Brighamia insignis: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m →top: clean up; http→https for The Guardian using AWB |
Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v1.4.2) |
||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
'''''Brighamia insignis''''', commonly known as '''''Ōlulu''''' or '''''Alula''''' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WA246oBPf7UC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Nā Lei Makamae: the Treasured Lei |first=Marie A. |last=McDonald |author2=Paul R. Weissich|author3= Jean Cote |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8248-2649-9 |page=124}}</ref> or colloquially as the '''vulcan palm'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/brighamia-insignis |title=Brighamia insignis , Hawaiian palm, Hawaiian vulcan palm, Hawaiian alula, Olulu palm, Cabbage tree, Cabbage on a stick - Shoot |publisher=Shootgardening.co.uk |date= |accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> or '''cabbage on a stick''',<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BRIN4 USDA Plants Profile]</ref> is a [[critically endangered species]] of [[Hawaiian lobelioids|Hawaiian lobelioid]] in the [[Campanula|bellflower]] family, [[Campanulaceae]]. It is native to the islands of [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] and [[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]]. This short-lived perennial species is a member of a unique endemic [[Hawaii]]an genus with only one other species. It is now extremely rare. In 1994 the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] reported five populations totaling 45 to 65 individuals, and listed the plant as an [[endangered species]]. |
'''''Brighamia insignis''''', commonly known as '''''Ōlulu''''' or '''''Alula''''' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WA246oBPf7UC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Nā Lei Makamae: the Treasured Lei |first=Marie A. |last=McDonald |author2=Paul R. Weissich|author3= Jean Cote |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8248-2649-9 |page=124}}</ref> or colloquially as the '''vulcan palm'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/brighamia-insignis |title=Brighamia insignis , Hawaiian palm, Hawaiian vulcan palm, Hawaiian alula, Olulu palm, Cabbage tree, Cabbage on a stick - Shoot |publisher=Shootgardening.co.uk |date= |accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref> or '''cabbage on a stick''',<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BRIN4 USDA Plants Profile]</ref> is a [[critically endangered species]] of [[Hawaiian lobelioids|Hawaiian lobelioid]] in the [[Campanula|bellflower]] family, [[Campanulaceae]]. It is native to the islands of [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] and [[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]]. This short-lived perennial species is a member of a unique endemic [[Hawaii]]an genus with only one other species. It is now extremely rare. In 1994 the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] reported five populations totaling 45 to 65 individuals, and listed the plant as an [[endangered species]]. |
||
''B. insignis'' is a potentially branched plant with a [[succulent]] [[Plant stem|stem]] that is bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a compact [[Rosette (botany)|rosette]] of fleshy [[Leaf|leaves]]. The stem is usually {{convert|1|-|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height, but can reach {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NTBG">{{cite web |url=http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=1923 |title=''Brighamia insignis'' |work=Meet the Plants |publisher=[[National Tropical Botanical Garden]] |accessdate=15 November 2009}}</ref> The plant blooms in September through November.<ref name=uni>[http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/bri-insi.htm Hawaiian Native Plant Cultivation Database.] University of Hawaii, Manoa.</ref> It has clusters of fragrant yellow [[flower]]s in groups of three to eight in the leaf axils. The scent has been compared to [[honeysuckle]].<ref name=uni/> [[Petal]]s are fused into a tube {{convert|7|to|14|cm|abbr=on}} long. The [[fruit]] is a [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]] {{convert|13|to|19|mm|in|abbr=on}} long containing numerous [[seed]]s.<ref name="CPC">{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/Collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=630 |title=Brighamia insignis |
''B. insignis'' is a potentially branched plant with a [[succulent]] [[Plant stem|stem]] that is bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a compact [[Rosette (botany)|rosette]] of fleshy [[Leaf|leaves]]. The stem is usually {{convert|1|-|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height, but can reach {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NTBG">{{cite web |url=http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=1923 |title=''Brighamia insignis'' |work=Meet the Plants |publisher=[[National Tropical Botanical Garden]] |accessdate=15 November 2009}}</ref> The plant blooms in September through November.<ref name=uni>[http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/bri-insi.htm Hawaiian Native Plant Cultivation Database.] University of Hawaii, Manoa.</ref> It has clusters of fragrant yellow [[flower]]s in groups of three to eight in the leaf axils. The scent has been compared to [[honeysuckle]].<ref name=uni/> [[Petal]]s are fused into a tube {{convert|7|to|14|cm|abbr=on}} long. The [[fruit]] is a [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]] {{convert|13|to|19|mm|in|abbr=on}} long containing numerous [[seed]]s.<ref name="CPC">{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/Collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=630 |title=Brighamia insignis |work=CPC National Collection Plant Profiles |publisher=Center for Plant Conservation |date=22 July 2008 |accessdate=15 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028210131/http://centerforplantconservation.org/Collection/CPC_ViewProfile.asp?CPCNum=630 |archivedate=28 October 2010 |df= }}</ref> |
||
''B. insignis'' is found at elevations from sea level to {{convert|480|m|ft|abbr=on}} in [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Coastal mesic forests|mesic shrublands]]<!--Na Pali is considered moist, not dry--> and [[Hawaiian tropical dry forests|dry forests]] that receive less than {{convert|170|cm|in|abbr=on}} of annual rainfall. It grows on rocky ledges with little [[soil]] and steep sea [[cliff]]s.<ref name="NTBG"/> Associated plants include ''{{okina}}āhinahina'' (''[[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]]'' spp.) ''{{okina}}akoko'' (''[[Euphorbia celastroides]]''), ''alahe{{okina}}e'' (''[[Psydrax odorata]]''), ''kāwelu'' (''[[Eragrostis]] [[Eragrostis variabilis|variabilis]]''), ''pili'' (''[[Heteropogon contortus]]''), ''koki{{okina}}o'' {{okina}}ula (''[[Hawaiian hibiscus|Hibiscus kokio]]''), ''{{okina}}ānaunau'' (''[[Lepidium]] [[Lepidium serra|serra]]''), ''nehe'' (''[[Lipochaeta succulenta]]''), ''pokulakalaka'' (''[[Munroidendron racemosum]]''), and ''{{okina}}ilima'' (''[[Sida fallax]]'').<ref name="CPC"/> |
''B. insignis'' is found at elevations from sea level to {{convert|480|m|ft|abbr=on}} in [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Coastal mesic forests|mesic shrublands]]<!--Na Pali is considered moist, not dry--> and [[Hawaiian tropical dry forests|dry forests]] that receive less than {{convert|170|cm|in|abbr=on}} of annual rainfall. It grows on rocky ledges with little [[soil]] and steep sea [[cliff]]s.<ref name="NTBG"/> Associated plants include ''{{okina}}āhinahina'' (''[[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]]'' spp.) ''{{okina}}akoko'' (''[[Euphorbia celastroides]]''), ''alahe{{okina}}e'' (''[[Psydrax odorata]]''), ''kāwelu'' (''[[Eragrostis]] [[Eragrostis variabilis|variabilis]]''), ''pili'' (''[[Heteropogon contortus]]''), ''koki{{okina}}o'' {{okina}}ula (''[[Hawaiian hibiscus|Hibiscus kokio]]''), ''{{okina}}ānaunau'' (''[[Lepidium]] [[Lepidium serra|serra]]''), ''nehe'' (''[[Lipochaeta succulenta]]''), ''pokulakalaka'' (''[[Munroidendron racemosum]]''), and ''{{okina}}ilima'' (''[[Sida fallax]]'').<ref name="CPC"/> |
||
According to the U.S. Botanic Garden, its only [[pollinator]] was a certain type of now-extinct [[Sphingidae|hawk moth]]. This has made it all but impossible for ''B. insignis'' to reproduce on its own.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/files/Flora%20fact%20sheets/Bri_ins%20plant%20NTBG_OK.pdf |format=PDF |title=Alula, Olulu |work=Hawaii's Species of Greatest Conservation Need: Process and SGCN Fact Sheets |publisher=Hawaii Department of Fish and Wildlife |accessdate=10 December 2008}}</ref> Therefore, individuals only produce seed when artificially pollinated by humans.<ref>{{cite web|author=James Wong|author-link=James Wong (ethnobotanist)|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/10/gardens-all-hail-the-vulcan-palm |title=Gardens: all hail the vulcan palm | James Wong | Life and style |publisher=The Guardian |date=16 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref> |
According to the U.S. Botanic Garden, its only [[pollinator]] was a certain type of now-extinct [[Sphingidae|hawk moth]]. This has made it all but impossible for ''B. insignis'' to reproduce on its own.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/files/Flora%20fact%20sheets/Bri_ins%20plant%20NTBG_OK.pdf |format=PDF |title=Alula, Olulu |work=Hawaii's Species of Greatest Conservation Need: Process and SGCN Fact Sheets |publisher=Hawaii Department of Fish and Wildlife |accessdate=10 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234552/http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/files/Flora%20fact%20sheets/Bri_ins%20plant%20NTBG_OK.pdf |archivedate=26 September 2007 |df= }}</ref> Therefore, individuals only produce seed when artificially pollinated by humans.<ref>{{cite web|author=James Wong|author-link=James Wong (ethnobotanist)|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/jan/10/gardens-all-hail-the-vulcan-palm |title=Gardens: all hail the vulcan palm | James Wong | Life and style |publisher=The Guardian |date=16 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref> |
||
Other threats to the species have included [[introduced species|exotic plant species]], [[feral goat]]s and [[feral pig|pigs]], [[slug]]s, [[rat]]s, [[fire]], and infestations of carmine spider mites (''[[Tetranychus cinnabarinus]]'').<ref name=tnc>[http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Brighamia+insignis The Nature Conservancy]</ref><ref name=five>USFWS. [http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc1767.pdf ''Brighamia insignis'' Five Year Review.] January 18, 2008.</ref> There is also a [[Hiking|hiking trail]] near one of the populations.<ref name=tnc/> The plant grows on steep, exposed cliffs and has been damaged by [[hurricane]]s and [[landslide]]s.<ref name=five/> |
Other threats to the species have included [[introduced species|exotic plant species]], [[feral goat]]s and [[feral pig|pigs]], [[slug]]s, [[rat]]s, [[fire]], and infestations of carmine spider mites (''[[Tetranychus cinnabarinus]]'').<ref name=tnc>[http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Brighamia+insignis The Nature Conservancy]</ref><ref name=five>USFWS. [http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc1767.pdf ''Brighamia insignis'' Five Year Review.] January 18, 2008.</ref> There is also a [[Hiking|hiking trail]] near one of the populations.<ref name=tnc/> The plant grows on steep, exposed cliffs and has been damaged by [[hurricane]]s and [[landslide]]s.<ref name=five/> |
||
Despite its rarity in the wild it is not hard to cultivate in a [[plant nursery|nursery]],<ref name=five/> and it has come into use as a novel [[ornamental plant]].<ref>[http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?rid=122&plantid=1923 National Tropical Botanical Garden]</ref> |
Despite its rarity in the wild it is not hard to cultivate in a [[plant nursery|nursery]],<ref name=five/> and it has come into use as a novel [[ornamental plant]].<ref>[http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?rid=122&plantid=1923 National Tropical Botanical Garden]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
||
==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
||
Revision as of 20:06, 25 July 2017
| Brighamia insignis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Subfamily: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | B. insignis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Brighamia insignis | |
Brighamia insignis, commonly known as Ōlulu or Alula in Hawaiian,[2] or colloquially as the vulcan palm[3] or cabbage on a stick,[4] is a critically endangered species of Hawaiian lobelioid in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae. It is native to the islands of Kauaʻi and Niʻihau. This short-lived perennial species is a member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species. It is now extremely rare. In 1994 the United States Fish and Wildlife Service reported five populations totaling 45 to 65 individuals, and listed the plant as an endangered species.
B. insignis is a potentially branched plant with a succulent stem that is bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a compact rosette of fleshy leaves. The stem is usually 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) in height, but can reach 5 m (16 ft).[5] The plant blooms in September through November.[6] It has clusters of fragrant yellow flowers in groups of three to eight in the leaf axils. The scent has been compared to honeysuckle.[6] Petals are fused into a tube 7 to 14 cm (2.8 to 5.5 in) long. The fruit is a capsule 13 to 19 mm (0.51 to 0.75 in) long containing numerous seeds.[7]
B. insignis is found at elevations from sea level to 480 m (1,570 ft) in mesic shrublands and dry forests that receive less than 170 cm (67 in) of annual rainfall. It grows on rocky ledges with little soil and steep sea cliffs.[5] Associated plants include ʻāhinahina (Artemisia spp.) ʻakoko (Euphorbia celastroides), alaheʻe (Psydrax odorata), kāwelu (Eragrostis variabilis), pili (Heteropogon contortus), kokiʻo ʻula (Hibiscus kokio), ʻānaunau (Lepidium serra), nehe (Lipochaeta succulenta), pokulakalaka (Munroidendron racemosum), and ʻilima (Sida fallax).[7]
According to the U.S. Botanic Garden, its only pollinator was a certain type of now-extinct hawk moth. This has made it all but impossible for B. insignis to reproduce on its own.[8] Therefore, individuals only produce seed when artificially pollinated by humans.[9]
Other threats to the species have included exotic plant species, feral goats and pigs, slugs, rats, fire, and infestations of carmine spider mites (Tetranychus cinnabarinus).[10][11] There is also a hiking trail near one of the populations.[10] The plant grows on steep, exposed cliffs and has been damaged by hurricanes and landslides.[11]
Despite its rarity in the wild it is not hard to cultivate in a nursery,[11] and it has come into use as a novel ornamental plant.[12]
Gallery
-
Flowers of the Brighamia insignis -
Flower HawaiianPalm -
An alula plant at Limahuli Garden and Preserve, Kauaʻi.
References
- ^ Template:IUCN2013.2
- ^ McDonald, Marie A.; Paul R. Weissich; Jean Cote (2003). Nā Lei Makamae: the Treasured Lei. University of Hawaii Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-8248-2649-9.
- ^ "Brighamia insignis , Hawaiian palm, Hawaiian vulcan palm, Hawaiian alula, Olulu palm, Cabbage tree, Cabbage on a stick - Shoot". Shootgardening.co.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
- ^ USDA Plants Profile
- ^ a b "Brighamia insignis". Meet the Plants. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
- ^ a b Hawaiian Native Plant Cultivation Database. University of Hawaii, Manoa.
- ^ a b "Brighamia insignis". CPC National Collection Plant Profiles. Center for Plant Conservation. 22 July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Alula, Olulu" (PDF). Hawaii's Species of Greatest Conservation Need: Process and SGCN Fact Sheets. Hawaii Department of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ James Wong (16 January 2016). "Gardens: all hail the vulcan palm | James Wong | Life and style". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
- ^ a b The Nature Conservancy
- ^ a b c USFWS. Brighamia insignis Five Year Review. January 18, 2008.
- ^ National Tropical Botanical Garden[permanent dead link]
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brighamia insignis.
- "Brighamia insignis". Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.