User:Manum56/sandbox: Difference between revisions
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=Passage 1= |
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'''Acute [[prostatitis]]''' is a serious [[bacterium|bacteria]]l [[infection]] of the [[prostate]] gland. This infection is a [[medical emergency]]. It should be distinguished from other forms of prostatitis such as [[chronic bacterial prostatitis]] and [[Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome|chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS)]]. |
'''Acute [[prostatitis]]''' is a serious [[bacterium|bacteria]]l [[infection]] of the [[prostate]] gland. This infection is a [[medical emergency]]. It should be distinguished from other forms of prostatitis such as [[chronic bacterial prostatitis]] and [[Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome|chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS)]]. |
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Acute prostatitis is associated with a transiently elevated [[prostate specific antigen|PSA]], i.e., the PSA is increased during an episode of acute prostatitis and then decreases again after it has resolved. PSA testing is not indicated in the context of uncomplicated acute prostatitis. |
Acute prostatitis is associated with a transiently elevated [[prostate specific antigen|PSA]], i.e., the PSA is increased during an episode of acute prostatitis and then decreases again after it has resolved. PSA testing is not indicated in the context of uncomplicated acute prostatitis. |
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<!--Cause and diagnosis--> |
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The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female ''[[Anopheles]]'' mosquito.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> The mosquito bite introduces the [[parasite]]s from the mosquito's [[saliva]] into a person's [[circulatory system|blood]].<ref name=WHO2014/> The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce.<!-- <ref name="Caraballo 2014"/> --> Five species of ''Plasmodium'' can infect and be spread by humans.<ref name="Caraballo 2014"/> Most deaths are caused by ''[[Plasmodium falciparum|P. falciparum]]'' because ''[[Plasmodium vivax|P. vivax]]'', ''[[Plasmodium ovale|P. ovale]]'', and ''[[Plasmodium malariae|P. malariae]]'' generally cause a milder form of malaria.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Caraballo 2014"/> The species ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi|P. knowlesi]]'' rarely causes disease in humans.<ref name=WHO2014/> Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using [[blood film]]s, or with [[antigen]]-based [[Malaria antigen detection tests|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo 2014"/> Methods that use the [[polymerase chain reaction]] to detect the parasite's [[DNA]] have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|common]] due to their cost and complexity.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |title=Malaria: An update for physicians |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |year=2012 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=243–59 |pmid=22632637 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> |
The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female ''[[Anopheles]]'' mosquito.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> The mosquito bite introduces the [[parasite]]s from the mosquito's [[saliva]] into a person's [[circulatory system|blood]].<ref name=WHO2014/> The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce.<!-- <ref name="Caraballo 2014"/> --> Five species of ''Plasmodium'' can infect and be spread by humans.<ref name="Caraballo 2014"/> Most deaths are caused by ''[[Plasmodium falciparum|P. falciparum]]'' because ''[[Plasmodium vivax|P. vivax]]'', ''[[Plasmodium ovale|P. ovale]]'', and ''[[Plasmodium malariae|P. malariae]]'' generally cause a milder form of malaria.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Caraballo 2014"/> The species ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi|P. knowlesi]]'' rarely causes disease in humans.<ref name=WHO2014/> Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using [[blood film]]s, or with [[antigen]]-based [[Malaria antigen detection tests|rapid diagnostic tests]].<ref name="Caraballo 2014"/> Methods that use the [[polymerase chain reaction]] to detect the parasite's [[DNA]] have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is [[Endemic (epidemiology)|common]] due to their cost and complexity.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |title=Malaria: An update for physicians |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |year=2012 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=243–59 |pmid=22632637 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 02:41, 19 August 2016
{User sandbox}}
Passage 1
Acute prostatitis is a serious bacterial infection of the prostate gland. This infection is a medical emergency. It should be distinguished from other forms of prostatitis such as chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS).
Signs and symptoms
Men with this disease often have chills, fever, pain in the lower back and genital area, urinary frequency and urgency often at night, burning or painful urination, body aches, and a demonstrable infection of the urinary tract, as evidenced by white blood cells and bacteria in the urine. Acute prostatitis may be a complication of prostate biopsy.[1] Often, the prostate gland is very tender to palpation through the rectum.[2]
Diagnosis
Acute prostatitis is relatively easy to diagnose due to its symptoms that suggest infection. The organism may be found in blood or urine, and sometimes in both.[1] Common bacteria are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Serratia, and Staphylococcus aureus. This can be a medical emergency in some patients and hospitalization with intravenous antibiotics may be required. A complete blood count reveals increased white blood cells. Sepsis from prostatitis is very rare, but may occur in immunocompromised patients; high fever and malaise generally prompt blood cultures, which are often positive in sepsis. A prostate massage should never be done in a patient with suspected acute prostatitis, since it may induce sepsis. Since bacteria causing the prostatitis is easily recoverable from the urine, prostate massage is not required to make the diagnosis. Rectal palpation usually reveals an enlarged, exquisitely tender, swollen prostate gland, which is firm, warm, and, occasionally, irregular to the touch. C-reactive protein is elevated in most cases.[3]
Prostate biopsies are not indicated as the (clinical) features (described above) are diagnostic. The histologic correlate of acute prostatitis is a neutrophilic infiltration of the prostate gland.
Acute prostatitis is associated with a transiently elevated PSA, i.e., the PSA is increased during an episode of acute prostatitis and then decreases again after it has resolved. PSA testing is not indicated in the context of uncomplicated acute prostatitis.
Passage 2
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.[4]Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death.[5] Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later.[4] In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria.[5]
The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood.[4] The parasites travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans.[5] Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum because P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae generally cause a milder form of malaria.[4][5] The species P. knowlesi rarely causes disease in humans.[4] Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests.[5] Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction to detect the parasite's DNA have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is common due to their cost and complexity.[6]
Passage 3
India has had an ongoing National TB Program (NTP) since 1962.
In order to overcome these lacunae, the Government decided to give a new thrust to TB control activities by revitalising the NTP, with assistance from international agencies, in 1993. The Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) thus formulated, adopted the internationally recommended Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) strategy, as the most systematic and cost-effective approach to revitalise the TB control programme in India. Political and administrative commitment, to ensure the provision of organised and comprehensive TB control services was obtained. Adoption of smear microscopy for reliable and early diagnosis was introduced in a decentralized manner in the general health services. DOTS was adopted as a strategy for provision of treatment to increase the treatment completion rates. Supply of drugs was also strengthened to provide assured supply of drugs to meet the requirements of the system.
Large-scale implementation of the RNTCP began in 1997
Expansion of the programme was undertaken in a phased manner with rigid appraisals of the districts prior to starting service delivery. The initial 5-year project plan was to implement the RNTCP in 102 districts of the country and strengthen another 203 Short Course Chemotherapy (SCC) districts for introduction of the revised strategy at a later stage.
- ^ a b Stoica G, Cariou G, Colau A, et al. (2007). "[Epidemiology and treatment of acute prostatitis after prostatic biopsy]". Prog. Urol. (in French). 17 (5): 960–3. doi:10.1016/S1166-7087(07)92397-0. PMID 17969797.
- ^ Goldman, Lee (2011). Goldman's Cecil Medicine (24th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 808. ISBN 1437727883.
- ^ Auzanneau C, Manunta A, Vincendeau S, Patard JJ, Guillé F, Lobel B (2005). "[Management of acute prostatitis, based on a series of 100 cases]". Prog. Urol. (in French). 15 (1): 40–4. PMID 15822390.
- ^ a b c d e "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. March 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Caraballo H (2014). "Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: Malaria, dengue, and west nile virus". Emergency Medicine Practice. 16 (5).
- ^ Nadjm B, Behrens RH (2012). "Malaria: An update for physicians". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 26 (2): 243–59. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010. PMID 22632637.