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Contrary to myth, the snake does not crush the prey, or break its [[bone]]s. Also, contrary to previous belief, the snake does not cause suffocation by constricting the victim. Instead, a study of death caused by [[boa constrictor]]s, showed that constriction "shuts off" blood flow (and therefore oxygen) needed by vital organs such as the [[heart]] and [[brain]], which would lead to [[unconsciousness]] and death very quickly – in seconds – in other words, constriction can interrupt [[blood flow]] and overwhelm the prey's usual [[blood pressure]] and [[circulatory system|circulation]].<ref name="bbc_2015">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-33625080</ref> Artery pressure drops, vein pressure increases, and blood vessels begin to close. The heart does not have enough strength to pump against the pressure and blood flow stops. Internal organs with high metabolic rates, including the brain, liver, and the heart begin to stop and die due to [[ischemia]], a loss of oxygen and glucose. There is evidence that boa constrictors have more difficulty killing [[ectotherm]]s, animals like lizards and snakes that rely on external heat to regulate their body temperatures. A boa constrictor was observed attacking a spinytail iguana for an hour, and the iguana survived.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Why We Were Totally Wrong About How Boa Constrictors Kill|url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150722-boa-constrictors-snakes-animals-science-kill|website = National Geographic News|accessdate = 2015-07-23|first = Jason|last = Bittel|first2 = National Geographic PUBLISHED July|last2 = 22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Snake constriction rapidly induces circulatory arrest in rats|url = http://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/14/2279|journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology|date = 2015-07-01|issn = 0022-0949|pages = 2279–2288|volume = 218|issue = 14|doi = 10.1242/jeb.121384|first = Scott M.|last = Boback|first2 = Katelyn J.|last2 = McCann|first3 = Kevin A.|last3 = Wood|first4 = Patrick M.|last4 = McNeal|first5 = Emmett L.|last5 = Blankenship|first6 = Charles F.|last6 = Zwemer|pmid=26202779}}</ref>
Contrary to myth, the snake does not crush the prey, or break its [[bone]]s. Also, contrary to previous belief, the snake does not cause suffocation by constricting the victim. Instead, a study of death caused by [[boa constrictor]]s, showed that constriction "shuts off" blood flow (and therefore oxygen) needed by vital organs such as the [[heart]] and [[brain]], which would lead to [[unconsciousness]] and death very quickly – in seconds – in other words, constriction can interrupt [[blood flow]] and overwhelm the prey's usual [[blood pressure]] and [[circulatory system|circulation]].<ref name="bbc_2015">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-33625080</ref> Artery pressure drops, vein pressure increases, and blood vessels begin to close. The heart does not have enough strength to pump against the pressure and blood flow stops. Internal organs with high metabolic rates, including the brain, liver, and the heart begin to stop and die due to [[ischemia]], a loss of oxygen and glucose. There is evidence that boa constrictors have more difficulty killing [[ectotherm]]s, animals like lizards and snakes that rely on external heat to regulate their body temperatures. A boa constrictor was observed attacking a spinytail iguana for an hour, and the iguana survived.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Why We Were Totally Wrong About How Boa Constrictors Kill|url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150722-boa-constrictors-snakes-animals-science-kill|website = National Geographic News|accessdate = 2015-07-23|first = Jason|last = Bittel|first2 = National Geographic PUBLISHED July|last2 = 22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Snake constriction rapidly induces circulatory arrest in rats|url = http://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/14/2279|journal = The Journal of Experimental Biology|date = 2015-07-01|issn = 0022-0949|pages = 2279–2288|volume = 218|issue = 14|doi = 10.1242/jeb.121384|first = Scott M.|last = Boback|first2 = Katelyn J.|last2 = McCann|first3 = Kevin A.|last3 = Wood|first4 = Patrick M.|last4 = McNeal|first5 = Emmett L.|last5 = Blankenship|first6 = Charles F.|last6 = Zwemer|pmid=26202779}}</ref>


As this is comparatively recent research (2015), it is possible that other constrictors kill in other ways. It had previously been accepted that constrictors used their body to hold the prey tight and prevent the prey from drawing air into its lungs, resulting in death from [[Compressive asphyxia|asphyxia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Boa_constrictor/#ac06118c72d88203ff4d5233ab75b56c|title=ADW: Boa constrictor: INFORMATION|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> or that the pressure of constriction causes a rise in the pressure in the prey's body cavity greater than the heart can counter, resulting in immediate [[cardiac arrest]];<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hardy | first1 = David L | year = 1994 | title = A re-evaluation of suffocation as the cause of death during constriction by snakes | url = | journal = Herpetological Review | volume = 229 | issue = | pages = 45–47 }}</ref> data from earlier studies had also indicated that snakes can exert enough pressure for these to be plausible.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Moon | first1 = | year = 2000 | title = The mechanics and muscular control of constriction in gopher snakes (''Pituophis melanoleucus'') and a king snake (''Lampropeltis getula'') | url = http://www.ucs.ull.edu/~brm2286/Moon_2000_constriction.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 252 | issue = | pages = 83–98 | doi=10.1017/s0952836900009109}}</ref>
As this is comparatively recent research (2015), it is possible that other constrictors kill in other ways. It had previously been accepted that constrictors used their body to hold the prey tight and prevent the prey from drawing air into its lungs, resulting in death from [[Compressive asphyxia|asphyxia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Boa_constrictor/#ac06118c72d88203ff4d5233ab75b56c|title=ADW: Boa constrictor: INFORMATION|accessdate=10 May 2014}}</ref> or that the pressure of constriction causes a rise in the pressure in the prey's body cavity greater than the heart can counter, resulting in immediate [[cardiac arrest]];<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hardy | first1 = David L | year = 1994 | title = A re-evaluation of suffocation as the cause of death during constriction by snakes | url = | journal = Herpetological Review | volume = 229 | issue = | pages = 45–47 }}</ref> data from earlier studies had also indicated that snakes can exert enough pressure for these to be plausible.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Moon | first1 = | year = 2000 | title = The mechanics and muscular control of constriction in gopher snakes (''Pituophis melanoleucus'') and a king snake (''Lampropeltis getula'') | url = http://www.ucs.ull.edu/~brm2286/Moon_2000_constriction.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 252 | issue = | pages = 83–98 | doi = 10.1017/s0952836900009109 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085653/http://www.ucs.ull.edu/~brm2286/Moon_2000_constriction.pdf | archivedate = 2011-07-20 | df = }}</ref>


Certain groups of snakes have characteristic patterns of constriction, including the number of coils they use and the orientation of the coils.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=1443922|pages=379–382|last1=Willard|first1=D. E.|title=Constricting Methods of Snakes|volume=1977|issue=2|journal=Copeia|year=1977|doi=10.2307/1443922}}</ref><ref>Bealor, M.T. and Saviola, A.J., 2007. Behavioural complexity and prey-handling ability in snakes: gauging the benefits of constriction. Behaviour, 144(8), pp.907-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781492690</ref>
Certain groups of snakes have characteristic patterns of constriction, including the number of coils they use and the orientation of the coils.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=1443922|pages=379–382|last1=Willard|first1=D. E.|title=Constricting Methods of Snakes|volume=1977|issue=2|journal=Copeia|year=1977|doi=10.2307/1443922}}</ref><ref>Bealor, M.T. and Saviola, A.J., 2007. Behavioural complexity and prey-handling ability in snakes: gauging the benefits of constriction. Behaviour, 144(8), pp.907-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781492690</ref>


Venomous snakes that also use constriction include the [[mussurana]]s (ophiophagous South American mildly venomous rear-fanged colubrids which use constriction to subdue snakes including [[pit vipers]]), the [[western terrestrial garter snake]] (North American colubrid which is an inefficient constrictor and, like most ''Thamnophis'' garter snakes, mildly venomous),<ref name="Rebecca R. Groen 2001 pp. 450-460">{{cite journal | last1 = de Queiroz | first1 = Alan | last2 = Groen | first2 = Rebecca R. | year = 2001 | title = The inconsistent and inefficient constricting behavior of Colorado Western Terrestrial Garter Snakes, Thamnophis elegans | url = | journal = Journal of Herpetology | volume = 35 | issue = 3| pages = 450–460 | doi=10.2307/1565963}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gregory | first1 = Patrick T. | last2 = Macartney | first2 = J. Malcolm | last3 = Rivard | first3 = Donald H. | year = | title = Small mammal predation and prey handling behavior by the wandering garter snake Thamnophis elegans | url = | journal = Herpetologica | volume = 36 | issue = 1| pages = 87–93 }}</ref> some species of [[Boiga]] snakes (Asian and Australian rear-fanged colubrids) including the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis),<ref name="Rebecca R. Groen 2001 pp. 450-460"/><ref>CHISZAR, D. A. 1990. The behavior of the brown tree snake: a study in applied comparative psychology. In D. A. Dewsbury (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Comparative Psychology, pp. 101-123. Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Sunderland, MA.</ref><ref>http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/bioeco/btsnake.asp</ref> some species of Australian elapids (including some of the venomous [[Pseudonaja]] brown snakes and one Australian coral snake [[Simoselaps]]), and a few Australian colubrids.<ref name="Shine 1985" />
Venomous snakes that also use constriction include the [[mussurana]]s (ophiophagous South American mildly venomous rear-fanged colubrids which use constriction to subdue snakes including [[pit vipers]]), the [[western terrestrial garter snake]] (North American colubrid which is an inefficient constrictor and, like most ''Thamnophis'' garter snakes, mildly venomous),<ref name="Rebecca R. Groen 2001 pp. 450-460">{{cite journal | last1 = de Queiroz | first1 = Alan | last2 = Groen | first2 = Rebecca R. | year = 2001 | title = The inconsistent and inefficient constricting behavior of Colorado Western Terrestrial Garter Snakes, Thamnophis elegans | url = | journal = Journal of Herpetology | volume = 35 | issue = 3| pages = 450–460 | doi=10.2307/1565963}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gregory | first1 = Patrick T. | last2 = Macartney | first2 = J. Malcolm | last3 = Rivard | first3 = Donald H. | year = | title = Small mammal predation and prey handling behavior by the wandering garter snake Thamnophis elegans | url = | journal = Herpetologica | volume = 36 | issue = 1| pages = 87–93 }}</ref> some species of [[Boiga]] snakes (Asian and Australian rear-fanged colubrids) including the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis),<ref name="Rebecca R. Groen 2001 pp. 450-460"/><ref>CHISZAR, D. A. 1990. The behavior of the brown tree snake: a study in applied comparative psychology. In D. A. Dewsbury (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Comparative Psychology, pp. 101-123. Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Sunderland, MA.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/bioeco/btsnake.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-04-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113012410/http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/bioeco/btsnake.asp |archivedate=2012-11-13 |df= }}</ref> some species of Australian elapids (including some of the venomous [[Pseudonaja]] brown snakes and one Australian coral snake [[Simoselaps]]), and a few Australian colubrids.<ref name="Shine 1985" />


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 13:34, 12 August 2017

Constriction is a method used by various snake species to kill their prey. Although some species of venomous and mildly venomous snakes do use constriction to subdue their prey, most snakes which use constriction lack venom.[1] The snake initially strikes at its prey and holds on, pulling the prey into its coils or, in the case of very large prey, pulling itself onto the prey. The snake will then wrap one or two coils around the prey. The snake will monitor the prey's heartbeat to ascertain when it is dead.[2][3][4]

A Rainbow Boa (Epicrates cenchria cenchria) constricting and swallowing a mouse

Contrary to myth, the snake does not crush the prey, or break its bones. Also, contrary to previous belief, the snake does not cause suffocation by constricting the victim. Instead, a study of death caused by boa constrictors, showed that constriction "shuts off" blood flow (and therefore oxygen) needed by vital organs such as the heart and brain, which would lead to unconsciousness and death very quickly – in seconds – in other words, constriction can interrupt blood flow and overwhelm the prey's usual blood pressure and circulation.[5] Artery pressure drops, vein pressure increases, and blood vessels begin to close. The heart does not have enough strength to pump against the pressure and blood flow stops. Internal organs with high metabolic rates, including the brain, liver, and the heart begin to stop and die due to ischemia, a loss of oxygen and glucose. There is evidence that boa constrictors have more difficulty killing ectotherms, animals like lizards and snakes that rely on external heat to regulate their body temperatures. A boa constrictor was observed attacking a spinytail iguana for an hour, and the iguana survived.[6][7]

As this is comparatively recent research (2015), it is possible that other constrictors kill in other ways. It had previously been accepted that constrictors used their body to hold the prey tight and prevent the prey from drawing air into its lungs, resulting in death from asphyxia,[8] or that the pressure of constriction causes a rise in the pressure in the prey's body cavity greater than the heart can counter, resulting in immediate cardiac arrest;[9] data from earlier studies had also indicated that snakes can exert enough pressure for these to be plausible.[10]

Certain groups of snakes have characteristic patterns of constriction, including the number of coils they use and the orientation of the coils.[11][12]

Venomous snakes that also use constriction include the mussuranas (ophiophagous South American mildly venomous rear-fanged colubrids which use constriction to subdue snakes including pit vipers), the western terrestrial garter snake (North American colubrid which is an inefficient constrictor and, like most Thamnophis garter snakes, mildly venomous),[13][14] some species of Boiga snakes (Asian and Australian rear-fanged colubrids) including the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis),[13][15][16] some species of Australian elapids (including some of the venomous Pseudonaja brown snakes and one Australian coral snake Simoselaps), and a few Australian colubrids.[1]

External links

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Shine, R.; Schwaner, T. (1985). "Prey Constriction by Venomous Snakes: A Review, and New Data on Australian Species". Copeia. 1985 (4): 1067–1071. doi:10.2307/1445266. JSTOR 1445266.
  2. ^ Powell, Devin (25 Feb 2012). "Boas take pulse as they snuff it out". Science News. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  3. ^ Yong, Ed. "Snakes know when to stop squeezing because they sense the heartbeats of their prey". Retrieved 2015-07-23.
  4. ^ Boback, Scott M.; Hall, Allison E.; McCann, Katelyn J.; Hayes, Amanda W.; Forrester, Jeffrey S.; Zwemer, Charles F. (2012-06-23). "Snake modulates constriction in response to prey's heartbeat". Biology Letters. 8 (3): 473–476. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1105. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 3367750. PMID 22258447.
  5. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-33625080
  6. ^ Bittel, Jason; 22, National Geographic PUBLISHED July. "Why We Were Totally Wrong About How Boa Constrictors Kill". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2015-07-23. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)
  7. ^ Boback, Scott M.; McCann, Katelyn J.; Wood, Kevin A.; McNeal, Patrick M.; Blankenship, Emmett L.; Zwemer, Charles F. (2015-07-01). "Snake constriction rapidly induces circulatory arrest in rats". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (14): 2279–2288. doi:10.1242/jeb.121384. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 26202779.
  8. ^ "ADW: Boa constrictor: INFORMATION". Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  9. ^ Hardy, David L (1994). "A re-evaluation of suffocation as the cause of death during constriction by snakes". Herpetological Review. 229: 45–47.
  10. ^ Moon (2000). "The mechanics and muscular control of constriction in gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) and a king snake (Lampropeltis getula)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 252: 83–98. doi:10.1017/s0952836900009109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Willard, D. E. (1977). "Constricting Methods of Snakes". Copeia. 1977 (2): 379–382. doi:10.2307/1443922. JSTOR 1443922.
  12. ^ Bealor, M.T. and Saviola, A.J., 2007. Behavioural complexity and prey-handling ability in snakes: gauging the benefits of constriction. Behaviour, 144(8), pp.907-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781492690
  13. ^ a b de Queiroz, Alan; Groen, Rebecca R. (2001). "The inconsistent and inefficient constricting behavior of Colorado Western Terrestrial Garter Snakes, Thamnophis elegans". Journal of Herpetology. 35 (3): 450–460. doi:10.2307/1565963.
  14. ^ Gregory, Patrick T.; Macartney, J. Malcolm; Rivard, Donald H. "Small mammal predation and prey handling behavior by the wandering garter snake Thamnophis elegans". Herpetologica. 36 (1): 87–93.
  15. ^ CHISZAR, D. A. 1990. The behavior of the brown tree snake: a study in applied comparative psychology. In D. A. Dewsbury (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Comparative Psychology, pp. 101-123. Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Sunderland, MA.
  16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2013-04-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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