was essential for the survival of the Basotho people.

The year begins roughly in the month of August, when the seeds are planted in anticipation of the next month's explosion of life.

1. [pʰɑtʼɔ] (August) — from the verb [fɑtʼɑ] (dig) as the barren fields are ploughed and prepared in anticipation of the next months explosion of life.
2. [lʷet͡sʼɪ] (September) — lots of grass grows and the cows grow fat on it. They produce so much milk that the expression [lɪbɪsɪ  lɪwet͡sʼɪ] (the milk has spilled over) is used.
3. [m̩pʰɑlɑnɛ] (October) — this is a shortening of the compound noun [m̩pʰɑlɑnɛ jɑ lɪʃɔmɑ] meaning "The flower shoots of the boophone disticha plant", and it said that this is the time when the flower starts producing shoots.
4. [pʼuduŋʷɑnɑ] (November) — many wildebeest deliver their young in this month, and the name is a diminutive of [pʼudumɔ] (wildebeest).
5. [t͡sʰitʼʷe] (December) — large numbers of a species of small grasshopper ([t͡sʰitʼʷe]) are found at this time. Since cattle start producing less milk in this period, it is said that the cows are being milked by the [t͡sʰitʼʷe] grasshoppers.
6. [pʰeʀexoŋ̩] (January) — the crops begin to grow large and bird-scarers set up camp in their fields. They erect small structures and [fɛʀɑ  kʼɑxoŋ̩] (set up the rafters using old pieces of dried wood)
7. [ɬɑkʼʊlɑ] (February) — the sorghum plants release a white substance ([mʊdulɑ]) signalling the emergence of the ears of corn. As the ears of corn emerge, it is said that the [muˌdulɑ] are being wiped off, and this name is a shortening of [ɬɑkʼʊlɑ muˌdulɑ] ("Wipe the [muˌdulɑ] off).
8. [ɬɑkʼubɛlɛ] (March) — the sorghum grains are visible and birds start eating them. The name is a compound noun from [t͡ɬʰɑkʼu  t͡sʼɑmɑbɛlɛ] (grains of sorghum)
9. [m̩mesɑ] (April) — there are large numbers of a certain species of grasshopper known as [mʊɬʷɑnɪ]. Herd boys make fires at night and eat roasted maize with [mʊɬʷɑnɛ]. This gave rise to the proverb [m̩mesɑ  mʊɬʷɑnɪ  hɑ'ɑpʼɑɲɪ] (one needs to be diligent when doing a job, lit. the [mʊɬʷɑnɪ] roaster does not blink); the name comes from the first word in this proverb [m̩mesɑ] (the roaster).
10. [mʊt͡sʰɪ'ɑnoŋ̩] (May) — the sorghum grains have become hard — too hard for the birds to eat them. It is said that the plants are laughing at the birds, and the name is a contraction of [mʊt͡sʰɛhɑ  dinoŋ̩] (the one who laughs at the birds).
11. [pʰupʃʼɑnɛ] (June) — this is the beginning of Winter, and all plants seem to die and many wild animals leave on migrations. It is said that Nature is holding back on life. The name means "a small holding back" and is a diminutive of the name of the following month.
12. [pʰupʼu] (July) — everything seems completely dead and lifeless. Nature is holding back completely.

Seasons

Like many other sub-Saharan African societies who historically lived in tropical regions, Sesotho speaking people generally recognise only 2 seasons ([diɬɑ]). However, names do exist for all four of the traditional Western European seasons. The year begins in approximately August or September, when the crops are planted.

1. [sɪlɪmɔ] (Spring) — from the verb [lɪmɑ] (plant) as the crops are planted at the beginning of this period. This is also the most common name for "year."
2. [lɪɬɑbulɑ] (Summer) — more often than not this name is used for both the spring and the summer.
3. [lɪhʷɪt͡ɬʼɑ] (Autumn) — from the ancient Proto-Bantu root *-ginja ("hot season"). This noun is often used without the class prefix (that is, as [hʷɪt͡ɬʼɑ]).
4. [mɑʀihɑ] (Winter) — from the ancient and widespread Proto-Bantu root *-tîka ("cold weather; cold season; night"). More often than not this name is used to denote both Autumn and Winter.

Weekdays

The concept of dividing the month into four 7-day weeks ([dibekʼe], from Afrikaans "week") is a recent European innovation. The week begins on Monday.

1. [mɑn̩tʼɑhɑ] (Monday) — from Afrikaans "Maandag."
2. [lɑbʊbedi] (Tuesday) — Contraction of "[lɪt͡sʼɑt͡sʼi  lɑbʊbedi]" ("the second day").
3. [lɑbʊʀɑʀʊ] (Wednesday) — "the third one."
4. [lɑbʊnɛ] (Thursday) — "the fourth one."
5. [lɑbʊɬɑnʊ] (Friday) — "the fifth one."
6. [mʊǃɪbɛlɔ] (Saturday) — from isiXhosa "uMgqibelo" ("Saturday, the ending") from the verb "ukugqiba" ("to finish").
7. [son̩tʼɑhɑ] (Sunday) — from Afrikaans "Sondag."

References

• Coupez, A., Bastin, Y., and Mumba, E. 1998. Reconstructions lexicales bantoues 2 / Bantu lexical reconstructions 2. Tervuren: Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale.
• Mabille, A., Dieterlen, H., and Paroz, R. A. 1950. Southern Sotho-English Dictionary. Morija Sesuto Book Depot.
• Motingoe, M. M., 2008. Letshwao la Bomodimo Dingolweng tsa Sesotho: Manollo ya Semiotiki (The Signs of Godhead in Sesotho Literature: A Semiotic Exposition). Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)), North-West University. http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/2517