Jerry Lundergan: Difference between revisions
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Lundergan challenged [[Steve Beshear]], a member of the [[Kentucky House of Representatives]], in the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] [[primary election]] in 1975. With about 2,700 votes cast in the election, Beshear defeated Lundergan by 202 votes.<ref name=usatoday/> Lundergan ran against Beshear again in 1977. With over 4,100 total votes, Beshear defeated Lundergan by 412.<ref name=usatoday/> In 1979, Beshear ran for [[Attorney General of Kentucky]] and Lundergan won his seat unopposed.<ref name=usatoday/><ref name=wapo/> Lundergan became friends with fellow freshman legislator [[Greg Stumbo]].<ref name=usatoday/> He was easily re-elected in 1981 and ran for Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts in 1983 after Democratic incumbent James B. Graham ran for Kentucky Superintendent of Public Instruction. Lundergan lost the primary election to Mary Ann Tobin by 143,836 votes (38.94%) to 77,419 (20.96%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377603|title=KY Auditor - D Primary 1983|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> Tobin went on to win the general election. |
Lundergan challenged [[Steve Beshear]], a member of the [[Kentucky House of Representatives]], in the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] [[primary election]] in 1975. With about 2,700 votes cast in the election, Beshear defeated Lundergan by 202 votes.<ref name=usatoday/> Lundergan ran against Beshear again in 1977. With over 4,100 total votes, Beshear defeated Lundergan by 412.<ref name=usatoday/> In 1979, Beshear ran for [[Attorney General of Kentucky]] and Lundergan won his seat unopposed.<ref name=usatoday/><ref name=wapo/> Lundergan became friends with fellow freshman legislator [[Greg Stumbo]].<ref name=usatoday/> He was easily re-elected in 1981 and ran for Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts in 1983 after Democratic incumbent James B. Graham ran for Kentucky Superintendent of Public Instruction. Lundergan lost the primary election to Mary Ann Tobin by 143,836 votes (38.94%) to 77,419 (20.96%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377603|title=KY Auditor - D Primary 1983|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> Tobin went on to win the general election. |
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Lundergan ran for re-election to the State House in 1984, state legislative elections having been moved from odd-numbered years to even-numbered years. During the Democratic primary campaign, which the ''[[Lexington Herald-Leader]]'' described as "bitter",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://68.171.218.101/node/529665 |title=Lundergan reclaims 76th District nomination|work=Lexington Public Library|date=May 28, 1986|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> Lundergan's main opponent, attorney and first-time candidate Shirley Allen Cunningham, accused his campaign of voter intimidation and possibly violating the civil rights of some black voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentucky.com/2013/12/02/2966023_political-paddock-special-elections.html|title=Political Paddock: Special elections reveal little about U.S. Senate race|work=Lexington Herald-Leader|date=December 2, 2013|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> Lundergan lost the primary election to Cunningham by 27 votes out of 2,941 cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377591|title=KY State House 076 - D Primary 1984|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> He went on to lose the general election to Republican Margaret J. Stewart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=250933|title=KY State House 076 1984|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> |
Lundergan ran for re-election to the State House in 1984, state legislative elections having been moved from odd-numbered years to even-numbered years. During the Democratic primary campaign, which the ''[[Lexington Herald-Leader]]'' described as "bitter",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://68.171.218.101/node/529665 |title=Lundergan reclaims 76th District nomination |work=Lexington Public Library |date=May 28, 1986 |accessdate=November 13, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127065928/http://68.171.218.101/node/529665 |archivedate=November 27, 2014 |df= }}</ref> Lundergan's main opponent, attorney and first-time candidate Shirley Allen Cunningham, accused his campaign of voter intimidation and possibly violating the civil rights of some black voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentucky.com/2013/12/02/2966023_political-paddock-special-elections.html|title=Political Paddock: Special elections reveal little about U.S. Senate race|work=Lexington Herald-Leader|date=December 2, 2013|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> Lundergan lost the primary election to Cunningham by 27 votes out of 2,941 cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377591|title=KY State House 076 - D Primary 1984|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> He went on to lose the general election to Republican Margaret J. Stewart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=250933|title=KY State House 076 1984|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> |
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Lundergan made a comeback in 1986, winning the Democratic primary against Eleanor H. Leonard<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377590|title=KY State House 076 - D Primary 1986|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> and then unseating Stewart in the general election by 4,617 votes (54.7%) to 3,823 (45.3%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=371211|title=KY State House 076 1986|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> |
Lundergan made a comeback in 1986, winning the Democratic primary against Eleanor H. Leonard<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377590|title=KY State House 076 - D Primary 1986|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> and then unseating Stewart in the general election by 4,617 votes (54.7%) to 3,823 (45.3%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=371211|title=KY State House 076 1986|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> |
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Lundergan supported [[Wallace Wilkinson]]'s campaign for [[Governor of Kentucky]] in the [[Kentucky gubernatorial election, 1987|1987 election]].<ref name=wapo>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/07/10/the-beshear-lundergan-family-feud-in-kentucky-explained/|title=The Beshear-Lundergan family feud in Kentucky, explained|work=Washington Post|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> Lundergan briefly served as Chairman of the [[Kentucky Democratic Party]] during Wilkinson's administration.<ref name=usatoday/> Ten weeks into his service, Lundergan was found to have accepted a [[no-bid contract]] worth $153,998 to cater a state event. At Wilkinson's request, he stepped down as party chair on August 22, 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19881201&id=peArAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U2QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=866,3208212|title=Kentucky New Era - Google News Archive Search|work=google.com|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentuckyroom.org/node/567034 |title=Lundergan to step down as party chief|work=Lexington Public Library|date=August 23, 1988|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> In his 1988 re-election bid, Lundergan was challenged by Cunningham again in the Democratic primary but this time he easily defeated him, by 2,826 votes (62.37%) to 1,630 (35.97%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377586|title=KY State House 076 - D Primary 1988|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> In the general election, Lundergan initially faced no Republican opposition but after news of his being charged with ethics violations, he was challenged by two write-in opponents, Steve Carson and Jerry Kuykendall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentuckyroom.org/node/567060 |title=Lundergan appears with challengers|work=Lexington Public Library|date=November 7, 1988|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> Carson and Kuykendall split the anti-Lundergan and he narrowly triumphed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentuckyroom.org/node/567061 |title=Confusion, delays mar Lundergan vote count|work=Lexington Public Library|date=November 9, 1988|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> by 3,636 votes (44.31%) to Carson's 3,008 (36.66%) and Kuykendall's 1,420 (17.30%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=371210|title=KY State House 076 1988|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> |
Lundergan supported [[Wallace Wilkinson]]'s campaign for [[Governor of Kentucky]] in the [[Kentucky gubernatorial election, 1987|1987 election]].<ref name=wapo>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/07/10/the-beshear-lundergan-family-feud-in-kentucky-explained/|title=The Beshear-Lundergan family feud in Kentucky, explained|work=Washington Post|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> Lundergan briefly served as Chairman of the [[Kentucky Democratic Party]] during Wilkinson's administration.<ref name=usatoday/> Ten weeks into his service, Lundergan was found to have accepted a [[no-bid contract]] worth $153,998 to cater a state event. At Wilkinson's request, he stepped down as party chair on August 22, 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=19881201&id=peArAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U2QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=866,3208212|title=Kentucky New Era - Google News Archive Search|work=google.com|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentuckyroom.org/node/567034 |title=Lundergan to step down as party chief |work=Lexington Public Library |date=August 23, 1988 |accessdate=November 13, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222044526/http://www.kentuckyroom.org/node/567034 |archivedate=December 22, 2014 |df= }}</ref> In his 1988 re-election bid, Lundergan was challenged by Cunningham again in the Democratic primary but this time he easily defeated him, by 2,826 votes (62.37%) to 1,630 (35.97%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=377586|title=KY State House 076 - D Primary 1988|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> In the general election, Lundergan initially faced no Republican opposition but after news of his being charged with ethics violations, he was challenged by two write-in opponents, Steve Carson and Jerry Kuykendall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentuckyroom.org/node/567060 |title=Lundergan appears with challengers |work=Lexington Public Library |date=November 7, 1988 |accessdate=November 13, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222044427/http://www.kentuckyroom.org/node/567060 |archivedate=December 22, 2014 |df= }}</ref> Carson and Kuykendall split the anti-Lundergan and he narrowly triumphed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kentuckyroom.org/node/567061 |title=Confusion, delays mar Lundergan vote count |work=Lexington Public Library |date=November 9, 1988 |accessdate=November 13, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222044248/http://www.kentuckyroom.org/node/567061 |archivedate=December 22, 2014 |df= }}</ref> by 3,636 votes (44.31%) to Carson's 3,008 (36.66%) and Kuykendall's 1,420 (17.30%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=371210|title=KY State House 076 1988|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> |
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On December 12, 1989, Lundergan was convicted of a [[felony]] charge of improperly using his political influence, but acquitted of theft.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19891212&id=7vMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kkcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5960,3625550]</ref> The prosecution asked that he be given jail time, to send a message about ethical violations, but the jury recommended the maximum fine of $1,000. He resigned his seat in the State House the next day.<ref name=time>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1989/Former-Kentucky-Democratic-Party-Chairman-Convicted-Resigns/id-5c58592e24b7534ee636404b46d9ec93|title=FORMER KENTUCKY DEMOCRATIC PARTY CHAIRMAN CONVICTED, RESIGNS|work=AP|date=December 12, 1989|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> The conviction was later thrown out by an [[appeals court]], which determined that Lundergan should have been charged with a [[misdemeanor]] rather than a felony.<ref name=time>{{cite web|url=http://swampland.time.com/2014/02/14/alison-grimes-jerry-lundergan-mitch-mcconnell-kentucy-senate-race-2014/|title=Alison Grimes Has Asset and Risk in Father Jerry Lundergan - TIME.com|work=TIME.com|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name=usatoday/> In the resulting special election for his seat, Cunningham ran as an Independent candidate and split the Democratic vote with Democratic nominee Rick L. Thomas, allowing Republican Tony Curtsinger to win the seat with 1,430 votes (38.95%) to Cunningham's 1,326 (36.12%) and Thomas' 657 (17.90%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=371212|title=KY State House 076 - Special Election 1989|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> |
On December 12, 1989, Lundergan was convicted of a [[felony]] charge of improperly using his political influence, but acquitted of theft.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19891212&id=7vMaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kkcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5960,3625550]</ref> The prosecution asked that he be given jail time, to send a message about ethical violations, but the jury recommended the maximum fine of $1,000. He resigned his seat in the State House the next day.<ref name=time>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1989/Former-Kentucky-Democratic-Party-Chairman-Convicted-Resigns/id-5c58592e24b7534ee636404b46d9ec93|title=FORMER KENTUCKY DEMOCRATIC PARTY CHAIRMAN CONVICTED, RESIGNS|work=AP|date=December 12, 1989|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> The conviction was later thrown out by an [[appeals court]], which determined that Lundergan should have been charged with a [[misdemeanor]] rather than a felony.<ref name=time>{{cite web|url=http://swampland.time.com/2014/02/14/alison-grimes-jerry-lundergan-mitch-mcconnell-kentucy-senate-race-2014/|title=Alison Grimes Has Asset and Risk in Father Jerry Lundergan - TIME.com|work=TIME.com|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name=usatoday/> In the resulting special election for his seat, Cunningham ran as an Independent candidate and split the Democratic vote with Democratic nominee Rick L. Thomas, allowing Republican Tony Curtsinger to win the seat with 1,430 votes (38.95%) to Cunningham's 1,326 (36.12%) and Thomas' 657 (17.90%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=371212|title=KY State House 076 - Special Election 1989|work=OurCampaigns|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref> |
Revision as of 15:14, 21 April 2017
Jerry Lundergan | |
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Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from the 76th district | |
In office January 4, 1987 – December 13, 1989 | |
Preceded by | Margaret J. Stewart |
Succeeded by | Tony Curtsinger |
In office January 3, 1980 – January 3, 1985 | |
Preceded by | Steve Beshear |
Succeeded by | Margaret J. Stewart |
Personal details | |
Political party | Democratic Party |
Alma mater | University of Kentucky |
Gerald G. "Jerry" Lundergan is an American businessman, politician and member of the Democratic Party from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He served in the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1980 to 1985 and 1987 to 1989 and has served as Chairman of the Kentucky Democratic Party on two separate occasions. He is the father of Alison Lundergan Grimes, the Secretary of State of Kentucky.
Early life
Lundergran is from Maysville, Kentucky. He is the oldest of five children.[1] His father sold chicken and pork chops at state fairs.[2] His father died at age 45, when he was 18 years old. His mother took a job as a clerk for the sheriff, while Jerry and his siblings continued to sell food.[1]
Lundergan graduated from the University of Kentucky and then worked as a staffer to U.S. Representative John B. Breckinridge. Lundergan and his brother turned their food business into Lundy's, a catering company, in 1977.[2]
Career
Lundergan challenged Steve Beshear, a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives, in the Democratic Party primary election in 1975. With about 2,700 votes cast in the election, Beshear defeated Lundergan by 202 votes.[2] Lundergan ran against Beshear again in 1977. With over 4,100 total votes, Beshear defeated Lundergan by 412.[2] In 1979, Beshear ran for Attorney General of Kentucky and Lundergan won his seat unopposed.[2][3] Lundergan became friends with fellow freshman legislator Greg Stumbo.[2] He was easily re-elected in 1981 and ran for Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts in 1983 after Democratic incumbent James B. Graham ran for Kentucky Superintendent of Public Instruction. Lundergan lost the primary election to Mary Ann Tobin by 143,836 votes (38.94%) to 77,419 (20.96%).[4] Tobin went on to win the general election.
Lundergan ran for re-election to the State House in 1984, state legislative elections having been moved from odd-numbered years to even-numbered years. During the Democratic primary campaign, which the Lexington Herald-Leader described as "bitter",[5] Lundergan's main opponent, attorney and first-time candidate Shirley Allen Cunningham, accused his campaign of voter intimidation and possibly violating the civil rights of some black voters.[6] Lundergan lost the primary election to Cunningham by 27 votes out of 2,941 cast.[7] He went on to lose the general election to Republican Margaret J. Stewart.[8]
Lundergan made a comeback in 1986, winning the Democratic primary against Eleanor H. Leonard[9] and then unseating Stewart in the general election by 4,617 votes (54.7%) to 3,823 (45.3%).[10]
Lundergan supported Wallace Wilkinson's campaign for Governor of Kentucky in the 1987 election.[3] Lundergan briefly served as Chairman of the Kentucky Democratic Party during Wilkinson's administration.[2] Ten weeks into his service, Lundergan was found to have accepted a no-bid contract worth $153,998 to cater a state event. At Wilkinson's request, he stepped down as party chair on August 22, 1988.[11][12] In his 1988 re-election bid, Lundergan was challenged by Cunningham again in the Democratic primary but this time he easily defeated him, by 2,826 votes (62.37%) to 1,630 (35.97%).[13] In the general election, Lundergan initially faced no Republican opposition but after news of his being charged with ethics violations, he was challenged by two write-in opponents, Steve Carson and Jerry Kuykendall.[14] Carson and Kuykendall split the anti-Lundergan and he narrowly triumphed,[15] by 3,636 votes (44.31%) to Carson's 3,008 (36.66%) and Kuykendall's 1,420 (17.30%).[16]
On December 12, 1989, Lundergan was convicted of a felony charge of improperly using his political influence, but acquitted of theft.[17] The prosecution asked that he be given jail time, to send a message about ethical violations, but the jury recommended the maximum fine of $1,000. He resigned his seat in the State House the next day.[1] The conviction was later thrown out by an appeals court, which determined that Lundergan should have been charged with a misdemeanor rather than a felony.[1][2] In the resulting special election for his seat, Cunningham ran as an Independent candidate and split the Democratic vote with Democratic nominee Rick L. Thomas, allowing Republican Tony Curtsinger to win the seat with 1,430 votes (38.95%) to Cunningham's 1,326 (36.12%) and Thomas' 657 (17.90%).[18]
Curtsinger went on to lose the regularly-scheduled election to Democrat Ruth Ann Palumbo, who has held the seat ever since. Lundergan has made numerous attempts to regain his old seat, challenging Palumbo in the Democratic primary in 1994,[19] 1996,[20] 1998[21] and 2000,[22] each time losing by at least 10 points.
After the Democrats suffered defeats in the 2003 state elections, Stumbo, the highest ranking Kentucky Democrat as state Attorney General, asked Lundergan to again chair the state party.[2] Kentucky Democrats elected Lundergan their party chair in January 2005.[23]
Lundergan served as the state chair for Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign.[2]
Personal life
Lundergan and his wife, Charlotte, met in high school.[1] They have five daughters. One of their daughters, Alison Lundergan Grimes, is the Secretary of State of Kentucky, and was the Democratic Party's nominee for the United States Senate seat held by Mitch McConnell in the 2014 election.[2]
Lundergan resides in Lexington, Kentucky. He is a devout Catholic; he attends mass every day.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d e "FORMER KENTUCKY DEMOCRATIC PARTY CHAIRMAN CONVICTED, RESIGNS". AP. December 12, 1989. Retrieved November 13, 2014. Cite error: The named reference "time" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gerth, Joseph (September 22, 2013). "Ky. Senate candidate's dad brings connections, baggage". USA Today. The Courier-Journal. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ a b "The Beshear-Lundergan family feud in Kentucky, explained". Washington Post. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "KY Auditor - D Primary 1983". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "Lundergan reclaims 76th District nomination". Lexington Public Library. May 28, 1986. Archived from the original on November 27, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Political Paddock: Special elections reveal little about U.S. Senate race". Lexington Herald-Leader. December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "KY State House 076 - D Primary 1984". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "KY State House 076 1984". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "KY State House 076 - D Primary 1986". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "KY State House 076 1986". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "Kentucky New Era - Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "Lundergan to step down as party chief". Lexington Public Library. August 23, 1988. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "KY State House 076 - D Primary 1988". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "Lundergan appears with challengers". Lexington Public Library. November 7, 1988. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Confusion, delays mar Lundergan vote count". Lexington Public Library. November 9, 1988. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "KY State House 076 1988". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "KY State House 076 - Special Election 1989". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "KY State House 076 - D Primary 1994". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "KY State House 076 - D Primary 1996". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "KY State House 076 - D Primary 1998". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "KY State House 076 - D Primary 2000". OurCampaigns. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ [2]