Gaborone Dam

Gaborone Dam
Gaborone Dam at sunset
Location of Gaborone Dam in Botswana
Country	Botswana
Location	South-East District
Purpose	Urban water supply
Construction began	1963
Opening date	1964
Dam and spillways
Type of dam	Embankment, earth-fill
Height	25 metres (82 ft)
Length	3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi)
Reservoir
Total capacity	141,100,000 cubic metres (4.98×109 cu ft)
Surface area	15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi).

The Gaborone Dam is a dam on the Notwane River in Botswana with a capacity of 141,100,000 cubic metres (4.98×10⁹ cu ft). The dam is operated by the Water Utilities Corporation, and supplies water to the capital city of Gaborone.

Location

The Gaborone Dam is located south of Gaborone along the Gaborone-Lobatse road, and provides water for both Gaborone and Lobatse. The effective catchment area covers about 225 square kilometres (87 sq mi), drained by the Notwane river and the lesser Taung, Metsemaswaane and Nywane rivers. Between 1971 and 2000, average annual rainfall was between 450 millimetres (18 in) and 550 millimetres (22 in). Temperatures range from 10 °C (50 °F) in Winter to 37 °C (99 °F) in Summer. Average potential evapotranspiration is about 1,400 millimetres (55 in) annually.

Description

Dam construction began in 1963, capturing water from the Ngotwane River, at a time when the new capital city of Gaborone was in the planning stages. The original dam was complete in 1964. The dam is an earthcore fill structure. During the 1965-66 rainy season the reservoir filled and overflowed.

Between 1983 and 1985 the dam was raised by 7 metres (23 ft) to increase capacity, reaching a maximum height of 25 metres (82 ft) and a length of 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi). Raising the dam had to be done extremely carefully to ensure that the impervious upstream zone of the dam remained intact and was extended up the raised bank. Most of the reservoir is less than 10 feet (3.0 m) deep. The surface area of the reservoir when full is 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi).

Until completion of the Dikgatlhong Dam in 2011, the Gaborone dam was the largest in Botswana.

Issues

After the dam was opened and filled, the average water levels began dropping. In part, this was due to a cyclical change in rainfall, reducing the amount of water fed into the reservoir and increasing the impact of evaporation in the hot, dry climate. In part it was due to growth of the city and growing per-capita demand for water as the population became more affluent, using water for purposes such as filling swimming pools and washing cars. By the end of 2002 the reservoir was 79% full, and by the start of 2004 it was 54% full. By the end of 2004 the reservoir was just 27% full and the government was forced to impose harsh restrictions on water use. By September 2005 the reservoir was down to 17% full, or 34 litres (7.5 imp gal; 9.0 US gal) per citizen of Gaborone.

In the drought-prone country, the water supply is a constant concern. A neon signboard in the city informs residents how full the reservoir is. The reservoir and the green buffer zone that surrounds it are the largest and most fragile ecosystem in the Gaborone area. A book published in 2004 noted that storm water drainage is poor in Gaborone, causing recurring street floods, and that pit latrines and overflowing sewage ponds endanger the water in the reservoir.

Reservoir use

The reservoir is starting to be marketed as a recreational area. The northern end of the reservoir is planned to become an entertainment venue called The Waterfront. There is a yacht club, called Gaborone Yacht Club, on the northern side of the lake. The southern end houses the Kalahari Fishing Club and a new public facility called City Scapes. City Scapes contains parks, playgrounds, and boating facilities. The dam is popular with birdwatchers, windsurfers, and anglers. However, there is no swimming due to crocodiles and parasitic bilharzias, which can transmit the serious disease schistosomiasis.

Gallery

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  View from space
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  Gaborone from the air, dam in the distance

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

• "African cities- Gaborone Culture". Gaborone.info. AfricanCities.net. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
• "All about Gaborone". Gaborone, Botswana: Gabscity.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Central Statistics Office (October 2009). "BOTSWANA WATER STATISTICS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2010. Retrieved 2012-09-18. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• "Gaborone in Details..." Botswana Tourism. Retrieved 2012-09-018. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
• Gaborone Yacht Club. "HOME / ABOUT US". Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-09-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• "Corporate Profile". WUC. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
• Hardy, Paula; Firestone, Matthew D. (2007). "Gaborone". Botswana & Namibia. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-760-8. Retrieved 4 August 2009. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
• Keiner, Marco; Zegras, Christopher; Schmid, Willy A.; Salmerón, Diego (2004-12-20). From Understanding to Action: Sustainable Urban Development in Medium-Sized Cities in Africa and Latin America. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-2879-3. Retrieved 2012-09-18. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Knight (1990-06-01). Geotechnical Instrumentation in Practice: Purpose, Performance and Interpretation : Proceedings of the Conference Geotechnical Instrumentation in Civil Engineering Projects. Thomas Telford. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-7277-1515-9. Retrieved 2012-09-18. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Majelantle, A. (October 2009). "Botswana water statistics" (PDF). Botswana Water Statistics. Gaborone, Botswana: Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Water Utilities Corporation (2010). "Dam Parameters". Retrieved 2012-09-19. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Workman, James G. (2009-08-04). Heart of Dryness: How the Last Bushmen Can Help Us Endure the Coming Age of Permanent Drought. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8027-1558-6. Retrieved 2012-09-18. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Yadava, Ram Narayan (2003). Watershed Hydrology. Allied Publishers. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-7764-547-7. Retrieved 2012-09-18. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)