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The decline of the language is most apparent in the vocabulary of children because the dominant MSA education, and it has been noted that most speakers are aware of MSA's role in the decline of Bathari. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=M Foundation for Endangered Languages|url=|journal=Donohue|volume=|pages=}}</ref>
The decline of the language is most apparent in the vocabulary of children because the dominant MSA education, and it has been noted that most speakers are aware of MSA's role in the decline of Bathari. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=M Foundation for Endangered Languages|url=|journal=Donohue|volume=|pages=}}</ref>


In terms of speaker numbers they range from 12 to 20 for Bathari to over 180,000 for Mehri. The exact number of Bathari speakers is impossible to know because there is no census as well as the fact that not all speakers are fluent or even semi-fluent. However, some sources say the speakers are 12-20 and others say the total speakers is 300.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Language, culture and the environment: Documenting traditional language and culture in Dhofar|url=|journal=State of the Art Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences for Qatar and the Arab Gulf. Leeds.|volume=|pages=}}</ref>
The exact number of Bathari speakers is impossible to know because there is no census as well as the fact that not all speakers are fluent or even semi-fluent. However, some sources say the speakers are 12-20 and others say the total speakers is 300.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Language, culture and the environment: Documenting traditional language and culture in Dhofar|url=|journal=State of the Art Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences for Qatar and the Arab Gulf. Leeds.|volume=|pages=}}</ref>


Researchers have said that Bathari is simply a dialect of Mehri, while others, such as Simeone-Senelle consider Bathari a separate language. However, all researchers agree that Bathari and Mehri have many similarities. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaye|first=Alan S.|date=2001-01-01|title=Review of Mehri Texts from Oman (Based on Field Materials of T. M. Johnstone)|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/606691|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=121|issue=3|pages=506–507|doi=10.2307/606691}}</ref>
Researchers have said that Bathari is simply a dialect of Mehri, while others, such as Simeone-Senelle consider Bathari a separate language. However, all researchers agree that Bathari and Mehri have many similarities. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaye|first=Alan S.|date=2001-01-01|title=Review of Mehri Texts from Oman (Based on Field Materials of T. M. Johnstone)|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/606691|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=121|issue=3|pages=506–507|doi=10.2307/606691}}</ref>


Batahari is the least known MSA dialect , and only several incomplete word lists have been published, one by Bertrand Thomas.
Batahari is our least known MSA dialect. An incomplete word-list was published fifty years ago in Thomas, Four, but none of the words discussed in the present paper are to be found in his lexicon. Accordingly, Batahari is not included in the data presented below, though one would assume that cognates are to be found in this dialect as well. Citation forms for the respective languages are taken only from the lexicons mentioned at the end of the previous paragraph. However, for the sake of bibliographic completeness I note all volumes wherein a certain MSA word may be found. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rendsburg|first=Gary A.|date=1987-01-01|title=Modern South Arabian as a Source for Ugaritic Etymologies|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/603304|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=107|issue=4|pages=623–628|doi=10.2307/603304}}</ref> Batahari, Bathara, Bathari, Bautahari, Botahari <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.verbix.com/maps/language/Bathari.html|title=Where on earth do they speak Bathari?|website=www.verbix.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-21}}</ref>


Some other names for the language are Bitahreyt, Batahari, Bathara, Bathari, Bautahari, Botahari <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.verbix.com/maps/language/Bathari.html|title=Where on earth do they speak Bathari?|website=www.verbix.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-21}}</ref>
Bat’hari, called bitahreyt by its speakers, was spoken by the Batahira tribe, who live in Dhufar along a strip of coast opposite the al-Hallaniyah islands (where Jibbali is spoken). The Batahira are principally fishermen, though they also raise goats and a few camels. They are believed to be descended from the indigenous or aboriginal inhabitants of the plateau above, who were forced out by more powerful incomers. They were regarded by those who came to dominate them as dha’if, that is weak or subordinate. Given their relative lack of influence, they did not enjoy the same success as the other tribes of the area in obtaining jobs with the oil industry.


The Batahira tribe was regarded as subordinate by their conquerors and didn't have the same job opportunities in the oil industry, which is partially why they stayed in the coasts as fishermen.
I noted, too, that Bat’hari was considerably interpenetrated by the Arabic dialect spoken by their neighbours and co-fishermen from the large Jeneba tribe to the east.


Intermarriage between groups was another factor contributing to intracomprehensibility.
Intermarriage between groups was another factor contributing to intracomprehensibility.

Revision as of 15:41, 26 May 2017

Bathari language

Yaeli Flam

Social Work major/Arabic minor '19

lead section:

Bathari is spoken in Dhofar in Southern Oman on the coast. It is considered one of the Modern South Arabian languages that is closer to Ethiopian languages than it is to Arabic. Bathari is said to be spoken by 12-300 people (each source says something different) and is an endangered language.

The article will talk more about who speaks Bathari and more about the history of the Batahira people in relation to the language. Why and how it is going extinct and its relation to Omani Arabic, the dominant language will also be included. Other additions include the dispute over the number of speakers, whether it is a dialect or a language, and particular things that stand out about Bathari as opposed to the other MSA languages.

One of the most known names in regards to research about Bathari is Bertram Thomas, who came across Harsusi and Bathari in 1929 and wrote about it.[1] The Batahira is a small tribe of people who are mostly fisherman and nomads living around al-Shuwaymiyya and Sharbithat. It's believed that during the Mehri conquest, the Batahira adopted their language, and this created a separation between the Shahra tribe who was being conquered by the Qarawi. This is said to be how Bathari became it's own separate distinct language. Although the tribe still exists, the language itself is slowly being replaced because of modern education being conducted solely in Arabic.[2] The language and it's speakers is scattered among different cities in the provinces of Dhufar and Al-wusta, and mostly in the coastal towns (as many of the speakers are fisherman.) These coastal towns include Al-Shwaimia, Shalim, Alakbi, Sharbathat,Azakhar, Suqrah, and Alhalanyat Islands (previously called the Kuria Muria Islands.) [3]

The number of tribe members is estimated at about 300, and this is not necessarily the number of speakers of Bathari because not everyone in the tribe can speak the language.

The decline of the language is most apparent in the vocabulary of children because the dominant MSA education, and it has been noted that most speakers are aware of MSA's role in the decline of Bathari. [4]

The exact number of Bathari speakers is impossible to know because there is no census as well as the fact that not all speakers are fluent or even semi-fluent. However, some sources say the speakers are 12-20 and others say the total speakers is 300.[5]

Researchers have said that Bathari is simply a dialect of Mehri, while others, such as Simeone-Senelle consider Bathari a separate language. However, all researchers agree that Bathari and Mehri have many similarities. [6]

Batahari is the least known MSA dialect , and only several incomplete word lists have been published, one by Bertrand Thomas.

Some other names for the language are Bitahreyt, Batahari, Bathara, Bathari, Bautahari, Botahari [7]

The Batahira tribe was regarded as subordinate by their conquerors and didn't have the same job opportunities in the oil industry, which is partially why they stayed in the coasts as fishermen.

Intermarriage between groups was another factor contributing to intracomprehensibility.

While Harsusi and Mahri men freely married Bat’hari women, Bat’hari men were not usually permitted to marry Harsusi and Mahri women.

The Batahira and the shero would console themselves with their conviction that they were the true, indigenous inhabitants of Dhufar, and that theirs was the original language.

The Batahira at this time even discovered a branch apparently of their tribe living in the Dhufar mountains who called themselves the Bit Bit’ha. Although they were Jibbali speakers and not able to speak or understand Bat’hari, representatives later went to visit the Batahira and relations were established. [8]  First of all, it is not Shahri but Bathari which retains (or perhaps has retaken, from Arabic) the Arabic-like 'ain. [9]

History and Culture

Threats to the Language

Unique Attributes

Bibliography

1) Kaye, A. (2003). Semitic Linguistics in the New Millennium. Journal of the American Oriental Society,123(4), 819-834. doi:10.2307/3589970

2)  Peterson, J. (2004). Oman's Diverse Society: Southern Oman. Middle East Journal, 58(2), 254-269. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/4330004

3) Al Jahdhami, S. (2016). Minority Languages in Oman. ANGLISTICUM. Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies, 4(10), 105-112.

4) Donohue, M. Foundation for Endangered Languages.

5)  Watson, J., & al-Mahri, A. (2016, April). Language, culture and the environment: Documenting traditional language and culture in Dhofar. In State of the Art Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences for Qatar and the Arab Gulf. Leeds.

6) Alfadly, A., & Obeid, H. (2007). A Study On The Morphology Of Mehri Qishn Dialect In Yemen [PJ7114. Z8 F146 2007 f rb] (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Sains Malaysia).

7) Chatty, D. (2013). REJECTING AUTHENTICITY IN THE DESERT LANDSCAPES OF THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST: DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES IN THE JIDDAT IL-HARASIIS, OMAN. In Hafez S. & Slyomovics S. (Eds.), Anthropology of the Middle East and North Africa: Into the New Millennium (pp. 145-164). Indiana University Press. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/j.ctt16gzm97.12

8) Rendsburg, G. (1987). Modern South Arabian as a Source for Ugaritic Etymologies. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 107(4), 623-628. doi:10.2307/603304

9) Kaye, A. (2001). Journal of the American Oriental Society, 121(3), 506-507. doi:10.2307/606691

10) Schwartz, G. (1999). Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119(3), 526-527. doi:10.2307/605970

11) Rendsburg, G. (1987). Modern South Arabian as a Source for Ugaritic Etymologies. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 107(4), 623-628. doi:10.2307/603304

12) http://www.verbix.com/maps/language/Bathari.html

13) http://al-bab.com/albab-orig/albab/bys/articles/morris07.htm

14)  Matthews, C. (1969). Modern South Arabian Determination-A Clue Thereto from Shaḥri. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 89(1), 22-27. doi:10.2307/598276

  1. ^ Kaye, Alan S. (2003-01-01). Izre'el, Shlomo (ed.). "Semitic Linguistics in the New Millennium". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (4): 819–834. doi:10.2307/3589970.
  2. ^ "Oman's Diverse Society: Southern Oman". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  3. ^ "Minority Languages in Oman". Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies.
  4. ^ "M Foundation for Endangered Languages". Donohue.
  5. ^ "Language, culture and the environment: Documenting traditional language and culture in Dhofar". State of the Art Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences for Qatar and the Arab Gulf. Leeds.
  6. ^ Kaye, Alan S. (2001-01-01). "Review of Mehri Texts from Oman (Based on Field Materials of T. M. Johnstone)". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (3): 506–507. doi:10.2307/606691.
  7. ^ "Where on earth do they speak Bathari?". www.verbix.com. Retrieved 2017-04-21.
  8. ^ "British-Yemeni Society:The pre-literate, non-Arabic languages of Oman and Yemen". al-bab.com. Retrieved 2017-04-21. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 74 (help)
  9. ^ Matthews, Charles D. (1969-01-01). "Modern South Arabian Determination-A Clue Thereto from Shaḥri". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 89 (1): 22–27. doi:10.2307/598276.
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