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== Meteorological history ==
== Meteorological history ==
{{storm path|Elida 2002 track.png}}
{{storm path|Elida 2002 track.png}}
Elida formed from a tropical wave that left the coast of [[Africa]] on July 13. The wave moved uneventfully through the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Caribbean Sea]], emerging over the [[Pacific Ocean]] on July 21. The wave began organizing the next day, becoming Tropical Depression Six-E on July 23 while {{convert|350|mi|km|abbr=on}} south-southeast of [[Puerto Escondido, Baja California Sur|Puerto Escondido]], [[Mexico]].<ref name="Elida TCR">{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Tropical Cyclone Report|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002elida.shtml}}</ref> The depression was predicted to move westward due to the presence of a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge of high pressure]] which was also controlling the movement of Hurricane Douglas.<ref name="Elida Discussion 1">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2002|title=Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion Number 1|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.001.html}}</ref> Due to low shear and warm ocean waters, it was predicted that the depression would reach hurricane strength in 48&nbsp;hours.<ref name="Elida Discussion 1"/> The depression began rapid intensification while moving westward,<ref name="Elida TCR"/> and only six&nbsp;hours after being recognized as a depression, the system was upgraded to Tropical Storm Elida while displaying banding features and a [[eye (cyclone)|central dense overcast]]. The forecast was revised, now predicting the storm to attain hurricane strength the next day.<ref name="Elida Discussion 2">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2002|title=Tropical Storm Elida Discussion Number 2|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.002.html}}</ref>
Elida formed from a tropical wave that left the coast of [[Africa]] on July 13. The wave moved uneventfully through the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Caribbean Sea]], emerging over the [[Pacific Ocean]] on July 21. The wave began organizing the next day, becoming Tropical Depression Six-E on July 23 while {{convert|350|mi|km|abbr=on}} south-southeast of [[Puerto Escondido, Baja California Sur|Puerto Escondido]], [[Mexico]].<ref name="Elida TCR">{{cite web|author=Jack Beven |year=2002 |title=Hurricane Elida Tropical Cyclone Report |accessdate=2007-01-13 |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002elida.shtml |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922225446/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002elida.shtml |archivedate=2008-09-22 |df= }}</ref> The depression was predicted to move westward due to the presence of a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge of high pressure]] which was also controlling the movement of Hurricane Douglas.<ref name="Elida Discussion 1">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2002|title=Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion Number 1|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.001.html}}</ref> Due to low shear and warm ocean waters, it was predicted that the depression would reach hurricane strength in 48&nbsp;hours.<ref name="Elida Discussion 1"/> The depression began rapid intensification while moving westward,<ref name="Elida TCR"/> and only six&nbsp;hours after being recognized as a depression, the system was upgraded to Tropical Storm Elida while displaying banding features and a [[eye (cyclone)|central dense overcast]]. The forecast was revised, now predicting the storm to attain hurricane strength the next day.<ref name="Elida Discussion 2">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2002|title=Tropical Storm Elida Discussion Number 2|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.002.html}}</ref>


The storm continued to rapidly intensify and gradually developed a banding [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] feature and [[infrared]] satellite images showed a possible eyewall in the central dense overcast.<ref name="Elida Discussion 3">{{cite web|author=Beven|year=2002|title=Tropical Storm Elida Discussion Number 3|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.003.html}}</ref> After six&nbsp;more hours, a small eye had formed and Elida was upgraded to a high-end Category&nbsp;2 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]] with {{convert|110|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} winds on July 24, only eighteen&nbsp;hours after having first been initiated as a {{convert|35|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} tropical depression.<ref name="Elida Discussion 4">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 4|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.004.html}}</ref> Elida continued to rapidly strengthen, breaking the [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak]] estimates and reaching {{convert|135|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} six&nbsp;hours afterward, making it a Category&nbsp;4 hurricane and resulting in a rare forecast for the hurricane to reach Category&nbsp;5.<ref name="Elida Discussion 5">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 5|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.005.html}}</ref> The hurricane, moving at {{convert|16|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, proceeded to make a west-northwestward turn while displaying an eye with an estimated diameter of {{convert|11|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Elida Discussion 6">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 6|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.006.html}}</ref> On July 25, Elida reached the highest winds of a Category&nbsp;4 at {{convert|155|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, though the possibility that Elida was briefly a Category&nbsp;5 just prior to the advisory issuance was indicated.<ref name="Elida Discussion 8">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 8|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.008.html}}</ref> Even though a later discussion mentioned that Elida had Category&nbsp;5 status,<ref name="Elida Discussion 9">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 9|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.009.html}}</ref> it was not until the Tropical Cyclone Report that it was finally analyzed that Elida had Category&nbsp;5 strength for only six&nbsp;hours.<ref name="Elida TCR"/> At this time, Elida was observed to have formed concentric eyewalls, but it was not until the hurricane moved over cooler waters that the [[eye (cyclone)|eyewall replacement cycle]] was completed.<ref name="Elida TCR"/>
The storm continued to rapidly intensify and gradually developed a banding [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] feature and [[infrared]] satellite images showed a possible eyewall in the central dense overcast.<ref name="Elida Discussion 3">{{cite web|author=Beven|year=2002|title=Tropical Storm Elida Discussion Number 3|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.003.html}}</ref> After six&nbsp;more hours, a small eye had formed and Elida was upgraded to a high-end Category&nbsp;2 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]] with {{convert|110|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} winds on July 24, only eighteen&nbsp;hours after having first been initiated as a {{convert|35|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} tropical depression.<ref name="Elida Discussion 4">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 4|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.004.html}}</ref> Elida continued to rapidly strengthen, breaking the [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak]] estimates and reaching {{convert|135|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} six&nbsp;hours afterward, making it a Category&nbsp;4 hurricane and resulting in a rare forecast for the hurricane to reach Category&nbsp;5.<ref name="Elida Discussion 5">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 5|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.005.html}}</ref> The hurricane, moving at {{convert|16|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, proceeded to make a west-northwestward turn while displaying an eye with an estimated diameter of {{convert|11|mi|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Elida Discussion 6">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 6|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.006.html}}</ref> On July 25, Elida reached the highest winds of a Category&nbsp;4 at {{convert|155|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, though the possibility that Elida was briefly a Category&nbsp;5 just prior to the advisory issuance was indicated.<ref name="Elida Discussion 8">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 8|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.008.html}}</ref> Even though a later discussion mentioned that Elida had Category&nbsp;5 status,<ref name="Elida Discussion 9">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2002|title=Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 9|accessdate=2007-01-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/ep062002.discus.009.html}}</ref> it was not until the Tropical Cyclone Report that it was finally analyzed that Elida had Category&nbsp;5 strength for only six&nbsp;hours.<ref name="Elida TCR"/> At this time, Elida was observed to have formed concentric eyewalls, but it was not until the hurricane moved over cooler waters that the [[eye (cyclone)|eyewall replacement cycle]] was completed.<ref name="Elida TCR"/>

Revision as of 22:36, 6 April 2017

This article is about the Pacific hurricane of 2002. For other storms of the same name, see Hurricane Elida (disambiguation).
Hurricane Elida
Category 5 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)
Hurricane Elida on July 24 while off the coast of Mexico.
FormedJuly 23, 2002
DissipatedJuly 30, 2002
Highest winds1-minute sustained: 160 mph (260 km/h)
Lowest pressure921 mbar (hPa); 27.2 inHg
FatalitiesNone
Areas affectedMexico
Part of the 2002 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Elida was the first hurricane of the 2002 Pacific hurricane season to reach Category 5 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Forming on July 23 from a tropical wave, the storm rapidly intensified from a tropical depression into a Category 5 in two days and lasted for only six hours at that intensity before weakening. It was one of only sixteen known hurricanes in the East Pacific east of the International Date Line to have reached such an intensity. Although heavy waves were able to reach the Mexican coastline, no damages or casualties were reported in relation to the hurricane.

The hurricane moved westward due to a high pressure ridge while undergoing two eyewall replacement cycles: the first was around peak intensity and was completed when the hurricane moved over cooler waters, and the second was a brief cycle shortly after the hurricane began to weaken. The last advisory was issued while the hurricane was west of Mexico, but it was not until the remnants were west of Los Angeles, California that they finally dissipated. Elida's rapid intensification and unsteady weakening after reaching its peak intensity caused large errors in the intensity forecasting of the hurricane. Although the intensity forecasts were off, the track forecasts were better than usual compared to the ten-year period prior to that year.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

Elida formed from a tropical wave that left the coast of Africa on July 13. The wave moved uneventfully through the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, emerging over the Pacific Ocean on July 21. The wave began organizing the next day, becoming Tropical Depression Six-E on July 23 while 350 mi (560 km) south-southeast of Puerto Escondido, Mexico.[1] The depression was predicted to move westward due to the presence of a ridge of high pressure which was also controlling the movement of Hurricane Douglas.[2] Due to low shear and warm ocean waters, it was predicted that the depression would reach hurricane strength in 48 hours.[2] The depression began rapid intensification while moving westward,[1] and only six hours after being recognized as a depression, the system was upgraded to Tropical Storm Elida while displaying banding features and a central dense overcast. The forecast was revised, now predicting the storm to attain hurricane strength the next day.[3]

The storm continued to rapidly intensify and gradually developed a banding eye feature and infrared satellite images showed a possible eyewall in the central dense overcast.[4] After six more hours, a small eye had formed and Elida was upgraded to a high-end Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale with 110 mph (180 km/h) winds on July 24, only eighteen hours after having first been initiated as a 35 mph (56 km/h) tropical depression.[5] Elida continued to rapidly strengthen, breaking the Dvorak estimates and reaching 135 mph (217 km/h) six hours afterward, making it a Category 4 hurricane and resulting in a rare forecast for the hurricane to reach Category 5.[6] The hurricane, moving at 16 mph (26 km/h), proceeded to make a west-northwestward turn while displaying an eye with an estimated diameter of 11 mi (18 km).[7] On July 25, Elida reached the highest winds of a Category 4 at 155 mph (249 km/h), though the possibility that Elida was briefly a Category 5 just prior to the advisory issuance was indicated.[8] Even though a later discussion mentioned that Elida had Category 5 status,[9] it was not until the Tropical Cyclone Report that it was finally analyzed that Elida had Category 5 strength for only six hours.[1] At this time, Elida was observed to have formed concentric eyewalls, but it was not until the hurricane moved over cooler waters that the eyewall replacement cycle was completed.[1]

Hurricane Elida on July 25 near peak intensity.

Afterward, the hurricane began to weaken in an irregular fashion. After the inner eyewall dissolved, the intensity of the hurricane decreased to a low-level Category 3 with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h).[10] By this time, Elida had reached the edge of the ridge that kept the cyclone from turning northwest, and a turn to the northwest was beginning. The hurricane proceeded to undergo another eyewall replacement cycle, lowering its intensity to Category 2.[11] Late on July 26, the eye disappeared from satellite.[12] The weakening trend continued, and Elida weakened to a tropical storm on July 27.[1] At this time, a weakness in the subtropical ridge allowed the storm to make a turn towards the north.[13] Early on July 28, Elida began redeveloping, regaining moderate convection and possibly reintensifying,[14] but eventually, the storm weakened back into a depression early on July 29,[15] and the last advisory was issued while an area of convection was north of the center with 12-foot (3.7 m) seas in the area.[16] The center was 805 mi (1,296 km) from Punta Eugenia, Mexico when the last advisory was issued.[17] The remnant low from Elida moved northeast and eventually dissipated 535 mi (861 km) west of Los Angeles, California.[1]

Impact

Although the winds and rains associated with the storm remained far offshore, the Tropical Cyclone Report issued by the National Hurricane Center mentioned the likeliness that Elida caused swells and waves to hit the Mexican shore, but no reports of damage or casualties linked to Elida were ever received and no land advisories were ever needed for the hurricane.[1] The only report anywhere near the storm came from the "New Century 1" vehicle carrier ship (call sign "H9LA"), which was 230 mi (370 km) from the center of the hurricane. The ship reported winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) and a pressure of 1008.5.[1]

While the track errors associated with forecasting the hurricane were lower than the errors in the period between 1992 and 2001, Elida's intensity proved to be hard to predict, leading to large errors in NHC forecasts. The errors in the forecast period except for the 72‑hour period were worse than the long-term average. The large errors in intensity forecasts were blamed on the rapid intensification of the hurricane to 160 mph (260 km/h) winds and the unsteady weakening after reaching peak intensity.[1]

When the MERIS sensor aboard the European Space Agency's satellite Envisat observed and recorded Hurricane Elida at peak intensity, it was the first time that the sensor had observed a hurricane. The sensor was originally designed primarily for recording oceanic biology and water quality as well as land vegetation, clouds, and water vapor.[18]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Elida (2002).
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jack Beven (2002). "Hurricane Elida Tropical Cyclone Report". Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2007-01-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b Avila (2002). "Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion Number 1". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  3. ^ Avila (2002). "Tropical Storm Elida Discussion Number 2". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  4. ^ Beven (2002). "Tropical Storm Elida Discussion Number 3". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  5. ^ Franklin (2002). "Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 4". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  6. ^ Avila (2002). "Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 5". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  7. ^ Avila (2002). "Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 6". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  8. ^ Franklin (2002). "Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 8". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  9. ^ Franklin (2002). "Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 9". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  10. ^ Beven (2002). "Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 11". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  11. ^ Avila (2002). "Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 14". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  12. ^ Beven (2002). "Hurricane Elida Discussion Number 15". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  13. ^ Lawrence (2002). "Tropical Storm Elida Discussion Number 19". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  14. ^ Stewart (2002). "Tropical Storm Elida Discussion Number 20". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  15. ^ Rappaport (2002). "Tropical Depression Elida Discussion Number 25". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  16. ^ Lawrence (2002). "Tropical Depression Elida Discussion Number 27". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  17. ^ Beven, Franklin, Lawrence, Pasch, and Avila (2002). "Monthly Tropical Weather Summary". Retrieved 2007-01-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ European Space Agency (2002). "Envisat's MERIS captures image of Hurricane Elida". Retrieved 2007-01-13.

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