User:Celinanguyen/sandbox

History

The roots of eco-capitalism can be traced back to the late 1960's. The "Tragedy of the Commons" an essay published in 1968 in Science by Garrett Hardin claimed the inevitability of malthusian catastrophe largely because of the policy of liberal or democratic governments to leave family size matters to the family, and enabling the welfare state to willingly care for potential overpopulation. Hardin argued that if families were given freedom of choice in the matter but were removed from a welfare state, that parents choosing to overbear would not have the resources to provide for their "litter", thus solving the problem of overpopulation. This represents an early argument made from an eco-capitalist standpoint; overpopulation would technically be solved by a free market. A collaborator with Garrett Hardin on other works including Managing the Commons, John Baden founded the Political Economy Research Center, now called the Property and Environment Research Center, in 1982. One of the first eco-capitalist organizations created, PERC's mission is "improving environmental quality through property rights and markets."

Traits

The ideology of eco-capitalism was adopted to satisfy two competing needs: 1) the desire for generating profit by businesses in a capitalist society and 2) the urgency for proper actions to address the struggling environment in the face of human activity. Under the doctrine of eco-capitalism, businesses commodify the act of addressing environmental issues.,

The following are common principles in the transition to eco-capitalism.

Full Cost Accounting

Environmental full cost accounting summarizes corporate actions on the basis of the triple bottom line, which is best summarized as "people, planet, and profit". As a concept of corporate social responsibility, full cost accounting not only considers social and economic costs and benefits but also the environmental implications of specific corporate actions.

Genuine Progress Indicator

The current standard of using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as an indicator of welfare is criticized for being inaccurate. An alternative to GDP, the Genuine Progress Indicator compensates for the shortcomings of the GDP as a welfare indicator by accounting for environmental harms as well as other factors that affect consumption, such as crime and income inequality.

Pollution credit

Creating perhaps the first major eco-capitalist endorsement, many political and economic institutions support a system of pollution credits. Such a system, which assigns property rights to emissions, is considered to be the most "efficient and effective" way for regulating greenhouse gas emissions in the current neoliberal global economy. Especially in the case of tradable pollution credits, the resulting market-based system of emissions regulation is believed to motivate businesses to invest in technology that reduce greenhouse gas emissions using positive reinforcement (i.e. ability to trade unused credits) and punishment (i.e. the need to buy more credits).

Green consumption

At the conception of the ideology, major theorists of eco-capitalism, Paul Hawken, Lester Brown, and Francis Cairncross, saw an opportunity to establish a different approach to environmentalism in a capitalist society. These theorists thought that not only producers but also consumers could shoulder the social responsibility of environmental restoration if "green technology, green taxes, green labeling, and eco-conscious shopping" existed. The resulting "shopping our way to sustainability" mentality encouraged the development of organic farming, renewable energy, green certifications as well as other eco-friendly practices.

Criticisms of Eco-Capitalism

There has been much speculation over green capitalism due to the monetary system being Capitalism over the recent years. While most people feel the need to push for a more transformative and progressive system, the reason for capitalism has always remained the same. Ultimately, capitalism has allowed the means of production, that are mainly owned by individuals; economic activity takes place in markets, and individuals are free to choose to greater or lesser degree what they do, where they work, and how they allocate their income and wealth. Many are skeptic although capitalism offers both growth and freedom.

In terms of capitalism, Antonio Gramsci's theory of common sense proves that we thrive on markets therefore, we cannot move away from them. Nonetheless, the push to get rid of capitalism is a slow and ever-changing process that requires both critical thinking and assessment of green capitalism theory.

Backlash began as environmental agencies and laws became established, noting many natural resource constraints due to higher taxes on environmental companies. This included free market environmentalism which emphasized the positive incentives associated with prices, profits and entrepreneurship, as opposed to political environmentalism, which emphasizes negative incentives associated with regulation and taxes.

A common criticism of Eco-capitalism is that capitalism can never be sustainable because it is a "greed driven system" and that capitalism is inherently expansionist in tendency.

Another counter argument is from Daniel Tanuro's "Green Capitalism: Why it Can't" work explains that green capitalism won't and cannot work without replacing capitalism with ecosocialist methods and breaking down the wealthy and powerful corporations of the world.

• “If by ‘green capitalism’ we understand a system in which the qualitative, social and ecological parameters are taken in account by the numerous competing capitals, that is to say even within economic activity as an endogenous mechanism, then we are completely deluded. In fact, we would be talking about a form of capitalism in which the law of value was no longer in operation, which is a contradiction in terms”(112)

In addition, he argues that instead we need social and economical change as technology will end up causing more emissions with the manufacturing process and distribution them. This implies that the new "green" technology cannot protect the environment and that ecosocialists must change consumer behavior which would then go against capitalism. The changes needed would be:

1. use of transportation methods
2. Agriculture and dietary changes
3. Overall consumer lifestyle and market spending

Other conflicting oppositions come from differences in political parties. 

•  "Left is going to have to learn from the right. Denialists gained traction by making climate about economics: action will destroy capitalism, they have claimed, killing jobs and sending prices soaring."

With both the left and right not agreeing with or acknowledging climate as a future threat to capitalism and the environment, criticism will continue to rise.

Despite this argument, critics still claim that green consumption, sustainable behavior on the part of the consumer, is not enough to be instituted as a socio-environmental solution. In accordance with hegemony, capitalism agrees that the government has little control over market and buyers, sellers, and consumers ultimately drive the market. In contrast, in green capitalism, the government would have more control therefore; consumers do not have direct power over the market, and should not be held accountable.