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==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Rewa]]
*[[Cyclone Pam]]
*[[Cyclone Pam]]
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]

Revision as of 18:27, 28 February 2016

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston at peak intensity near Fiji on 20 February
Formed7 February 2016
DissipatedCurrently active
(Extratropical after 25 February)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 230 km/h (145 mph)
1-minute sustained: 285 km/h (180 mph)
Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg
Fatalities42 total
Damage$500 million (2016 USD)
(Preliminary estimate)
Areas affectedVanuatu, Fiji, Niue, Tonga
Part of the 2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall over Fiji on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on 7 February 2016, when it was located to the northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring gale-force winds by 11 February. The following day, it underwent rapid intensification and attained ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on 14 February, Winston stalled to the north of Tonga on 17 February. Due to a change in higher level steering, the storm drifted back to the west. In the process, Winston again rapidly intensified, reaching Category 5 intensity on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on 19 February. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making landfall on Viti Levu, Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of 20 February. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on 20 February, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed 42 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands, with some remaining isolated more than two days after the storm's passage. Total damage was estimated at FJ$1 billion (US$500 million). Immediately following the cyclone, the governments of Australia and New Zealand provided logistical support and relief packages.

Background

Though frequented by tropical cyclones in general, the main islands of Fiji—Viti Levu and Vanua Levu—are seldom impacted by intense storms like Winston.[1] Before Winston, the strongest storm to affect the main islands since records began in 1941 was Evan in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[2] Also before Winston, the strongest storm to make landfall on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was Nigel in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph).[1]

The relative lack of strong tropical cyclones affecting the capital city of Suva, located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of The Washington Post called that storm a worst-case scenario.[1]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On 7 February 2016, the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about 1,000 km (620 mi)* northwest of Port Vila, Vanuatu.[3] Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.[4] On 10 February, the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about 860 km (535 mi)* to the west-northwest of Suva, Fiji.[5] The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the Australian tropical cyclone scale and assigned it the name Winston early on 11 February; at this time the storm was situated roughly 820 km (510 mi) west-northwest of Suva, Fiji. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer mean flow, the system tracked southeast.[6] Around 12:00 UTC on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined eye developed within deepening convection.[7][8]

Winston southeast of Vanuatu late on 12 February

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring sea surface temperatures of 30 to 31 °C (86 to 88 °F), robust upper-level outflow, and light to moderate wind shear[9]—Winston rapidly intensified on 12 February, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,[10] and then a Category 4 only six hours later.[11] The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph)[12] and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).[13] Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;[14] convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On 14 February, Winston turned to the northeast as a subtropical ridge positioned itself to the north.[15]

Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on 15 February as a result.[16] Conditions became more favourable for development on 16 February, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent banding feature wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.[17] An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,[18] and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.[19] The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,[20] and a central dense overcast became established on 17 February.[21] Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.[22] The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on 17 February as it doubled back to the west.[23][24]

A strengthening ridge to the south propelled Winston west by 18 February, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,[25] and upper-level outflow became more defined.[26] Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,[27] and the system acquired traits of an annular tropical cyclone.[28] Marked intensification took place on 19 February as the storm's 27 km (17 mi) wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.[29] Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).[30] Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,[28] Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[31] Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of Vanua Balavu.[28]

Passing just south of Vanua Levu, Winston achieved its peak intensity early on 20 February with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).[32] The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).[13] It soon made landfall in the Rakiraki District on Viti Levu at peak strength.[33][34] Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.[35]

Impact

Fiji

Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on 20 February

On 14 February, the FMS began issuing tropical cyclone warnings for the southern Lau Islands of Fiji.[36] These gradually expanded in coverage through 15 February,[37] but were discontinued on 16 February as Winston moved away from the nation.[38] Warnings resumed on 18 February after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.[39] Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under hurricane warnings on 19 February.[40] All shelters across the Southern Lau Islands, Koro Island, and Taveuni were opened on 19 February; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.[34][41] The Republic of Fiji Military Forces were placed on standby for relief efforts.[42] A state of emergency was declared during the afternoon of 20 February.[43] A nationwide curfew was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.[44] Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama called the storm an ordeal of the most grievous kind.[34]

Striking the nation on 20 February, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands.[34] Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power,[45] including the entirety of Vanua Levu,[46] as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.[34] Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and Qamea were lost on 20 February.[47][48] Contact with Vanua Balavu had yet to be established as of the evening of 22 February.[49] Landline telephone service was lost on Matuku Island.[50] A total of 42 people were killed across the nation: 21 in the Western Division, 13 in the Eastern Division, 6 in the Central Division, and 2 in the Northern Division.[51][52]

Global context of Winston; the storm can be seen right of center in this Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) image, taken on 18 February.

Across the entirety of Fiji's Eastern Division, 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.[53] Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roofs.[54] Kade Village was leveled, with all structures destroyed.[55] One individual died in Nabasovi when his home collapsed, and twelve people were injured in Nabuna.[56][57] Significant damage was reported across Ovalau.[58] The two main ports on Taveuni were severely damaged and largely rendered unusable. Southern areas of the island became isolated when a bridge was destroyed.[59]

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the Waidamu River also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.[60] In Drauniivi village, 64 homes were completely destroyed and 70 more sustained damage.[61] Hundreds of homes were destroyed in and around Rakiraki Town, with the area described as a scene of devastation and despair by the Fiji Times.[62] Early estimates indicate damage to schools to be in excess of FJ$2.2 million (US$1.03 million) in the Western Division.[63] The sugar industry sustained FJ$83 million (US$38.9 million) in losses.[64] Total damage was estimated at FJ$1 billion (US$500 million).[65]

Other South Pacific nations

Impacting Tonga twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.[66] Winston also affected Niue on 16 February; the FMS also issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.[67]

Aftermath

Effects of Winston in Lautoka

Fiji

Local

All schools across Fiji suspended classes for at least a week, two weeks for those in the hardest-hit areas, because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.[68][69] In Labasa, two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.[70] The main airport serving the country, Nadi International Airport, was closed as a result of the cyclone. It was re-opened two days after the storm to allow the humanitarian supplies to be received and tourists to leave.[71] The nation's government deployed two ships to Koro Island carrying assessment teams and emergency supplies.[72] Rakiraki Town was shut down to travel at 7:30 a.m. local time on 23 February to allow crews to clear debris from roads.[73]

Through the evening of 26 February, approximately 62,000 people were housed evacuation centres across the country, primarily in the Western Division.[74][75] The Fiji Electricity Authority estimated that it would take three weeks to restore service to most of the Western Division.[76]

Digicel set up battery charging stations in Suva on 22 February.[77] The company quickly restored telephone service to the main islands within two days of the storm.[78]

The spread of breeding grounds for mosquitos brought on by the storm led to an increase in dengue fever cases, with 131 incidents reported after Winston's passage.[79]

International

Koro Island before (left) and after (right) Winston. Severe defoliation is readily seen with the island's green landscape turned brown.

On 21 February, the government of New Zealand set aside an initial NZ$50,000 (US$34,000) to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 (US$114,000) worth of relief supplies. The RNZAF deployed a Lockheed P-3 Orion, C-130 Hercules and a Boeing 757 with a team of New Zealand Army engineers and firefighters with a specialist SAR team. RNZN ships carrying two air force NH-90 helicopters deployed to Fiji to assist in relief efforts. RNZAF P-3 Orion was sent immediately to the area to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.[80] Total aid was increased to NZ$2 million (US$1.34 million) the next day.[81] Australia provided an immediate relief package worth A$5 million (US$3.61 million) on 22 February.[82] The HMAS Canberra, carrying three helicopters and 60 tons of aid, left for Fiji on 26 February.[83] The Government of China provided US$100,000 on 23 February.[84] India supplied US$1 million as immediate assistance, and also deployed a C-17 Globemaster III carrying 40 tons of aid.[85][86] Others that may be involved in humanitarian assistance in one way or another include Singapore, France, the United States, Japan, Nauru and the Asian Development Bank.[87]

On 21 February, members of International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies began ground surveys to determine emergency needs. They also provided residents in poor communities and shelters with supplies.[88] The Fiji chapter of the Red Cross launched a country-wide appeal for donations and supplies on 22 February.[89] Relief teams from charities and non-governmental organizations including AmeriCares, Caritas International, MapAction, and ShelterBox were deployed to Fiji to assist with recovery efforts.[90] The International Organization for Migration allocated US$200,000 in immediate funds on 22 February.[91] Oxfam placed members across the Southwestern Pacific on standby for deployment.[92]

Tonga

The nation of Tonga also received money and aid as well as medical supplies from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.[93] Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of A$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the Tonga Red Cross Society, two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the Australian Civilian Corps to aid in relief efforts.[94]

See also

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclone Winston.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Winston&oldid=707408451"