Hibernaculum (zoology): Difference between revisions
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== Insects == |
== Insects == |
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[[File:Wsprucebudworm.jpg|thumb|220x220px|A spruce budworm]] |
[[File:Wsprucebudworm.jpg|thumb|220x220px|A spruce budworm]] |
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Insects range in their size, structure, and general appearance but are all primarily exothermic<ref>Jung, M.-P., Kim, K.-H., Lee, S.-G. and Park, H.-H. (2013), Effect of climate change on the occurrence of overwintered moths of orchards in South Korea. Entomological Research, 43: 177–182. doi:10.1111/1748-5967.12016</ref>. For this reason, extremely cold temperatures, such as those experiences in the winter season cause their metabolic systems to shut down and may lead to death. Insects survive winter through the process of [[overwintering]], which occurs at all stages of development and may include migration or hibernation for different insects. [[Monarch butterflies]] are notorious for migrating to Mexico and California to wait out the winter<ref>Alerstam, T., et al. (2011). Convergent patterns of long-distance nocturnal migration in noctuid moths and passerine birds. |
Insects range in their size, structure, and general appearance but are all primarily exothermic<ref>Jung, M.-P., Kim, K.-H., Lee, S.-G. and Park, H.-H. (2013), Effect of climate change on the occurrence of overwintered moths of orchards in South Korea. ''Entomological Research'', '''43''': 177–182. doi:10.1111/1748-5967.12016</ref>. For this reason, extremely cold temperatures, such as those experiences in the winter season cause their metabolic systems to shut down and may lead to death. Insects survive winter through the process of [[overwintering]], which occurs at all stages of development and may include migration or hibernation for different insects. [[Monarch butterflies]] are notorious for migrating to Mexico and California to wait out the winter<ref>Alerstam, T., et al. (2011). Convergent patterns of long-distance nocturnal migration in noctuid moths and passerine birds. P''roc. Biol. Sci.'', '''278:''' 3074–3080.</ref>. For other insects that do not migrate, they must halt their growth to avoid freezing to death, in a process called [[diapause]] <ref>{{cite journal|date=March 2008|title=Mitochondria of cold hardy insects: Responses to cold and hypoxia assessed at enzymatic, mRNA and DNA levels|journal=Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=38|issue=3|last1=McMullen|first1=David C.}}</ref>. Insects prepare to overwinter through a variety of mechanisms, such as using anti-freeze proteins or cryoprotectants in freeze-avoidant insects, such as the soybean aphids and inoculative freezing in freeze-tolerant insects that can survive being frozen, like second-generation corn borers <ref>How insects survive cold weather. (2012, March 29). Western Farm Press. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&sw=w&u=duke_perkins&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA284721999&sid=summon&asid=b00124cf877e3cecb509af79899c4cd8</ref>. Overwintering occurs in hibernacula to protect them from extreme weather and temperature changes and range in size and structure depending on the insects using them <ref>Layne, J. R., Jr., Edgar, C. L., & Medwith, R. E. (1999). Cold hardiness of the woolly bear caterpillar (Pyrrharctia isabella Lepidoptera: arctiidae). ''The American Midland Naturalist'', '''141'''(2), 293. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&sw=w&u=duke_perkins&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA54455057&sid=summon&asid=af754cb4b1f0f5c46bfae4c6c6de0514</ref>. |
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=== '''Lady Beetles''' === |
=== '''Lady Beetles''' === |
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[[File:Lady Bug (2738238274).jpg|thumb|221x221px|'''A Lady beetle''']]Some insects, like convergent [[lady beetles]], reuse the same ones in groups, converging and migrating to those same hibernacula, used by prior generations, likely due to hydrocarbons previously left by their feet, causing them to retrace their footsteps to return to these locations <ref>Wheeler, C. A., & Cardé, R.,T. (2014). Following in their footprints: Cuticular hydrocarbons as overwintering aggregation site markers in hippodamia convergens. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 40(5) |
[[File:Lady Bug (2738238274).jpg|thumb|221x221px|'''A Lady beetle''']]Some insects, like convergent [[lady beetles]], reuse the same ones in groups, converging and migrating to those same hibernacula, used by prior generations, likely due to hydrocarbons previously left by their feet, causing them to retrace their footsteps to return to these locations <ref>Wheeler, C. A., & Cardé, R.,T. (2014). Following in their footprints: Cuticular hydrocarbons as overwintering aggregation site markers in hippodamia convergens. ''Journal of Chemical Ecology'', '''40'''(5): 418-28. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-014-0409-1</ref>. Their tendency to aggregate and overwinter in groups is likely due to their attraction to similar environments and conspecifics. Beetles use rock crevices as hibernacula, often clumping in them in groups. These rock crevices are found in rock fields the beetle are attracted to for high levels of vegetation and greenery <ref>Honek, A., Martinková, Z., & Stano Pekár. (2007). Aggregation characteristics of three species of coccinellidae (coleoptera) at hibernation sites. ''European Journal of Entomology'', '''104'''(1): 51-56. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213976009?accountid=10598</ref>. |
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=== Other Insects === |
=== Other Insects === |
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Other types of insect hibernacula include self-spun silk hibernacula, such as those made and used by [[Spruce budworms]] as they moult and overwinter in their second instars<ref>{{cite journal|date=17 November 2000|title=Climate change and impacts of boreal forest insects|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00232-2|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|volume=82|issue=1-3|last1=Volney|first1=W. Jan A}}</ref>. Woolly bear caterpillars overwinter as caterpillars and grow to be Isabella tiger moths. They use plant debris as make-shift hibernacula, to protect themselves from extreme elements <ref>Layne, J. R., Jr., Edgar, C. L., & Medwith, R. E. (1999). Cold hardiness of the woolly bear caterpillar (Pyrrharctia isabella Lepidoptera: arctiidae). The American Midland Naturalist, 141(2) |
Other types of insect hibernacula include self-spun silk hibernacula, such as those made and used by [[Spruce budworms]] as they moult and overwinter in their second instars<ref>{{cite journal|date=17 November 2000|title=Climate change and impacts of boreal forest insects|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00232-2|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|volume=82|issue=1-3|last1=Volney|first1=W. Jan A}}</ref>. Woolly bear caterpillars overwinter as caterpillars and grow to be Isabella tiger moths. They use plant debris as make-shift hibernacula, to protect themselves from extreme elements <ref>Layne, J. R., Jr., Edgar, C. L., & Medwith, R. E. (1999). Cold hardiness of the woolly bear caterpillar (Pyrrharctia isabella Lepidoptera: arctiidae). ''The American Midland Naturalist'', '''141'''(2): 293. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&sw=w&u=duke_perkins&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA54455057&sid=summon&asid=af754cb4b1f0f5c46bfae4c6c6de0514</ref>. For freeze-avoidant insects, ideal hibernacula are dry, as freeze-avoidant insects are less likely to dampen and freeze in them, however moist hibernacula promote inoculative freezing for freeze-tolerant insects, which overwinter by freezing <ref>Kawarasaki, Y., Teets, N. M., Denlinger, D. L., & Lee Jr, R.,E. (2014). Wet hibernacula promote inoculative freezing and limit the potential for cryoprotective dehydration in the antarctic midge, belgica antarctica. ''Polar Biology'', '''37'''(6): 753-761. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-014-1475-0</ref>. |
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== Reptiles == |
== Reptiles == |
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Revision as of 16:51, 24 March 2017
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A hibernaculum plural form: hibernacula (Latin, "tent for winter quarters") is a place in which a creature seeks refuge, such as a bear using a cave to overwinter. The word can be used to describe a variety of shelters used by many kinds of animals, for instance, insects, toads, lizards, snakes, bats, rodents, and primates of various classes.
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An artificial hibernaculum or 'Bug Hotel' -
A snake burrow -
Gray bats hibernating in a cave
Insects
Insects range in their size, structure, and general appearance but are all primarily exothermic[1]. For this reason, extremely cold temperatures, such as those experiences in the winter season cause their metabolic systems to shut down and may lead to death. Insects survive winter through the process of overwintering, which occurs at all stages of development and may include migration or hibernation for different insects. Monarch butterflies are notorious for migrating to Mexico and California to wait out the winter[2]. For other insects that do not migrate, they must halt their growth to avoid freezing to death, in a process called diapause [3]. Insects prepare to overwinter through a variety of mechanisms, such as using anti-freeze proteins or cryoprotectants in freeze-avoidant insects, such as the soybean aphids and inoculative freezing in freeze-tolerant insects that can survive being frozen, like second-generation corn borers [4]. Overwintering occurs in hibernacula to protect them from extreme weather and temperature changes and range in size and structure depending on the insects using them [5].
Lady Beetles
.jpg)
Some insects, like convergent lady beetles, reuse the same ones in groups, converging and migrating to those same hibernacula, used by prior generations, likely due to hydrocarbons previously left by their feet, causing them to retrace their footsteps to return to these locations [6]. Their tendency to aggregate and overwinter in groups is likely due to their attraction to similar environments and conspecifics. Beetles use rock crevices as hibernacula, often clumping in them in groups. These rock crevices are found in rock fields the beetle are attracted to for high levels of vegetation and greenery [7].
Other Insects
Other types of insect hibernacula include self-spun silk hibernacula, such as those made and used by Spruce budworms as they moult and overwinter in their second instars[8]. Woolly bear caterpillars overwinter as caterpillars and grow to be Isabella tiger moths. They use plant debris as make-shift hibernacula, to protect themselves from extreme elements [9]. For freeze-avoidant insects, ideal hibernacula are dry, as freeze-avoidant insects are less likely to dampen and freeze in them, however moist hibernacula promote inoculative freezing for freeze-tolerant insects, which overwinter by freezing [10].
Reptiles
Many reptiles undergo hibernation or a process called brumation, which is similar to hibernation; both processes require usage of a hibernacula. Staying inside an insulated hibernacula is a strategy to avoid the harsh winter months when the frigid outside temperatures may kill an ectothermic reptile. They depress their metabolism and heart rates to reduce energy consumption so they don't need to exit their hibernacula. Hibernating reptiles are also safer from predation inside of their concealed and protected hibernacula. Various species of turtles, snakes, and lizards all use hibernacula, the forms of which can vary greatly.[11][12]
Turtles
Common snapping turtles generally hibernate for about 6 months from early October to mid April. They live in lakes during their active months, then travel to small offshoot streams to hibernate. Hibernacula are about 100-150 meters away from the main body of the home lake. Most snapping turtles hibernate by burrowing into the banks of alder streams or vegetated streams, but some use other structures such as abandoned beaver dens. These streams are typically less than 0.3 m deep and 0.7 m wide, covered by sunken alder roots or fallen trees, and not covered by ice in the winter. Many animals return to the same stream to hibernate in subsequent years.[11]
Snakes
Unlike more solitary snapping turtles, snakes may either hibernate alone or in large aggregations of up to several thousand individuals of the same or different species. They use a wide variety of hibernacula, including: rock piles, debris-filled wells, caves, crevices, unused burrows made by other animals, and ant mounds. The common European viper has actually been observed using all of the hibernacula listed above. Most species seem to prefer finding an already-present suitable site rather than constructing one of their own, but they do expand upon present structures and may make their own burrows if there aren't any quality sites available. Pine snakes and the closely related Louisiana pine snake are two of the most well-studied hibernating snake species, and share similar hibernacula characteristics. These species sometimes constructs their own burrows, or use tunnels formed from the decay of tree roots or by gophers. The tunnels form complex networks, and have side chambers which each house one snake.[12][13]
Lizards
Most initial discoveries of hibernating lizards have been accidental, but many species do in fact hibernate. Mesquite lizards in Mexico and the southern United States have been found hibernating in groups of 2-8 in cracks or under slabs of bark in mesquite trees.[14] Common collared lizards spend about 6 months hibernating, almost always solitarily, though pairs of juvenile females have been observed within the same hibernacula. They use the undersides of rock slabs as hibernacula, digging a small chamber in the dirt just large enough for their bodies with a small tunnel for outside access. Adults use larger rock slabs, dig deeper chambers, and have longer tunnels than juveniles.[15] Perhaps the most extreme example is seen in the viviparous lizard, the most northern of all lizards. They can burrow into the soil, go under leaf litter, or use shelters like rocks as hibernacula. Although the air temperature in West Siberia can drop to −10 °C, the soil temperature at the depths where these lizards hibernate remains higher than −10 °C. This enables them to survive the harshest temperatures of any lizard.[16]
Mammals
Like other animals, mammals hibernate during seasons of harsh environmental conditions and resource scarcity. As it requires less energy to maintain homeostasis and survive when an individual is hibernating, this is a cost-effective strategy to increase survival rates.[17][18] Hibernation is usually perceived as taking place during winter, as in the most well-known hibernators bears and bats,[19][18] but can also occur during the dry season when there is little food or water, as in the mouse lemurs of Madagascar.[17] Given that mammals can spend anywhere from 1–9 months hibernating, their choice in hibernaculum in essential in determining their survival.[18]
Small Mammals
Many mammals that use hibernacula are small-bodied creatures, and include marsupials, rodents, and primates, among others. Most of these small-bodied mammals hibernate in simple holes in the ground, though some use complex systems of tunnels and burrows. Mountain pygmy possums in New South Wales, Australia awaken occasionally and leave their hibernacula for up to five days at a time. This occurs most often during the first few months of hibernation, with the possums leaving one hibernacula in favor of another, seemingly in an effort to find the hibernacula with the most suitable microclimate.[20] The reddish-grey mouse lemur also wakes and leaves the hibernacula spontaenously and for brief periods of time.[17] There can be hibernacula differences even within a species. In Columbian ground squirrels, hibernacula size is proportional to the weight of the individual occupying it, with adults having deeper hibernacula than juveniles. Most juveniles choose to hibernate within 20 meters of their mother's burrow; those that don't have higher mortality rates.[21]
Bears
Many bears occupy similar hibernacula to smaller mammals, but theirs are, of course, much larger and can vary greatly across and within species. Most black bears excavate dens into a hillside or at the base of a tree, stump, or shrub, but some make dens at the bases of hollow trees, in hollow logs, or in rock caves or cavities. Den resuse is observed in this species, but very rarely. Unlike Columbian ground squirrels, there were no significant den size differences between age or sex classes, except adult males creating larger entrances.[22] Grizzly bears likewise don't show age or sex class differences in den dimensions. Grizzlies prefer hibernacula sites with abundant ground and canopy cover, and abundant sweet-vetch.[18] Polar bears differ from black bears, grizzlies, and other bear species in that only females use hibernacula, which function as maternity dens. Similarly to other species, though, they tend to dig dens into the earth, although their arctic hibernacula are usually covered with snow by the time they emerge.[23]
Bats
Bats favor larger hibernacula where large groups may roost together, including natural caves, mines, cellars, and other kinds of underground sites and man-made structures, like ice-houses.[24] Within these hibernacula, the bats are still highly-tuned to environmental factors. Little brown bats in northern latitudes hibernate for up to 8 months during the winter, and leave their roosts in the warm spring weather when insect prey is plentiful again. Bats gauge the outside temperature by being attuned to the airflow at the hibernacula entrance, which is driven by temperature differences between inside and outside the hibernacula, allowing bats to leave when the temperature begins to warm.[19] Some hibernacula are shared between multiple species, such as common pipistrelles roosting with soprano pipistrelles. Behavior other than hibernating can also occur at hibernacula; common pipistrelles produce most of their mating calls and mate with each other in and near their hibernacula.[25]
See also
References
- ^ Jung, M.-P., Kim, K.-H., Lee, S.-G. and Park, H.-H. (2013), Effect of climate change on the occurrence of overwintered moths of orchards in South Korea. Entomological Research, 43: 177–182. doi:10.1111/1748-5967.12016
- ^ Alerstam, T., et al. (2011). Convergent patterns of long-distance nocturnal migration in noctuid moths and passerine birds. Proc. Biol. Sci., 278: 3074–3080.
- ^ McMullen, David C. (March 2008). "Mitochondria of cold hardy insects: Responses to cold and hypoxia assessed at enzymatic, mRNA and DNA levels". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 38 (3).
- ^ How insects survive cold weather. (2012, March 29). Western Farm Press. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&sw=w&u=duke_perkins&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA284721999&sid=summon&asid=b00124cf877e3cecb509af79899c4cd8
- ^ Layne, J. R., Jr., Edgar, C. L., & Medwith, R. E. (1999). Cold hardiness of the woolly bear caterpillar (Pyrrharctia isabella Lepidoptera: arctiidae). The American Midland Naturalist, 141(2), 293. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&sw=w&u=duke_perkins&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA54455057&sid=summon&asid=af754cb4b1f0f5c46bfae4c6c6de0514
- ^ Wheeler, C. A., & Cardé, R.,T. (2014). Following in their footprints: Cuticular hydrocarbons as overwintering aggregation site markers in hippodamia convergens. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 40(5): 418-28. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-014-0409-1
- ^ Honek, A., Martinková, Z., & Stano Pekár. (2007). Aggregation characteristics of three species of coccinellidae (coleoptera) at hibernation sites. European Journal of Entomology, 104(1): 51-56. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/213976009?accountid=10598
- ^ Volney, W. Jan A (17 November 2000). "Climate change and impacts of boreal forest insects". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 82 (1–3).
- ^ Layne, J. R., Jr., Edgar, C. L., & Medwith, R. E. (1999). Cold hardiness of the woolly bear caterpillar (Pyrrharctia isabella Lepidoptera: arctiidae). The American Midland Naturalist, 141(2): 293. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&sw=w&u=duke_perkins&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA54455057&sid=summon&asid=af754cb4b1f0f5c46bfae4c6c6de0514
- ^ Kawarasaki, Y., Teets, N. M., Denlinger, D. L., & Lee Jr, R.,E. (2014). Wet hibernacula promote inoculative freezing and limit the potential for cryoprotective dehydration in the antarctic midge, belgica antarctica. Polar Biology, 37(6): 753-761. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-014-1475-0
- ^ a b Strain, Gabriel F.; Anderson, James T.; Michael, Edwin D.; Turk, Philip J. (2012-01-01). "Hibernacula Use and Hibernation Phenology in the Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) in Canaan Valley, West Virginia". Journal of Herpetology. 46 (2): 269–274.
- ^ a b Burger, Joanna; Zappalorti, Robert T.; Gochfeld, Michael; Boarman, William I.; Caffrey, Michael; Doig, Victor; Garber, Steven D.; Lauro, Brook; Mikovsky, Maria (1988-01-01). "Hibernacula and Summer Den Sites of Pine Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) in the New Jersey Pine Barrens". Journal of Herpetology. 22 (4): 425–433. doi:10.2307/1564337.
- ^ D.C., Rudolph,; R.R., Schaefer,; S.J., Burgdorf,; M., Duran,; R.N., Conner, (2007-01-01). "Pine snake (Pituophis ruthveni and Pituophis mellanoleucus lodingi) hibernacula". Journal of Herpetology. 41(4): 560-565.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Axtell, Ralph W.; Axtell, Carol A. (1970-01-01). "Hibernacula, Birth and Young of Sceloporus grammicus disparilis (Iguanidae)". The Southwestern Naturalist. 14 (3): 363–366. doi:10.2307/3668971.
- ^ Legler, John M.; Fitch, Henry S. (1957-01-01). "Observations on Hibernation and Nests of the Collared Lizard, Crotaphytus collaris". Copeia. 1957 (4): 305–307. doi:10.2307/1439168.
- ^ Berman, Daniil I.; Bulakhova, Nina A.; Alfimov, Arcady V.; Meshcheryakova, Ekaterina N. (2016-12-01). "How the most northern lizard, Zootoca vivipara, overwinters in Siberia". Polar Biology. 39 (12): 2411–2425. doi:10.1007/s00300-016-1916-z. ISSN 0722-4060.
- ^ a b c Kobbe S. & Dausmann K. H. (2009). Hibernation in Malagasy mouse lemurs as a strategy to counter environmental challenge. Naturwissenschaften, 96(10):1221-1227. Jump up^
- ^ a b c d Pigeon, Karine E.; Côté, Steeve D.; Stenhouse, Gordon B. (2016-07-01). "Assessing den selection and den characteristics of grizzly bears". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 80 (5): 884–893. doi:10.1002/jwmg.1069. ISSN 1937-2817.
- ^ a b Meyer, Gretchen A.; Senulis, Joseph A.; Reinartz, James A. (2016-12-05). "Effects of temperature and availability of insect prey on bat emergence from hibernation in spring". Journal of Mammalogy. 97 (6): 1623–1633. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw126. ISSN 0022-2372.
- ^ Körtner, Gerhard; Geiser, Fritz (1998-01-01). "Ecology of natural hibernation in the marsupial mountain pygmy-possum (Burramys parvus)". Oecologia. 113 (2): 170–178. doi:10.1007/s004420050365. ISSN 0029-8549.
- ^ Young, Paul J. (1990-01-01). "Structure, Location and Availability of Hibernacula of Columbian Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus columbianus)". The American Midland Naturalist. 123 (2): 357–364. doi:10.2307/2426563.
- ^ Beecham, John J.; Reynolds, Doyle G.; Hornocker, Maurice G. (1983-01-01). "Black Bear Denning Activities and Den Characteristics in West-Central Idaho". Bears: Their Biology and Management. 5: 79–86. doi:10.2307/3872522.
- ^ Ramsay, Malcolm A.; Stirling, Ian (1990-05-21). "Fidelity of Female Polar Bears to Winter-Den Sites". Journal of Mammalogy. 71 (2): 233–236. doi:10.2307/1382172. ISSN 0022-2372.
- ^ Van der Meij, Thomas; Van Strien, A. J.; Haysom, K. A.; Dekker, J.; Russ, J.; Biala, K.; Bihari, Z.; Jansen, E.; Langton, S. (2015-05-01). "Return of the bats? A prototype indicator of trends in European bat populations in underground hibernacula". Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. Special Issue: Bats as Bioindicators. 80 (3): 170–177. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2014.09.004.
- ^ Bartoničková, Lenka; Reiter, Antonín; Bartonička, Tomáš (2016-11-22). "Mating and Courtship Behaviour of Two Sibling Bat Species (Pipistrellus pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus) in the Vicinity of a Hibernaculum". Acta Chiropterologica. 18 (2): 467–475. doi:10.3161/15081109ACC2016.18.2.013. ISSN 1508-1109.
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