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In the U.S.A. the first part stands for an area and the second part for a bank in that area. In the first half of the 20th century the area was either a major city or one of the 50 United States of America. After about 1950 the area was a central bank location. The old numbers were like 3-1, the new numbers were like 0310-0001 with hyphen now only implied. A ninth check digit was added to the end of the newer bank numbers. Since the 1950s a transitional form like 3-1/310 has also been printed on checks.
In the U.S.A. the first part stands for an area and the second part for a bank in that area. In the first half of the 20th century the area was either a major city or one of the 50 United States of America. After about 1950 the area was a central bank location. The old numbers were like 3-1, the new numbers were like 0310-0001 with hyphen now only implied. A ninth check digit was added to the end of the newer bank numbers. Since the 1950s a transitional form like 3-1/310 has also been printed on checks.


Some sample deposit slips say "List checks singly" with checks listed only by their amounts.<ref>Nancy Anderton 1983. ''Forms: Money Management Skills,'' pp. 47 and 46. Globe Fearon Educational Publishing, {{ISBN|0822430568}}, 9780822430568 [https://books.google.com/books?id=crXnP46bUb0C&q=%22list+checks+by+bank+number%22&dq=%22list+checks+by+bank+number%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sYYiVPKTKceLyASx5YKABA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA Google Books, Snippet view] Retrieved, 9-24-14</ref><ref>Troy. 2000. ''MICR Basics Handbook,'' [http://www.troygroup.com/support/documents/50-70300-001_CMICRBasicsHandbook_000.pdf pages 1-2, 1-3 to 1-4, and 1-5 to 1-6] Costa Mesa, CA: TROY Group, Inc.</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Brown et al]], p. 127</ref><ref>Deborah B. Proctor, Alexandra Patricia Adams. Mar 27, 2014. ''Kinn's The Medical Assistant: An Applied Learning Approach,'' pp. 433- 434. Saint Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, Inc. {{ISBN|0323292895}}, 9780323292894 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jtLsAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA434&dq=Please%20list%20checks%20separately%20by%20bank%20number&pg=PA433#v=onepage&q=Please%20list%20checks%20separately%20by%20bank%20number&f=false Google Books]</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Ellis]], p. 7</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Fitch]], p. 140</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Ellis]], p. 7</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Lipsitz]], pp. 156-157</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Fitch]], p. 278</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Ellis]], p. 121</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Adams]], p. 438</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Freedman]], pp. 12-14</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Fitch]], p. 278</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Blesi et al]], p. 352</ref><ref>wellsfargo.com 2014.''Frequently Asked Questions, [https://www.wellsfargo.com/checking/tour/?mplx=6878-36176-3408-116 Checking Quick Start Guide]'' Wells Fargo Bank.</ref><ref>wiseGEEK. 2014. ''[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-bank-identifier-code.htm What Is a Bank Identifier Code?]'' Sparks, NV: Conjecture Corporation</ref><ref>Investopedia. 2014. ''[http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bank-identification-number.asp Bank Identification Number]'' Oakland, CA: Investopedia, LLC</ref><ref>ONeil, Erin. 2014. About Money, ''[http://banking.about.com/od/howtobank/a/what-is-a-bank-routing-number.htm Deciphering Bank Routing Numbers]'' New York, NY: About, Inc.</ref>
Some sample deposit slips say "List checks singly" with checks listed only by their amounts.<ref>Nancy Anderton 1983. ''Forms: Money Management Skills,'' pp. 47 and 46. Globe Fearon Educational Publishing, {{ISBN|0822430568}}, 9780822430568 [https://books.google.com/books?id=crXnP46bUb0C&q=%22list+checks+by+bank+number%22&dq=%22list+checks+by+bank+number%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sYYiVPKTKceLyASx5YKABA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA Google Books, Snippet view] Retrieved, 9-24-14</ref><ref>Troy. 2000. ''MICR Basics Handbook,'' [http://www.troygroup.com/support/documents/50-70300-001_CMICRBasicsHandbook_000.pdf pages 1-2, 1-3 to 1-4, and 1-5 to 1-6] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421060830/http://www.troygroup.com/support/documents/50-70300-001_CMICRBasicsHandbook_000.pdf |date=2015-04-21 }} Costa Mesa, CA: TROY Group, Inc.</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Brown et al]], p. 127</ref><ref>Deborah B. Proctor, Alexandra Patricia Adams. Mar 27, 2014. ''Kinn's The Medical Assistant: An Applied Learning Approach,'' pp. 433- 434. Saint Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, Inc. {{ISBN|0323292895}}, 9780323292894 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jtLsAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA434&dq=Please%20list%20checks%20separately%20by%20bank%20number&pg=PA433#v=onepage&q=Please%20list%20checks%20separately%20by%20bank%20number&f=false Google Books]</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Ellis]], p. 7</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Fitch]], p. 140</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Ellis]], p. 7</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Lipsitz]], pp. 156-157</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Fitch]], p. 278</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Ellis]], p. 121</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Adams]], p. 438</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Freedman]], pp. 12-14</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Fitch]], p. 278</ref><ref>[[#Sources|Blesi et al]], p. 352</ref><ref>wellsfargo.com 2014.''Frequently Asked Questions, [https://www.wellsfargo.com/checking/tour/?mplx=6878-36176-3408-116 Checking Quick Start Guide]'' Wells Fargo Bank.</ref><ref>wiseGEEK. 2014. ''[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-bank-identifier-code.htm What Is a Bank Identifier Code?]'' Sparks, NV: Conjecture Corporation</ref><ref>Investopedia. 2014. ''[http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bank-identification-number.asp Bank Identification Number]'' Oakland, CA: Investopedia, LLC</ref><ref>ONeil, Erin. 2014. About Money, ''[http://banking.about.com/od/howtobank/a/what-is-a-bank-routing-number.htm Deciphering Bank Routing Numbers]'' New York, NY: About, Inc.</ref>


== Number vs. fraction ==
== Number vs. fraction ==

Revision as of 15:56, 14 July 2017

May 1911 Key to Numerical System of the American Bankers' Association, upper left side of page 72, showing usage of the term "bank number" at the time.

A bank number is a bank code used to identify a bank for electronic purposes in the United States. Bank numbers such as Bank Identifier Code (BIC), Bank Identification Number (BIN), and Routing transit number (RTN) categorizes a bank for machine-aided sorting of checks and so forth. The term is used in some deposit-slip instructions such as "List checks separately by bank number."

In the U.S.A. the first part stands for an area and the second part for a bank in that area. In the first half of the 20th century the area was either a major city or one of the 50 United States of America. After about 1950 the area was a central bank location. The old numbers were like 3-1, the new numbers were like 0310-0001 with hyphen now only implied. A ninth check digit was added to the end of the newer bank numbers. Since the 1950s a transitional form like 3-1/310 has also been printed on checks.

Some sample deposit slips say "List checks singly" with checks listed only by their amounts.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]

Number vs. fraction

Washington, DC, bank number 3 on 1918 check.
Washington, DC, bank number 3 on 1954 check.

The bank number is in the clearing-bank code at the bottom edge of the check. The code contains the check routing and funds availability and transit number and bank identifier. The first two numbers tell the reserve bank, the second two tell its branch and check-clearing information, the next four is the paying bank's number, and the ninth digit is for error control. The numbers at the bottom edge of the check were invented in the 1950s and automated the check payment process.[19] The clearing-bank code is also called the routing/transit number and is similar to the fractional routing/transit number also on the check. In the fraction, the institution identifier is part of the numerator. The check's bank is after the first hyphen in the numerator and its federal bank is in the denominator. Often people write "bank over fed bank" on a deposit ticket next to the amount of the check. Others have used "city hyphen bank," five to six digits, found in the numerator to list checks by bank on deposit slips and it has been used in other ways as well.[20][21] The institution identifier is 1 or above and is located in the numerical and fractional routing numbers on the check.[22] The non-fractional code is in between transit characters - such as ⑆ - near the lower edge of the check.[23] The second group of four digits in that number, which precede any parity-check digit, is the bank's number.[24] The other code, the fractional routing symbol, was on American checks before the use of MICR machines began in the 1950s. The fractional symbol is in the format, XX-XX/XXXX. From that fraction the nine-digit routing number was determined.[25] The part of the fraction before the hyphen is not used in the 9-digit routing number. The fraction's denominator, however, is and denotes in what branch of the federal reserve the bank saves its money.[26]

History

In 1911 the new Burroughs Transit Machine, made by the Burroughs Adding Machine Company, was advertised in the first edition of the bank directory Key to Numerical System of the American Bankers' Association.[27]

The bank numbers in the United States were originated by the American Bankers Association (ABA) in 1911. Banks had been disagreeing on identification. The ABA arranged a meeting of clearing house managers in Chicago in December 1910. The gathering chose a committee to assign each bank in the country convenient numbers to use. In May 1911, the American Bankers Association released the codes.[28] The numerical committee was W. G. Schroeder, C. R. McKay, and J. A. Walker.[29] The publisher of the new directory was Rand-McNally and Company.[30] The ABA clearing house codes are like the sub-headings in a decimal outline. The prefixes mean locations and the suffixes banking firms within those locations. Half of the prefixes represent major cities the other half represent regions of the United States. Lower prefixes are used for higher populations, first based on the 1910 U. S. Census. Likewise, within each prefix area banks are numbered in order of city population and bank senority, although single-bank towns are numbered in alphabetical order. When a new bank is being organized, the current publisher of the directory of banks assigns it a transit code.[31] The American Bankers Association asked banks to use the directory exclusively so banks would agree on how to sort checks.[32] The book was abbreviated Key to Numerical System of The American Bankers Association, and as the Key. It was published by Rand McNally & Co.[33] In 1952 by Rand McNally moved its corporate headquarters to Skokie, Illinois, and became more interested in publishing maps.[34] Also in Skokie is a company called Accuity, which from its history has been the official registrar of ABA bank numbers since 1911. By 2014 it was the publisher of the semi-annual ABA Key to Routing Numbers and was owned by Reed Business Information, British publisher of reference works for professionals, which in turn is owned by Reed-Elsevier, English-Dutch publisher of online format reference works for professionals.[35][36] Over the years the ABA's identification numbers for banks accommodated the Federal Reserve Act, the Expedited Funds Act and the Check 21 Act. By 2014 the Key included the U. S. Federal Reserve's nine-digit magnetic-ink routing numbers.[37]

Special cities

In 1911 the ABA gave reserve bank cities their own prefix because bankers met in those cities to pay the differences between their check bills. The most populous of such cities is fist on the list. The numbers after the prefix numbers represent individual firms offering checking. Clearing house banks were numbered by keeping the numbers they already had. The non-clearing house banks were numbered in the order of their seniority. The treasury offices and post offices were assigned numbers. Overlooked firms were to be identified by clearing house associations.[38]

Special prefixes

Special Prefixes for Reserve Cities, first published in 1911[39]
1- New York NY
4,776,883[40]
2- Chicago Ill
3- Philadelphia Pa
4- St Louis Mo
5- Boston Mass
6- Cleveland Ohio
7- Baltimore Md
8- Pittsburg Pa
9- Detroit Mich
10- Buffalo NY
11- San Francisco Cal
12- Milwaukee Wis
13- Cincinnati Ohio		 14- New Orleans La
15- Washington DC
16- Los Angeles Cal
17- Minneapolis Minn
18- Kansas City Mo
19- Seattle Wash
20- Indianapolis Ind
21- Louisville Ky
22- St Paul Minn
23- Denver Colo
24- Portland Ore
25- Columbus Ohio
26- Memphis Tenn		 27- Omaha Neb
28- Spokane Wash
29- Albany NY
30- San Antonio Tex
31- Salt Lake City Utah
32- Dallas Tex
33- Des Moines Ia
34- Tacoma Wash
35- Houston Tex
36- St Joseph Mo
37- Ft Worth Tex
38- Savannah Ga		 39- Oklahoma City Okla
40- Wichita Kan
41- Sioux City Ia
42- Pueblo Colo
43- Lincoln Neb
44- Topeka Kan
45- Dubuque Ia
46- Galveston Tex
47- Cedar Rapids Ia
48- Waco Tex
49- Muskogee Okla

Example bank numbers in Reserve cities

Example Reserve-City Bank Numbers from 1911
Bank of New York 1-1[41] Bank of America 1-6[42]
Bank of Orleans 14-1[43] Albany Exchange Savings Bank 29-6[44]

Ordinary cities

The American Bankers' Association wrote a list of banks in the United States.[45] In this list, starting at prefix 50, cities and towns are in the bank's listing rather than the other way around.[46] Bank numbers are more for designating checks than for being an address.[47] In 1911, banks returned groups of checks to other banks for collection.[48] In 2011, the ABA's Key listed in numerical order the nine-digit routing numbers instead of the five-digit ABA transit item numbers. It put a space after every four digits, the digit grouping the fractional form is based on, and told the bank's name, town and state, after its nine-digit number.[49]

Country bank prefixes

Prefixes for Non-reserve Cities, from 1911[50] STATES
EASTERN 50 New York 51 Connecticut 52 Maine 53 Massachusetts 54 New Hampshire 55 New Jersey 56 Ohio 57 Rhode Island 58 Vermont 59 for later
SOUTHEASTERN 60 Pennsylvania 61 Alabama 62 Delaware 63 Florida 64 Georgia 65 Maryland 66 N Carolina 67 S Carolina 68 Virginia 69 W Virginia
CENTRAL 70 Illinois 71 Indiana 72 Iowa 73 Kentucky 74 Michigan 75 Minnesota 76 Nebraska 77 N Dakota 78 S Dakota 79 Wisconsin
SOUTHWESTERN 80 Missouri 81 Arkansas 82 Colorado 83 Kansas 84 Louisiana 85 Mississippi 86 Oklahoma 87 Tennessee 88 Texas 89 for later
WESTERN 90 California 91 Arizona 92 Idaho 93 Montana 94 Nevada 95 New Mexico 96 Oregon 97 Utah 98 Washington 99 Wyoming

Example use of country bank numbers

In transit letters, if the payer's prefix is not registered it means the cashier's check was from a small bank in the same town as its correspondent; if the endorser's prefix is not registered it means the endorser was not a bank but someone with an account at the bank.[51]

Abbreviation of Illustration in 1911 Edition of the Key to Bank Numbers[52] Letter containing items drawn on the same town From: Hibernia Bank & Trust Co. New Orleans, LA 14-9 To: American Exchange National Bank, Dallas, Texas 32-1 We enclose herewith or Collection and Returns items as listed below Instructions. Telegraph non-payment of items $1,000.00 or over and items listed "T.N.P." Do not protest items of $10.00 or less or items listed "No-Pro." PROTEST all items over $10.00 unless otherwise instructed. Yours truly, Charles Palfrey. Cashier.
                    
ENDORSER
STATE
OR
CITY
 
BANK NO
 
                
PAYER
STATE
OR
CITY
 
BANK NO
 
                           AMOUNT          INSTRUCTIONS       
                    

    84
61
84

 

          17
87
3

 
                

 

                           1
52
2

                                         4.25
28.47
1,228.93		                                       
NO-PRO
T.N.P.		       
                    

     
 
 

 

               5
7
19

 
                

 

                           8
8
1

                                         2.00
16.73
128.75		                                       
NO-PRO
 		       

In writing transit information, endorser and payer numbers are found on the checks. The endorser's number is read from where the endorser wrote or stamped it on the back of the check. The payer's number is read from where it is printed on the front of the check. The payer number is always that of a bank. If the endorser is not a bank, the endorser's number has no prefix and means either of two things. The endorser might be a depositor at the bank writing the transit letter. The endorser might be a non-depositor in which case the number is that the teller who recorded the endorser's name. Only bank numbers are in transit letters, but the numbers can be looked up. In the American Bankers' Association numbering system, banks are either reserve city banks or not. Level one sections 1 to 49 refer to reserve cities and 50 to 99 to states in the United States. Level two numbers the banks in level one, and those numbers have meaning if their section is known. For example, in the year 1911 the bank number, 50-741, meant Genesee Valley National Bank while 60-741 meant Sewickley Valley Trust Company.[53] Today, there is a nine-digit number near the bottom edge of the check; its last digit is the "parity check digit" used when checking that number.[54]

In deposits

One sense of the word, bank, is an amount of something valuable such as money, chips, dominoes, etc.[55] Some people identify checks on deposit slips by their amounts only, arranging them in decreasing order.[56] To the left of the amounts, some people write check numbers such as 205, 117, and 320.[57] A check number might be long, such as "1962721." The modern routing number such as ⑆022300161⑆ tells the bank and is picked based on central bank district and branch used. Its last number is called the "check digit."[58] Some people write the American Bankers' Association transit numbers such as 90-310, 90-164, and 90-837 to the left of the check amounts.[59] Under the unexplained instructions, "Please list each check separately by bank number," some people list on the deposit slip the check amounts in no particular order and to the left of them they enter the names of who wrote the checks, such as Thompson, R. J. 15.00, Swann, E. B. 20.00, and Whitt, L. W. 15.00.[60]

See also

References

  1. ^ Nancy Anderton 1983. Forms: Money Management Skills, pp. 47 and 46. Globe Fearon Educational Publishing, ISBN 0822430568, 9780822430568 Google Books, Snippet view Retrieved, 9-24-14
  2. ^ Troy. 2000. MICR Basics Handbook, pages 1-2, 1-3 to 1-4, and 1-5 to 1-6 Archived 2015-04-21 at the Wayback Machine Costa Mesa, CA: TROY Group, Inc.
  3. ^ Brown et al, p. 127
  4. ^ Deborah B. Proctor, Alexandra Patricia Adams. Mar 27, 2014. Kinn's The Medical Assistant: An Applied Learning Approach, pp. 433- 434. Saint Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, Inc. ISBN 0323292895, 9780323292894 Google Books
  5. ^ Ellis, p. 7
  6. ^ Fitch, p. 140
  7. ^ Ellis, p. 7
  8. ^ Lipsitz, pp. 156-157
  9. ^ Fitch, p. 278
  10. ^ Ellis, p. 121
  11. ^ Adams, p. 438
  12. ^ Freedman, pp. 12-14
  13. ^ Fitch, p. 278
  14. ^ Blesi et al, p. 352
  15. ^ wellsfargo.com 2014.Frequently Asked Questions, Checking Quick Start Guide Wells Fargo Bank.
  16. ^ wiseGEEK. 2014. What Is a Bank Identifier Code? Sparks, NV: Conjecture Corporation
  17. ^ Investopedia. 2014. Bank Identification Number Oakland, CA: Investopedia, LLC
  18. ^ ONeil, Erin. 2014. About Money, Deciphering Bank Routing Numbers New York, NY: About, Inc.
  19. ^ Fitch, pp. 86, 278
  20. ^ Lane, p. Find Routing Numbers
  21. ^ Rittenhouse, p. 18
  22. ^ Accuity, p. 2
  23. ^ BankenScribe, p. index
  24. ^ Fitch, pp. 278
  25. ^ Lane, p. Find Routing Numbers
  26. ^ Lane, p. Find Fractional Numbers
  27. ^ McNally, pp. 497-512
  28. ^ McNally, p. V
  29. ^ McNally, p. VIII
  30. ^ McNally, p. III
  31. ^ McNally, pp. V-VI
  32. ^ McNally, pp. VI-VIII
  33. ^ McNally, p. VI
  34. ^ RM Acq, p. Our History
  35. ^ Acuity, Bankers', p. About us
  36. ^ Reed Elsevier, p. Our history
  37. ^ ABA, p. Key to Routing Numbers--Accuity
  38. ^ McNally, p. V
  39. ^ McNally, p. IV
  40. ^ Hammond, pp. 223-256
  41. ^ McNally, p. 1
  42. ^ McNally, p. 1
  43. ^ McNally, p. 13
  44. ^ McNally, p. 18
  45. ^ McNally, p. I
  46. ^ McNally, p. 23
  47. ^ McNally, p. V
  48. ^ McNally, pp. VI-VIII
  49. ^ Accuity, p. 2
  50. ^ McNally, p. IV
  51. ^ McNally, p. VIII
  52. ^ McNally, p. VIII
  53. ^ McNally, pp. 68, 400, 497-512.
  54. ^ Fitch, pp. 86, 278
  55. ^ 4. Bank. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. 1962. G. & C. Merriam Co.
  56. ^ McCarthy, Tara. 2002. Real Life Reading. Page 52. Scholastic Inc. ISBN 0439237769, 9780439237765 Google Books Preview
  57. ^ Linde, Barbara M. 2007. Managing Your Money: Understanding Math Operations Involving Decimals and Integers. Page 19. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 1404233695, 9781404233690 Google Books Preview
  58. ^ Xerox. 2002. Generic MICR Fundamentels Guide. Pages 1-1, 4-3, 4-8, 4-15. El Segundo, CA: Xerox Corporation.Publication 701P22140
  59. ^ McQuaig, Douglas; Bille, Patricia; Nobles, Tracie. 2010. College Accounting, Chapters 1-12 Pages 215-216. Cengage Learning, ISBN 1439038783, 9781439038789. Google Books Preview
  60. ^ Proctor, Deborah B.; Adams, Alexandra Patricia. 2014. Kinn's The Medical Assistant: An Applied Learning Approach. Page 434. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 0323292895, 9780323292894 Google Books Preview

Sources

ABA. 2014. aba.com. Washington, DC: American Bankers Association
Accuity. 2007. [www.aba.com/Products/Endorsed/Documents/894d00bd54034c60beb2b01f9be66991ABAKEY_2011.pdf Accuity's ad for the 2011 Key to Routing Numbers with explanations and sample listings] Skokie IL: Accuity, Inc.
Acuity, Bankers'. Accuity.com 2014. Sutton, UK: Reed Business Information Ltd.
Adams, Alexandra Patricia. 2013. Kinn's The Administrative Medical Assistant: An Applied Learning Approach. ISBN 0323221033, 9780323221030 Google Books
BankenScribe. 2010. BankenScribe. Petaling Jaya, Selangor: BankenScribe
Blesi et al. Blesi, Michelle; Wise, Barbara; Kelley-Arney, Cathy. 2011. Medical Assisting Administrative and Clinical Competencies Cengage Learning ISBN 1133706967, 9781133706960 Google eBook
Brown et al. Brown, Helen; Prisuta, Robert; Jacobs, Bella; Campbell, Anne. 1996. 2004. Literacy Of Older Adults In America: Results From The National Adult Literary Survey, NCES 97-576. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Ecucation. Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing. Google eBook ISBN 0788139983, 9780788139987
Ellis. Ellis publishing company. 1910. Student's guide to accompany the Ellis cabinet system of teaching bookkeeping and business practice: Elementary course Battle Creek, Michigan: Ellis publishing co. Google eBook
Fitch. Fitch, Thomas P. 2000. Dictionary of Banking Term, Fourth Edition. " magnetic ink character recognition" entry. labeled illustration. item 3. bank number. and "check digit" entry. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. LCCCN 00-031164 ISBN 0-7641-1260-0
Freedman, Jeri. 2009. First Bank Account and First Investments Smarts Get smart with your money New York: NY: The Rosen Publishing Group Google Books
Gitman, Lawrence; Joehnk, Michael; Billingsley, Randall. 2011. PFIN 2. Independence, KY: Cengage Learning. Mason, OH: South-Western ISBN 1133712517, 9781133712510 Google eBook
Hammond. C.S. Hammond & Company. 1913. Hammond's Pocket Atlas of the World: Containing New Colored Maps of Each State and Territory of the United States and of Every Country in the World. With 1910 Census of the United States. Google eBook New York, NY: C.S. Hammond & Company
Lane. Lane Guide. 2011. laneguide.com Reno NV: Lane Guide Lenders On Line, Inc.
Linde, Barbara M. 2007. Managing Your Money: Understanding Math Operations Involving Decimals and Integers. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group Google Books
Lipsitz, Lawrence. 1976. The Test Score Decline: Meaning and Issues Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Educational Technology Publications, Inc. ISBN 0877780951, 9780877780953 Google eBook
McNally. Rand McNally and Company & American Bankers Association. 1911. Key to Numerical System of the American Bankers Association with Check Routing Symbols, Volume 1. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally. Google eBook.
Reed Elsevier. 2013. About Reed Elsevier London, UK: Reed Elsevier.
Rittenhouse. Rittenhouse, Charles Forest. 1915. Elements of accounts. Boston, MA: A. D. Maclachlan. Google eBook
RM Acq. RM Acquisition. 2014. About Rand McNally Skokie, Illinois: RM Acquisition, LLC
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