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'''Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry''' ('''FA-MS'''), is an [[analytical chemistry]] technique for the sensitive detection of [[trace gas]]es. Trace gas molecules are ionized by the production and flow of thermalized hydrated [[hydronium]] cluster [[ions]] in a [[plasma afterglow]] of [[helium]] or [[argon]] carrier gas along a flow tube following the introduction of a humid air sample.<ref>{{cite book |year=2004 |title=Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |isbn=0-444-51114-8 }}</ref> These ions react in multiple collisions with water molecules, their isotopic compositions reach equilibrium and the relative magnitudes of their isotopomers are measured by [[mass spectrometry]].
'''Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry''' ('''FA-MS'''), is an [[analytical chemistry]] technique for the sensitive detection of [[trace gas]]es. Trace gas molecules are ionized by the production and flow of thermalized hydrated [[hydronium]] cluster [[ions]] in a [[plasma afterglow]] of [[helium]] or [[argon]] carrier gas along a flow tube following the introduction of a humid air sample.<ref>{{cite book |year=2004 |title=Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |isbn=0-444-51114-8 }}</ref> These ions react in multiple collisions with water molecules, their isotopic compositions reach equilibrium and the relative magnitudes of their isotopomers are measured by [[mass spectrometry]].
==Brief History==
==Brief History==
Over the years many variations of the instrument have been made. In the beginning during the 1960's there was the study of Flowing Afterglow plasma.  Then in the 1970's it was Flowing Drift Tube, Flowing Afterglow Langmuir Probe (FALP), and Variable Temperature Flowing Afterglow Langmuir Probe (VT-FLAP). With the addition of the drift tube the kinetics of a reaction could be studied in the gas phase.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=|title=The SIFT and FALP Techniques; Applications to Ionic and Electronic Reactions Studies and Their Evolution to the SIFT-MS and FA-MS Analytical Methods|url=|journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry|volume=377|pages=467-478|via=}}</ref>  With the Flowing Afterglow Langmuir Probe the electron density within the reaction region of the drift tube can be studied.<ref name=":0" /> With the VT-FLAP version of flowing afterglow the reactions temperature dependence could be studied.<ref name=":0" />  Now in the 2000's the ambient version of flowing afterglow mass spectrometry is Flowing Atmospheric Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry (FAPA-MS).The FAPA allows for simple or no sample preparations and the but the humidity of the instrument's environment may have an effect on an sample fragmentation pattern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2016|title=Critical Assessment of Ionization Patterns and Applications of Ambient Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using FAPA–MS|url=|journal=Journal of Mass Spectrometry|volume=51|pages=141-149|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2016|title=Humidity Effects on Fragmentation in Plasma-Based Ambient Ionization Sources|url=|journal=Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry|volume=27|pages=135-143|via=}}</ref>
Over the years many variations of the instrument have been made. In the beginning during the 1960's there was the study of Flowing Afterglow plasma.  Then in the 1970's it was Flowing Drift Tube, Flowing Afterglow Langmuir Probe (FALP), and Variable Temperature Flowing Afterglow Langmuir Probe (VT-FLAP). With the addition of the drift tube the kinetics of a reaction could be studied in the gas phase.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=|title=The SIFT and FALP Techniques; Applications to Ionic and Electronic Reactions Studies and Their Evolution to the SIFT-MS and FA-MS Analytical Methods|url=|journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry|volume=377|pages=467-478|via=}}</ref>  With the Flowing Afterglow Langmuir Probe the electron density within the reaction region of the drift tube can be studied.<ref name=":0" /> With the VT-FLAP version of flowing afterglow the reactions temperature dependence could be studied.<ref name=":0" />  Now in the 2000's the ambient version of flowing afterglow mass spectrometry is Flowing Atmospheric Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry (FAPA-MS).The FAPA allows for simple or no sample preparations but the humidity of the instrument's environment may have an effect on an sample fragmentation pattern.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2016|title=Critical Assessment of Ionization Patterns and Applications of Ambient Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using FAPA–MS|url=|journal=Journal of Mass Spectrometry|volume=51|pages=141-149|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2016|title=Humidity Effects on Fragmentation in Plasma-Based Ambient Ionization Sources|url=|journal=Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry|volume=27|pages=135-143|via=}}</ref>


== Application(s) ==
== Application(s) ==
===Trace gas analysis===
===Trace gas analysis===
One of the first papers reporting the use of the flowing afterglow studied ion-molecule reactions pertinent to the Martian atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Norton, RB |year=1966 |title=Ion-neutral reactions in the Martian ionosphere |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=969–978 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(66)90133-4 |bibcode = 1966P&SS...14..969N |display-authors=etal}}</ref> This flowing afterglow technique replaced the then standard stationary afterglow when the movable Langmuir probe was introduced.<ref name=":0" /> The flowing afterglow has many attractive aspects: well-understood laminar behavior, viscous gas flow, a large density of carrier gas which allows the study of thermalized reactions, and the capability to make new reactant ions in situ. The ambipolar plasma is sampled using a nosecone and detected using conventional quadrupole or tandem mass spectrometry, depending on the application. One of the drawbacks of the flowing afterglow technique is the possibility of generating multiple reactant ions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2015|title=Go with the Flow: Fifty Years of Innovation and Ion Chemistry Using the Flowing Afterglow|url=|journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry|volume=377|pages=456-466|via=}}</ref> This problem is circumvented by implementing the [[Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry|selected ion flow tube]] (SIFT).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Adams NG, Smith D |year=1976 |title=The Selected Ion Flow Tube (SIFT); A Technique for Studying Ion-Neutral Reactions |journal=[[International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics]] |volume=21 |pages=349–359 |doi=10.1016/0020-7381(76)80133-7 |bibcode = 1976IJMSI..21..349A }}</ref>
One of the first papers reporting the use of the flowing afterglow studied ion-molecule reactions pertinent to the Martian atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1966|title=Ion-neutral reactions in the Martian ionosphere|journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]]|volume=14|issue=10|pages=969–978|bibcode=1966P&SS...14..969N|doi=10.1016/0032-0633(66)90133-4|author=Norton, RB|display-authors=etal}}</ref> This flowing afterglow technique replaced the then standard stationary afterglow when the movable Langmuir probe was introduced.<ref name=":0" /> The flowing afterglow has many attractive aspects: well-understood laminar behavior, viscous gas flow, a large density of carrier gas which allows the study of thermalized reactions, and the capability to make new reactant ions in situ. The ambipolar plasma is sampled using a nosecone and detected using conventional quadrupole or tandem mass spectrometry, depending on the application. One of the drawbacks of the flowing afterglow technique is the possibility of generating multiple reactant ions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2015|title=Go with the Flow: Fifty Years of Innovation and Ion Chemistry Using the Flowing Afterglow|url=|journal=International Journal of Mass Spectrometry|volume=377|pages=456-466|via=}}</ref> This problem is circumvented by implementing the [[Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry|selected ion flow tube]] (SIFT).<ref>{{cite journal|year=1976|title=The Selected Ion Flow Tube (SIFT); A Technique for Studying Ion-Neutral Reactions|journal=[[International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics]]|volume=21|pages=349–359|bibcode=1976IJMSI..21..349A|doi=10.1016/0020-7381(76)80133-7|vauthors=Adams NG, Smith D}}</ref>


The flowing afterglow technique can be used to identify and quantify the [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs) of a sample as long as the fundamental ion chemistry is known.<ref name="pmid16767685">{{cite journal |vauthors=Newman K, Mason RS |year=2006 |title=Organic mass spectrometry and control of fragmentation using a fast flow glow discharge ion source |journal=[[Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry]] |volume=20 |issue=14 |pages=2067–2073 |doi=10.1002/rcm.2560 |pmid=16767685 }}</ref> The commonly used ions are H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>, O<sub>2</sub><sup>+*</sup>, and NO<sup>+</sup>. All ions have drawbacks and advantages. Strategies that have been employed to identify the VOCs include using [[gas chromatography]] coupled with flowing afterglow and using a complement of reagent ions. Detection limits are typically in the parts per billion range if there is limited sample or parts per trillion if there is an unlimited sample size.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} Also in addition to being able to detect volatile organic compounds, the flowing afterglow technique has also been used to study Chronic Kidney disease. Studies have been done to create a spectrum of deuterium water and its isotopes to measure Total Body Water, which can be used to determine the water body overload of a patient. That measurement will then be used to determine the stage of renal failure for a patient.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2015|title=SIFT-MS and FA-MS Methods for Ambient Gas Phase Analysis: Developments and Applications in the UK|url=|journal=The Analyst|volume=140|pages=2573-2591|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2002|title=Comparative Measurements of Total Body Water in Healthy Volunteers by Online Breath Deuterium Measurement and Other Near-Subject Methods|url=|journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=76|pages=1295-1301|via=}}</ref>
The flowing afterglow technique can be used to identify and quantify the [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs) of a sample as long as the fundamental ion chemistry is known.<ref name="pmid16767685">{{cite journal|year=2006|title=Organic mass spectrometry and control of fragmentation using a fast flow glow discharge ion source|journal=[[Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry]]|volume=20|issue=14|pages=2067–2073|doi=10.1002/rcm.2560|pmid=16767685|vauthors=Newman K, Mason RS}}</ref> The commonly used ions are H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>, O<sub>2</sub><sup>+*</sup>, and NO<sup>+</sup>. All ions have drawbacks and advantages. Strategies that have been employed to identify the VOCs include using [[gas chromatography]] coupled with flowing afterglow and using a complement of reagent ions. Detection limits are typically in the parts per billion range if there is limited sample or parts per trillion if there is an unlimited sample size.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} Also in addition to being able to detect volatile organic compounds, the flowing afterglow technique has also been used to study Chronic Kidney disease. Studies have been done to create a spectrum of deuterium water and its isotopes to measure Total Body Water, which can be used to determine the water body overload of a patient. That measurement will then be used to determine the stage of renal failure for a patient.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2015|title=SIFT-MS and FA-MS Methods for Ambient Gas Phase Analysis: Developments and Applications in the UK|url=|journal=The Analyst|volume=140|pages=2573-2591|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2002|title=Comparative Measurements of Total Body Water in Healthy Volunteers by Online Breath Deuterium Measurement and Other Near-Subject Methods|url=|journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=76|pages=1295-1301|via=}}</ref>




Revision as of 12:08, 16 March 2017

Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry (FA-MS), is an analytical chemistry technique for the sensitive detection of trace gases. Trace gas molecules are ionized by the production and flow of thermalized hydrated hydronium cluster ions in a plasma afterglow of helium or argon carrier gas along a flow tube following the introduction of a humid air sample.[1] These ions react in multiple collisions with water molecules, their isotopic compositions reach equilibrium and the relative magnitudes of their isotopomers are measured by mass spectrometry.

Brief History

Over the years many variations of the instrument have been made. In the beginning during the 1960's there was the study of Flowing Afterglow plasma.  Then in the 1970's it was Flowing Drift Tube, Flowing Afterglow Langmuir Probe (FALP), and Variable Temperature Flowing Afterglow Langmuir Probe (VT-FLAP). With the addition of the drift tube the kinetics of a reaction could be studied in the gas phase.[2]  With the Flowing Afterglow Langmuir Probe the electron density within the reaction region of the drift tube can be studied.[2] With the VT-FLAP version of flowing afterglow the reactions temperature dependence could be studied.[2]  Now in the 2000's the ambient version of flowing afterglow mass spectrometry is Flowing Atmospheric Pressure Afterglow Mass Spectrometry (FAPA-MS).The FAPA allows for simple or no sample preparations but the humidity of the instrument's environment may have an effect on an sample fragmentation pattern.[3][4]

Application(s)

Trace gas analysis

One of the first papers reporting the use of the flowing afterglow studied ion-molecule reactions pertinent to the Martian atmosphere.[5] This flowing afterglow technique replaced the then standard stationary afterglow when the movable Langmuir probe was introduced.[2] The flowing afterglow has many attractive aspects: well-understood laminar behavior, viscous gas flow, a large density of carrier gas which allows the study of thermalized reactions, and the capability to make new reactant ions in situ. The ambipolar plasma is sampled using a nosecone and detected using conventional quadrupole or tandem mass spectrometry, depending on the application. One of the drawbacks of the flowing afterglow technique is the possibility of generating multiple reactant ions.[6] This problem is circumvented by implementing the selected ion flow tube (SIFT).[7]

The flowing afterglow technique can be used to identify and quantify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of a sample as long as the fundamental ion chemistry is known.[8] The commonly used ions are H3O+, O2+*, and NO+. All ions have drawbacks and advantages. Strategies that have been employed to identify the VOCs include using gas chromatography coupled with flowing afterglow and using a complement of reagent ions. Detection limits are typically in the parts per billion range if there is limited sample or parts per trillion if there is an unlimited sample size.[citation needed] Also in addition to being able to detect volatile organic compounds, the flowing afterglow technique has also been used to study Chronic Kidney disease. Studies have been done to create a spectrum of deuterium water and its isotopes to measure Total Body Water, which can be used to determine the water body overload of a patient. That measurement will then be used to determine the stage of renal failure for a patient.[9][10]


See also

References

  1. ^ Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques. Elsevier. 2004. ISBN 0-444-51114-8.
  2. ^ a b c d "The SIFT and FALP Techniques; Applications to Ionic and Electronic Reactions Studies and Their Evolution to the SIFT-MS and FA-MS Analytical Methods". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 377: 467–478.
  3. ^ "Critical Assessment of Ionization Patterns and Applications of Ambient Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using FAPA–MS". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 51: 141–149. 2016.
  4. ^ "Humidity Effects on Fragmentation in Plasma-Based Ambient Ionization Sources". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 27: 135–143. 2016.
  5. ^ Norton, RB; et al. (1966). "Ion-neutral reactions in the Martian ionosphere". Planetary and Space Science. 14 (10): 969–978. Bibcode:1966P&SS...14..969N. doi:10.1016/0032-0633(66)90133-4.
  6. ^ "Go with the Flow: Fifty Years of Innovation and Ion Chemistry Using the Flowing Afterglow". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 377: 456–466. 2015.
  7. ^ Adams NG, Smith D (1976). "The Selected Ion Flow Tube (SIFT); A Technique for Studying Ion-Neutral Reactions". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics. 21: 349–359. Bibcode:1976IJMSI..21..349A. doi:10.1016/0020-7381(76)80133-7.
  8. ^ Newman K, Mason RS (2006). "Organic mass spectrometry and control of fragmentation using a fast flow glow discharge ion source". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 20 (14): 2067–2073. doi:10.1002/rcm.2560. PMID 16767685.
  9. ^ "SIFT-MS and FA-MS Methods for Ambient Gas Phase Analysis: Developments and Applications in the UK". The Analyst. 140: 2573–2591. 2015.
  10. ^ "Comparative Measurements of Total Body Water in Healthy Volunteers by Online Breath Deuterium Measurement and Other Near-Subject Methods". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 76: 1295–1301. 2002.
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