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The '''Onogurs''' (also '''Hunuguri''')<ref>The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, https://books.google.bg/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT129&dq=onogurs&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=onogurs&f=false</ref> were Hunnic tribe living north of the [[Sea of Azov]] from about 400 AD and were first mentioned by [[Agathias]].<ref>The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, Otto Maenchen-Helfen, page 297, 419, https://books.google.hr/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&pg=PA419&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAzgoahUKEwistou#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false</ref> Later they were also called [[Bulgars]].<ref>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, René Grousset, page V : "... Onogurs, Kutrigurs and Utigurs - Bulgar tribes encountered in the steppes of southern Russia...", https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PR5&dq=onogurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjPtJTX0JzPAhWS3oMKHT6fAgg4MhDoAQg8MAY#v=onepage&q=onogurs&f=false</ref><ref>The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim, (2013, Cambridge University Press) page 141: "Utigurs, Kutrigurs and Onogurs were in all likelihood identical with the Bulgars", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false</ref><ref>The Age of Justinian, J. A. S. Evans, (1996) page 91: "... Utigur or Onogur Bulgars", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jjSDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91&dq=onogur+utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2uvnJvvbKAhUBWhQKHWHOB-MQ6AEITjAJ#v=onepage&q=onogur%20utigur&f=false</ref><ref>Byzantium in the Seventh Century, J. F. Haldon, page 47 : "...the Onogur Huns or Bulgars...", https://books.google.co.il/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C&pg=PA47&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=hun&f=false</ref><ref>The Early Medieval Balkans, John Van Antwerp Fine, The University of Michigan Press (2000), page 66: " Meanwhile in the Steppes and the region around the sea of Azov dwelled the Onogur Bulgars. They were seminomadic,ethnically mixed people under a Bulgar chief. According to their traditions their ruling family, known as the house of Dulo, was descended from Attila the Hun. Though the scholars have advanced many theories, the origin and meaning of the name Dulo remain obscure. In 635 the Onogur chief Kovrat led a revolt against the Avars which succeeded in driving them from his land and putting an end to Avar suzerainty over the Onogurs", https://books.google.hr/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PA66&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwATgoahUKEwistou42ZPJAhWGWiwKHUbUDxI#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false</ref><ref>"Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia", (2011), Jeffrey E. Cole, page 55: " Onogur Bulgars " https://books.google.hr/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC&pg=PA55&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwATgyahUKEwiJ3IrG45PJAhUB1iwKHRgsA6s#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, Jennifer Lawler, page 76, https://books.google.hr/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA76&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBkQ6AEwADgeahUKEwjKvJiP0ZPJAhUJkiwKHbO7CBY#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false |
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</ref><ref>"Return to Authority", Daniel Larison, University Chicago, Department of History page 354: " Onogur Bulgars", https://books.google.hr/books?id=uHMHv8r1P1oC&pg=PA354&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwjKvJiP0ZPJAhUJkiwKHbO7CBY#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false</ref><ref>“The” Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans, Florin Curta, Roman Kovalev, (2008) page 142, https://books.google.hr/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C&pg=PA142&dq=onogur+bulgars&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7PvL0-3PAhUEWhoKHcGZDTgQ6AEIJDAB#v=onepage&q=onogur%20bulgars&f=false</ref><ref>Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture, J. F. Haldon, page 47, https://books.google.hr/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C&pg=PA47&dq=onogur+bulgars&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7PvL0-3PAhUEWhoKHcGZDTgQ6AEIUzAJ#v=onepage&q=onogur%20bulgars&f=false |
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{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}} |
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</ref><ref>The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, "Onogurs were also called Bulgars...", https://books.google.hr/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT130&dq=onogur+bulgars&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEjLKm1u3PAhVC1xoKHV6BDCQ4ChDoAQgeMAE#v=onepage&q=onogurs%20&f=false</ref><ref>Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610-1071, Romilly James Heald Jenkins, page 45: "In the time of Heraclius the so called Onogur Bulgarians are found in large numbers between Kuban and the Volga rivers", https://books.google.hr/books?id=O5JqH_NXQBsC&pg=PA45&dq=onogur+bulgars&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEjLKm1u3PAhVC1xoKHV6BDCQ4ChDoAQgkMAI#v=onepage&q=onogur%20bulgars&f=false</ref><ref>From Attila to Charlemagne, Katharine Reynolds Brown, Dafydd Kidd, Charles T. Little, page 172, https://books.google.hr/books?id=FYI8xsBHeSMC&pg=PA172&dq=onogur+bulgars&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY9eH42O3PAhXEPBoKHdfJB6I4FBDoAQgZMAA#v=onepage&q=onogur%20bulgars&f=false</ref> They were part of the remnants of the [[Hun]] empire of [[Attila]]'s sons in the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] |
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.<ref>Deeds of the Hungarians, Simon Kézai, Jeno Szucs, page XLIV, https://books.google.hr/books?id=a72xT1YubqAC&pg=PR44&dq=onogur+huns&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj78bjvzf7PAhWGzRoKHfr6AqU4FBDoAQg9MAg#v=onepage&q=onogur%20huns&f=false</ref> According to some authors their origin can be traced to Central Asia.<ref>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, edited by Michael Maas, page 186, https://books.google.hr/books?id=67dUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186&dq=onogurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjN7N3_2u3PAhWDCBoKHQ-jC_s4ChDoAQhCMAc#v=onepage&q=onogurs&f=false</ref> |
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The '''Onoğurs''' or '''Oğurs''' (Όνόγουροι, Οὒρωγοι; Onογurs, Ογurs; "ten tribes", "tribes"), were [[Turkic people|Turkic]] [[Eurasian nomads|nomadic equestrians]] who flourished in the [[Pontic-Caspian steppe]] and the [[Volga region]] between 5th and 7th century, and spoke [[Oghur languages|Oğhuric]] language.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=135–145}} |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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Accordin to Peter Golden the name ''Onoğur'' is derived as ''On-Oğur'' "ten Oğurs (tribes)".{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=23, 237}} Modern scholars consider Turkic tribal terms [[Turkic tribal confederations|''oğuz'' and ''oğur'']] to be derived from Turkic ''*og/uq'', meaning "kinship or being akin to".{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=96}} The terms initially were not the same, as ''oq/ogsiz'' meant "arrow",{{sfn|Golden|2012|p=96}} while ''oğul'' meant "offspring, child, son", ''oğuš/uğuš'' was "tribe, clan", and the verb ''oğša-/oqša'' meant "to be like, resemble".{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=96}} According to some scholars Onogurs spoke [[Oghur languages|Oğhuric]] language,{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=135–145}} however their name alone would not make them Turks - by such logic the [[Piegan Blackfeet]] tribe in [[Montana]] should have spoken English. Despite the fact that the tribal name appears to be of Turkish origin, some of their leaders had Iranian names.<ref>The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, tto Maenchen-Helfen, page 419, https://books.google.hr/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&pg=PA419&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAzgoahUKEwistou#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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According to the Qağan, part of those ''Ouar'' ([[Hephthalite Empire#Uar|Uar]]) and ''Khounni'' ([[Huns]]) who arrived to Eastern Europe were mistook by the Onoğurs, [[Barsils]], [[Sabirs]] and other tribes for the original Avars, and as such the Uar and Huns took advantage of the situation and began call themselves as the Avars.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=109}} Simokattes also recounts "''when the Ogor, then, were brought completely to heel, the Qaγan gave over the chief of the ''Κὸλχ'' (Kolx{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=142}}) to the bite of the sword''", shows Oğurs resistance toward Türk authority.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=142}} Scholars consider if the ''Til'' is ''Qara Itil'' (Black Itil) i.e. Volga (Atil/Itil), then the mentioned ''Ὀγώρ'' would be the Oğurs, while if is in Inner Asia, then could be the Uyghurs.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=142}} |
According to the Qağan, part of those ''Ouar'' ([[Hephthalite Empire#Uar|Uar]]) and ''Khounni'' ([[Huns]]) who arrived to Eastern Europe were mistook by the Onoğurs, [[Barsils]], [[Sabirs]] and other tribes for the original Avars, and as such the Uar and Huns took advantage of the situation and began call themselves as the Avars.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=109}} Simokattes also recounts "''when the Ogor, then, were brought completely to heel, the Qaγan gave over the chief of the ''Κὸλχ'' (Kolx{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=142}}) to the bite of the sword''", shows Oğurs resistance toward Türk authority.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=142}} Scholars consider if the ''Til'' is ''Qara Itil'' (Black Itil) i.e. Volga (Atil/Itil), then the mentioned ''Ὀγώρ'' would be the Oğurs, while if is in Inner Asia, then could be the Uyghurs.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=142}} |
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[[Jordanes]] in ''[[Getica]]'' (551) mentioned that the ''Hunuguri'' (believed to be the Onoğurs) were notable for the [[marten]] skin trade.<ref name="Origin">{{cite book |author=D. Dimitrov |date=1987 |chapter=Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs |title=Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie |url=http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg1a.htm |work=kroraina.com |place=Varna}}</ref>{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973|p=431}}{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=98}} In the |
[[Jordanes]] in ''[[Getica]]'' (551) mentioned that the ''Hunuguri'' (believed to be the Onoğurs) were notable for the [[marten]] skin trade.<ref name="Origin">{{cite book |author=D. Dimitrov |date=1987 |chapter=Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs |title=Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie |url=http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg1a.htm |work=kroraina.com |place=Varna}}</ref>{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973|p=431}}{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=98}} In the Middle Ages, marten skin was used as a substitute for minted money.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=254}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=141}} This also indicates they lived near forests and were in contact with Finno-Ugrian peoples.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=141}}{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=112}} |
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The Syriac translation of the ''Pseudo''–[[Zacharias Rhetor]]'s ''Ecclesiastical History'' (c. 555) in Western Eurasia records the ''Avnagur'' (Aunagur; considered Onoğurs), ''wngwr'' (Onoğur), ''wgr'' (Oğur), described in typical phrases reserved for nomads in the ethnographic literature of the period, as people who "''live in tents, earn their living on the meat of livestock and fish, of wild animals and by their weapons (plunder)''".<ref name="Origin"/>{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=97}} |
The Syriac translation of the ''Pseudo''–[[Zacharias Rhetor]]'s ''Ecclesiastical History'' (c. 555) in Western Eurasia records the ''Avnagur'' (Aunagur; considered Onoğurs), ''wngwr'' (Onoğur), ''wgr'' (Oğur), described in typical phrases reserved for nomads in the ethnographic literature of the period, as people who "''live in tents, earn their living on the meat of livestock and fish, of wild animals and by their weapons (plunder)''".<ref name="Origin"/>{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=97}} |
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From the 8th century, the Byzantine sources often mention the Onoğurs in close connection with the Bulgars. [[Agathon]] (early 8th century) wrote about the ''nation of Onoğurs Bulğars''. [[Nikephoros I of Constantinople|Nikephoros I]] (early 9th century) noted that [[Kubrat]] was the lord of the ''Onoğundurs''; his contemporary [[Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanes]] referred to them as ''Onoğundur–Bulğars''. Kubrat successfully revolted against the Avars and founded the [[Old Great Bulgaria]] (''Magna Bulgaria''{{sfn|Fiedler|2008|p=152}}), also known as ''Onoğundur–Bulğars'' state, or ''Patria Onoguria'' in the ''[[Ravenna Cosmography]]''.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=245}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=144}}<ref name="Origin"/> [[Constantine VII]] (mid-10th century) remarked that the Bulğars formerly called themselves ''Onoğundurs''.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=102}} |
From the 8th century, the Byzantine sources often mention the Onoğurs in close connection with the Bulgars. [[Agathon]] (early 8th century) wrote about the ''nation of Onoğurs Bulğars''. [[Nikephoros I of Constantinople|Nikephoros I]] (early 9th century) noted that [[Kubrat]] was the lord of the ''Onoğundurs''; his contemporary [[Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanes]] referred to them as ''Onoğundur–Bulğars''. Kubrat successfully revolted against the Avars and founded the [[Old Great Bulgaria]] (''Magna Bulgaria''{{sfn|Fiedler|2008|p=152}}), also known as ''Onoğundur–Bulğars'' state, or ''Patria Onoguria'' in the ''[[Ravenna Cosmography]]''.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=245}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=144}}<ref name="Origin"/> [[Constantine VII]] (mid-10th century) remarked that the Bulğars formerly called themselves ''Onoğundurs''.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=102}} |
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This association was previously mirrored in Armenian sources, such as the ''Ashkharatsuyts'', which refers to the ''Olxontor Błkar'', and the 5th century ''History'' by [[Movses Khorenatsi]], which includes an additional comment from a 9th-century writer about ''the colony of the Vłĕndur Bułkar''. Marquart and Golden connected these forms with the ''Iġndr'' (*Uluġundur) of [[Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi|Ibn al-Kalbi]] (c. 820), the ''Vnndur'' (*Wunundur) of [[Hudud al-'Alam]] (982), the ''Wlndr'' (*Wulundur) of [[Al-Masudi]] (10th century) and Hungarian name for Belgrad ''Nándor Fejérvár'', the ''nndr'' (*Nandur) of [[Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī|Gardīzī]] (11th century) and ''*Wununtur'' in the [[Khazar Correspondence|letter]] by the |
This association was previously mirrored in Armenian sources, such as the ''Ashkharatsuyts'', which refers to the ''Olxontor Błkar'', and the 5th century ''History'' by [[Movses Khorenatsi]], which includes an additional comment from a 9th-century writer about ''the colony of the Vłĕndur Bułkar''. Marquart and Golden connected these forms with the ''Iġndr'' (*Uluġundur) of [[Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi|Ibn al-Kalbi]] (c. 820), the ''Vnndur'' (*Wunundur) of [[Hudud al-'Alam]] (982), the ''Wlndr'' (*Wulundur) of [[Al-Masudi]] (10th century) and Hungarian name for Belgrad ''Nándor Fejérvár'', the ''nndr'' (*Nandur) of [[Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī|Gardīzī]] (11th century) and ''*Wununtur'' in the [[Khazar Correspondence|letter]] by the Khazar King [[Joseph (Khazar)|Joseph]]. All the forms show the phonetic changes typical of later Oğuric (prothetic ''w-''; ''o-'' > ''wo-'', ''u-'', ''*wu-'').{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=102}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=239}} |
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The origin of the [[Kutrigurs]] and [[Utigurs]], who lived in the vicinity of the Onoğurs and Bulgar, and their mutual relationship is considered as obscure.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=99}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140}} Scholars consider unclear how the union between Onoğurs and Bulgars formed, viewing it as a long process in which a number of different groups were merged.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=244}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=143}} During that time, the Bulgars may have represented a large confederation of which the Onoğurs formed one of the core tribes,{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=143}} and remnants of Utigurs, Kutrigurs among others.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=100, 103}} |
The origin of the [[Kutrigurs]] and [[Utigurs]], who lived in the vicinity of the Onoğurs and Bulgar, and their mutual relationship is considered as obscure.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=99}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140}} Scholars consider unclear how the union between Onoğurs and Bulgars formed, viewing it as a long process in which a number of different groups were merged.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=244}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=143}} During that time, the Bulgars may have represented a large confederation of which the Onoğurs formed one of the core tribes,{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=143}} and remnants of Utigurs, Kutrigurs among others.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=100, 103}} |
Revision as of 13:53, 20 August 2017
The Onogurs (also Hunuguri)[1] were Hunnic tribe living north of the Sea of Azov from about 400 AD and were first mentioned by Agathias.[2] Later they were also called Bulgars.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] They were part of the remnants of the Hun empire of Attila's sons in the Pontic–Caspian steppe .[16] According to some authors their origin can be traced to Central Asia.[17]
Etymology
Accordin to Peter Golden the name Onoğur is derived as On-Oğur "ten Oğurs (tribes)".[18] Modern scholars consider Turkic tribal terms oğuz and oğur to be derived from Turkic *og/uq, meaning "kinship or being akin to".[19] The terms initially were not the same, as oq/ogsiz meant "arrow",[20] while oğul meant "offspring, child, son", oğuš/uğuš was "tribe, clan", and the verb oğša-/oqša meant "to be like, resemble".[19] According to some scholars Onogurs spoke Oğhuric language,[21] however their name alone would not make them Turks - by such logic the Piegan Blackfeet tribe in Montana should have spoken English. Despite the fact that the tribal name appears to be of Turkish origin, some of their leaders had Iranian names.[22]
History
Around 463 AD, the Akatziroi and other tribes that had been part of the Hunnic union were attacked by the Šarağurs, one of the first Oğuric Turkic tribes that entered the Ponto-Caspian steppes as the result of migrations set off in Inner Asia.[23] According to Priscus, in 463 the representatives of Šarağur (Oğhur. šara, "White Oğhurs"), Oğur and Onoğur came to the Emperor in Constantinople,[24] and explained they had been driven out of their homeland by the Sabirs, who had been attacked by the Avars in Inner Asia.[25][26] This tangle of events indicates that the Oğuric tribes are related to the Ting-ling and Tiele people.[27][28] It is considered they belonged to the westernmost Tiele tribes, which also included the Uyghurs-Toquz Oghuz and the Oghuz Turks, and were initially located in Western Siberia and Kazakhstan.[29]
In early 7th century Theophylaktos Simokattes recorded that certain Onoğur city Βακάθ was destroyed by an earthquake before his lifetime.[30] The Sogdian name indicates it was situated in the vicinity of Iranian Central Asia.[30] The 10th century Movses Kaghankatvatsi recorded, considered late 4th century, certain Honagur, "a Hun[nb 1] from the Honk" who raided Persia, which if is related to the Onoğurs, they were located near Transcaucasia and Sassanian Empire.[30] Scholars also relate the Hyōn to this account.[30]
The Oğurs and Onoğurs, in the 6th and 7th century sources, were mentioned mostly in connection with the Avar and Türks conquest of Western Eurasia.[33] According to the 6th century Menander Protector, the "leader of the Οὐγούρων" had the authority of the Türk Yabgu Khagan in the region of Kuban River to the lower Don.[34] Simokattes in the Letter of the Türk Qaγan (Tamgan) to the Emperor Maurikios recorded a complex notice:
"...the Qağan set off on another undertaking and subjugated all the Ὀγώρ. This people is (one) of the most powerful because of their numbers and their training for war in full battle-gear. They have made their abodes towards the East, whence flows the river Τίλ, which the Turks have the custom of calling the "Black". The oldest chieftains of this people are called Οὐάρ and Χουννί."[34]
According to the Qağan, part of those Ouar (Uar) and Khounni (Huns) who arrived to Eastern Europe were mistook by the Onoğurs, Barsils, Sabirs and other tribes for the original Avars, and as such the Uar and Huns took advantage of the situation and began call themselves as the Avars.[35] Simokattes also recounts "when the Ogor, then, were brought completely to heel, the Qaγan gave over the chief of the Κὸλχ (Kolx[34]) to the bite of the sword", shows Oğurs resistance toward Türk authority.[34] Scholars consider if the Til is Qara Itil (Black Itil) i.e. Volga (Atil/Itil), then the mentioned Ὀγώρ would be the Oğurs, while if is in Inner Asia, then could be the Uyghurs.[34]
Jordanes in Getica (551) mentioned that the Hunuguri (believed to be the Onoğurs) were notable for the marten skin trade.[36][37][38] In the Middle Ages, marten skin was used as a substitute for minted money.[39][30] This also indicates they lived near forests and were in contact with Finno-Ugrian peoples.[30][40]
The Syriac translation of the Pseudo–Zacharias Rhetor's Ecclesiastical History (c. 555) in Western Eurasia records the Avnagur (Aunagur; considered Onoğurs), wngwr (Onoğur), wgr (Oğur), described in typical phrases reserved for nomads in the ethnographic literature of the period, as people who "live in tents, earn their living on the meat of livestock and fish, of wild animals and by their weapons (plunder)".[36][41]
From the 8th century, the Byzantine sources often mention the Onoğurs in close connection with the Bulgars. Agathon (early 8th century) wrote about the nation of Onoğurs Bulğars. Nikephoros I (early 9th century) noted that Kubrat was the lord of the Onoğundurs; his contemporary Theophanes referred to them as Onoğundur–Bulğars. Kubrat successfully revolted against the Avars and founded the Old Great Bulgaria (Magna Bulgaria[42]), also known as Onoğundur–Bulğars state, or Patria Onoguria in the Ravenna Cosmography.[43][44][36] Constantine VII (mid-10th century) remarked that the Bulğars formerly called themselves Onoğundurs.[45]
This association was previously mirrored in Armenian sources, such as the Ashkharatsuyts, which refers to the Olxontor Błkar, and the 5th century History by Movses Khorenatsi, which includes an additional comment from a 9th-century writer about the colony of the Vłĕndur Bułkar. Marquart and Golden connected these forms with the Iġndr (*Uluġundur) of Ibn al-Kalbi (c. 820), the Vnndur (*Wunundur) of Hudud al-'Alam (982), the Wlndr (*Wulundur) of Al-Masudi (10th century) and Hungarian name for Belgrad Nándor Fejérvár, the nndr (*Nandur) of Gardīzī (11th century) and *Wununtur in the letter by the Khazar King Joseph. All the forms show the phonetic changes typical of later Oğuric (prothetic w-; o- > wo-, u-, *wu-).[45][46]
The origin of the Kutrigurs and Utigurs, who lived in the vicinity of the Onoğurs and Bulgar, and their mutual relationship is considered as obscure.[47][48] Scholars consider unclear how the union between Onoğurs and Bulgars formed, viewing it as a long process in which a number of different groups were merged.[49][50] During that time, the Bulgars may have represented a large confederation of which the Onoğurs formed one of the core tribes,[50] and remnants of Utigurs, Kutrigurs among others.[51]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, https://books.google.bg/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT129&dq=onogurs&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=onogurs&f=false
- ^ The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, Otto Maenchen-Helfen, page 297, 419, https://books.google.hr/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&pg=PA419&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAzgoahUKEwistou#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false
- ^ The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, René Grousset, page V : "... Onogurs, Kutrigurs and Utigurs - Bulgar tribes encountered in the steppes of southern Russia...", https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PR5&dq=onogurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjPtJTX0JzPAhWS3oMKHT6fAgg4MhDoAQg8MAY#v=onepage&q=onogurs&f=false
- ^ The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim, (2013, Cambridge University Press) page 141: "Utigurs, Kutrigurs and Onogurs were in all likelihood identical with the Bulgars", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=snippet&q=utigurs&f=false
- ^ The Age of Justinian, J. A. S. Evans, (1996) page 91: "... Utigur or Onogur Bulgars", https://books.google.hr/books?id=jjSDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91&dq=onogur+utigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2uvnJvvbKAhUBWhQKHWHOB-MQ6AEITjAJ#v=onepage&q=onogur%20utigur&f=false
- ^ Byzantium in the Seventh Century, J. F. Haldon, page 47 : "...the Onogur Huns or Bulgars...", https://books.google.co.il/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C&pg=PA47&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=hun&f=false
- ^ The Early Medieval Balkans, John Van Antwerp Fine, The University of Michigan Press (2000), page 66: " Meanwhile in the Steppes and the region around the sea of Azov dwelled the Onogur Bulgars. They were seminomadic,ethnically mixed people under a Bulgar chief. According to their traditions their ruling family, known as the house of Dulo, was descended from Attila the Hun. Though the scholars have advanced many theories, the origin and meaning of the name Dulo remain obscure. In 635 the Onogur chief Kovrat led a revolt against the Avars which succeeded in driving them from his land and putting an end to Avar suzerainty over the Onogurs", https://books.google.hr/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=PA66&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwATgoahUKEwistou42ZPJAhWGWiwKHUbUDxI#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false
- ^ "Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia", (2011), Jeffrey E. Cole, page 55: " Onogur Bulgars " https://books.google.hr/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC&pg=PA55&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwATgyahUKEwiJ3IrG45PJAhUB1iwKHRgsA6s#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire, Jennifer Lawler, page 76, https://books.google.hr/books?id=sEWeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA76&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBkQ6AEwADgeahUKEwjKvJiP0ZPJAhUJkiwKHbO7CBY#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false
- ^ "Return to Authority", Daniel Larison, University Chicago, Department of History page 354: " Onogur Bulgars", https://books.google.hr/books?id=uHMHv8r1P1oC&pg=PA354&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBzgeahUKEwjKvJiP0ZPJAhUJkiwKHbO7CBY#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false
- ^ “The” Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans, Florin Curta, Roman Kovalev, (2008) page 142, https://books.google.hr/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C&pg=PA142&dq=onogur+bulgars&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7PvL0-3PAhUEWhoKHcGZDTgQ6AEIJDAB#v=onepage&q=onogur%20bulgars&f=false
- ^ Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture, J. F. Haldon, page 47, https://books.google.hr/books?id=pSHmT1G_5T0C&pg=PA47&dq=onogur+bulgars&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf7PvL0-3PAhUEWhoKHcGZDTgQ6AEIUzAJ#v=onepage&q=onogur%20bulgars&f=false
- ^ The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, "Onogurs were also called Bulgars...", https://books.google.hr/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT130&dq=onogur+bulgars&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEjLKm1u3PAhVC1xoKHV6BDCQ4ChDoAQgeMAE#v=onepage&q=onogurs%20&f=false
- ^ Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610-1071, Romilly James Heald Jenkins, page 45: "In the time of Heraclius the so called Onogur Bulgarians are found in large numbers between Kuban and the Volga rivers", https://books.google.hr/books?id=O5JqH_NXQBsC&pg=PA45&dq=onogur+bulgars&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEjLKm1u3PAhVC1xoKHV6BDCQ4ChDoAQgkMAI#v=onepage&q=onogur%20bulgars&f=false
- ^ From Attila to Charlemagne, Katharine Reynolds Brown, Dafydd Kidd, Charles T. Little, page 172, https://books.google.hr/books?id=FYI8xsBHeSMC&pg=PA172&dq=onogur+bulgars&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY9eH42O3PAhXEPBoKHdfJB6I4FBDoAQgZMAA#v=onepage&q=onogur%20bulgars&f=false
- ^ Deeds of the Hungarians, Simon Kézai, Jeno Szucs, page XLIV, https://books.google.hr/books?id=a72xT1YubqAC&pg=PR44&dq=onogur+huns&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj78bjvzf7PAhWGzRoKHfr6AqU4FBDoAQg9MAg#v=onepage&q=onogur%20huns&f=false
- ^ The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, edited by Michael Maas, page 186, https://books.google.hr/books?id=67dUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186&dq=onogurs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjN7N3_2u3PAhWDCBoKHQ-jC_s4ChDoAQhCMAc#v=onepage&q=onogurs&f=false
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 23, 237.
- ^ a b Golden 1992, p. 96.
- ^ Golden 2012, p. 96.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 135–145.
- ^ The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, tto Maenchen-Helfen, page 419, https://books.google.hr/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC&pg=PA419&dq=onogur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAzgoahUKEwistou#v=onepage&q=onogur&f=false
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 92–93, 103.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 92–93.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 92–93, 97.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 70.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 93–95.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 32–33.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 138, 141.
- ^ a b c d e f Golden 2011, p. 141.
- ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9781400829941.
Like the name Scythian up to the early medieval period, the name Hun became a generic (usually pejorative) term in subsequent history for any steppe-warrior people, or even any enemy people, regardless of their actual identity.
- ^ Dickens, Mark (2004). Medieval Syriac Historians’ Perceptionsof the Turks. University of Cambridge. p. 19.
Syriac chroniclers (along with their Arab, Byzantine, Latin, Armenian, and Georgian counterparts) did not use ethnonyms as specifically as modern scholars do. As K. Czeglédy notes, "some sources... use the ethnonyms of the various steppe-peoples, in particular those of the Scythians, Huns and Türks, in the generic sense of 'nomads'".
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 100–102.
- ^ a b c d e Golden 2011, p. 142.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 109.
- ^ a b c D. Dimitrov (1987). "Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.
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:|work=
ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 431.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 98.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 254.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 112.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 97.
- ^ Fiedler 2008, p. 152.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 245.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 144.
- ^ a b Golden 1992, p. 102.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 239.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 99.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 140.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 244.
- ^ a b Golden 2011, p. 143.
- ^ Golden 1992, p. 100, 103.
- Maenchen-Helfen, Otto John (1973), The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520015968
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Fiedler, Uwe (2008). "Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research". In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. pp. 151–236. ISBN 9789004163898.
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