Zimbabweans in Botswana: Difference between revisions
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==Numbers and distribution== |
==Numbers and distribution== |
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Economic and political problems in [[Zimbabwe]] have led to significant increases in migration to [[Botswana]] since the early 2000s.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|Oucho|2003|p=2}}</ref> By 2003, it was estimated that there were 40,000 Zimbabwean migrants in the country, of whom only one-third were resident legally.<ref name="AfricanBusiness">{{citation|title=Botswana Countryfile: Citizens turn on Zimbabwean migrants|periodical=African Business|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Citizens+turn+on+Zimbabwean+migrants.+(Countryfile:+Botswana).-a0101291137|date=2003-05-01|accessdate=2009-08-25|last=Mukumbira|first=Rodrick}}</ref> Many reside in the Ledumadumane suburb of the capital [[Gaborone]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.zimonline.co.za/Article.aspx?ArticleId=426|periodical=ZimOnline News Agency|date=2006-11-12|accessdate=2009-08-25|title=Botswana hunts down illegal Zim immigrants}}</ref> There is also a camp for Zimbabwean refugees at [[Dukwe]].<ref>{{harvnb|Betts|Kaytaz|2009|p=18}}</ref> |
Economic and political problems in [[Zimbabwe]] have led to significant increases in migration to [[Botswana]] since the early 2000s.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|Oucho|2003|p=2}}</ref> By 2003, it was estimated that there were 40,000 Zimbabwean migrants in the country, of whom only one-third were resident legally.<ref name="AfricanBusiness">{{citation|title=Botswana Countryfile: Citizens turn on Zimbabwean migrants|periodical=African Business|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Citizens+turn+on+Zimbabwean+migrants.+(Countryfile:+Botswana).-a0101291137|date=2003-05-01|accessdate=2009-08-25|last=Mukumbira|first=Rodrick}}</ref> Many reside in the Ledumadumane suburb of the capital [[Gaborone]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.zimonline.co.za/Article.aspx?ArticleId=426 |periodical=ZimOnline News Agency |date=2006-11-12 |accessdate=2009-08-25 |title=Botswana hunts down illegal Zim immigrants |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090827023732/http://www.zimonline.co.za/Article.aspx?ArticleId=426 |archivedate=August 27, 2009 }}</ref> There is also a camp for Zimbabwean refugees at [[Dukwe]].<ref>{{harvnb|Betts|Kaytaz|2009|p=18}}</ref> |
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==Illegal migration== |
==Illegal migration== |
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The illegal immigration issue has produced various tensions between the governments of Botswana and Zimbabwe, with [[Paul Mangwana]] even threatening to expel all Botswana nationals from Zimbabwe in response to the alleged poor treatment which Zimbabweans face in Botswana.<ref name="AfricanBusiness"/> Botswana claims to have deported 26,717 Zimbabweans residing in the country illegally in 2002.<ref>{{citation|periodical=Associated Press|title=More than 26,000 Zimbabweans repatriated from Zimbabwe last year|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-75400394.html|date=2003-07-16|accessdate=2009-08-25}}</ref> Beginning the following year, they also began to build an [[electric fence|electrified]] [[separation barrier|fence]] along their boundary with Zimbabwe. Botswana's agricultural officials assert that the main purpose of the fence is to stop animal rather than human migration, with the aim of preventing the transmission of [[foot-and-mouth disease]], but Zimbabwe's high commissioner in [[Gaborone]] rejects this explanation, calling it an attempt to make Zimbabwe into a "Gaza Strip".<ref>{{citation|periodical=BBC News|title=Zimbabwe crisis spills over border|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3582459.stm|last=Phillips|first=Barnaby|date=2004-03-30|accessdate=2009-08-26}}</ref> One survey found a support rate of 63% for the fence.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|Oucho|2003|p=20}}</ref> |
The illegal immigration issue has produced various tensions between the governments of Botswana and Zimbabwe, with [[Paul Mangwana]] even threatening to expel all Botswana nationals from Zimbabwe in response to the alleged poor treatment which Zimbabweans face in Botswana.<ref name="AfricanBusiness"/> Botswana claims to have deported 26,717 Zimbabweans residing in the country illegally in 2002.<ref>{{citation|periodical=Associated Press|title=More than 26,000 Zimbabweans repatriated from Zimbabwe last year|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-75400394.html|date=2003-07-16|accessdate=2009-08-25}}</ref> Beginning the following year, they also began to build an [[electric fence|electrified]] [[separation barrier|fence]] along their boundary with Zimbabwe. Botswana's agricultural officials assert that the main purpose of the fence is to stop animal rather than human migration, with the aim of preventing the transmission of [[foot-and-mouth disease]], but Zimbabwe's high commissioner in [[Gaborone]] rejects this explanation, calling it an attempt to make Zimbabwe into a "Gaza Strip".<ref>{{citation|periodical=BBC News|title=Zimbabwe crisis spills over border|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3582459.stm|last=Phillips|first=Barnaby|date=2004-03-30|accessdate=2009-08-26}}</ref> One survey found a support rate of 63% for the fence.<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|Oucho|2003|p=20}}</ref> |
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Human rights abuses faced by Zimbabweans in Botswana have also become the subject of a play entitled "Voice of the People", with actors from both countries.<ref>{{citation|title=Play Showcases the Plight of Zimbabean Refugees in Southern Africa|periodical=Voice of America|date=2009-01-01|accessdate=2009-08-25|last=Ngwenya|first=Martin|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2009-01/2009-01-01-voa27.cfm?moddate=2009-01-01}}</ref> |
Human rights abuses faced by Zimbabweans in Botswana have also become the subject of a play entitled "Voice of the People", with actors from both countries.<ref>{{citation|title=Play Showcases the Plight of Zimbabean Refugees in Southern Africa |periodical=Voice of America |date=2009-01-01 |accessdate=2009-08-25 |last=Ngwenya |first=Martin |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2009-01/2009-01-01-voa27.cfm?moddate=2009-01-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090827091202/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2009-01/2009-01-01-voa27.cfm?moddate=2009-01-01 |archivedate=August 27, 2009 }}</ref> |
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==Employment== |
==Employment== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.sundaystandard.info/search/search_item.php?NewsID=2914 Some Zimbabweans in Botswana felt too discouraged to vote], a 2008 news article from ''The Standard'' |
*[http://www.sundaystandard.info/search/search_item.php?NewsID=2914 Some Zimbabweans in Botswana felt too discouraged to vote], a 2008 news article from ''The Standard'' |
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*[http://thezimstar.com/index.php?view=article&catid=102%3Afeatures&id=165%3Azimbabweans-in-botswana-struggle-for-survival&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=274 Zimbabweans in Botswana struggle for survival], a 2009 news article from ''The Zimbabwe Star'' |
*[http://thezimstar.com/index.php?view=article&catid=102%3Afeatures&id=165%3Azimbabweans-in-botswana-struggle-for-survival&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=274 Zimbabweans in Botswana struggle for survival]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, a 2009 news article from ''The Zimbabwe Star'' |
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{{Zimbabwean diaspora}} |
{{Zimbabwean diaspora}} |
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Revision as of 21:05, 20 July 2016
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There is a significant population of Zimbabweans in Botswana.
Numbers and distribution
Economic and political problems in Zimbabwe have led to significant increases in migration to Botswana since the early 2000s.[1] By 2003, it was estimated that there were 40,000 Zimbabwean migrants in the country, of whom only one-third were resident legally.[2] Many reside in the Ledumadumane suburb of the capital Gaborone.[3] There is also a camp for Zimbabwean refugees at Dukwe.[4]
Illegal migration
The number of undocumented Zimbabwean migrants in Botswana was estimated at between forty and one hundred thousand as of 2009[update].[5] In 2012, Botswana deported 17,402 Zimbabweans, while in 2013 it had already deported 22,675 in the first ten months of the year.[6]
The illegal immigration issue has produced various tensions between the governments of Botswana and Zimbabwe, with Paul Mangwana even threatening to expel all Botswana nationals from Zimbabwe in response to the alleged poor treatment which Zimbabweans face in Botswana.[2] Botswana claims to have deported 26,717 Zimbabweans residing in the country illegally in 2002.[7] Beginning the following year, they also began to build an electrified fence along their boundary with Zimbabwe. Botswana's agricultural officials assert that the main purpose of the fence is to stop animal rather than human migration, with the aim of preventing the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease, but Zimbabwe's high commissioner in Gaborone rejects this explanation, calling it an attempt to make Zimbabwe into a "Gaza Strip".[8] One survey found a support rate of 63% for the fence.[9]
Human rights abuses faced by Zimbabweans in Botswana have also become the subject of a play entitled "Voice of the People", with actors from both countries.[10]
Employment
Zimbabweans are the most numerous nationality among registered foreign workers in Botswana.[11] More than half of Zimbabwean migrant workers are employed in cow herding and similar agricultural occupations, while others work in construction, real estate, retail, education, health and manufacturing.[12] Others, especially the more-easily-exploited irregular migrants, are engaged as maids or in sex work.[13]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Campbell & Oucho 2003, p. 2
- ^ a b Mukumbira, Rodrick (2003-05-01), "Botswana Countryfile: Citizens turn on Zimbabwean migrants", African Business, retrieved 2009-08-25
- ^ "Botswana hunts down illegal Zim immigrants", ZimOnline News Agency, 2006-11-12, archived from the original on August 27, 2009, retrieved 2009-08-25
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Betts & Kaytaz 2009, p. 18
- ^ Betts & Kaytaz 2009, p. 17
- ^ Nyathi, Kitsepele (2013-11-25), "Botswana kicks out more illegal Zimbabwe immigrants", Africa Review, retrieved 2013-11-30
- ^ "More than 26,000 Zimbabweans repatriated from Zimbabwe last year", Associated Press, 2003-07-16, retrieved 2009-08-25
- ^ Phillips, Barnaby (2004-03-30), "Zimbabwe crisis spills over border", BBC News, retrieved 2009-08-26
- ^ Campbell & Oucho 2003, p. 20
- ^ Ngwenya, Martin (2009-01-01), "Play Showcases the Plight of Zimbabean Refugees in Southern Africa", Voice of America, archived from the original on August 27, 2009, retrieved 2009-08-25
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Number of foreign workers go up", Mmegi, 2009-05-05, retrieved 2009-08-26
- ^ "Most Zimbabweans in Botswana herding cattle", Nehanda Radio, 2009-01-27, retrieved 2009-08-25 [dead link]
- ^ Betts & Kaytaz 2009, p. 19
Sources
- Campbell, Eugene K.; Oucho, John O. (2003), Changing attitudes to immigration and refugee policy in Botswana (PDF), Migration Policy Series, vol. 28, Cape Town, South Africa/Toronto, Canada: Southern African Migration Project, ISBN 1-919798-47-1
- Betts, Alexander; Kaytaz, Ezra (2009), National and international responses to the Zimbabwean exodus: implications for the refugee protection regime, Research Papers, vol. 175, Policy Development and Evaluation Service, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
External links
- Some Zimbabweans in Botswana felt too discouraged to vote, a 2008 news article from The Standard
- Zimbabweans in Botswana struggle for survival[permanent dead link], a 2009 news article from The Zimbabwe Star