Culture of violence theory: Difference between revisions
Added paragraph's from Erika's sandbox as well as the edits from peers. Further developed the Relation to Cultural Values section and added hyperlinks |
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Revision as of 22:16, 19 November 2017
The Culture of Violence Theory addresses the pervasiveness of specific violent patterns within in a societal dimension [1]. The concept of violence being ingrained in Western society and culture has been around for at least the past century [1]. Developed from "Structural Violence," as research progressed the notion that a culture can sanction violent acts developed into what we know as Culture of Violence Theory today[1]. Two prominent examples of culture legitimizing violence can be seen in rape myths and victim blaming [2]. Rape myths lead to misconstrued notions of blame; it is common for the responsibility associated with the rape to be placed on the victim rather than the offender[2].
Furthermore, the Culture of Violence Theory potentially accounts for inter-generational theories of violence and domestic violence [3]. Childhood exposure to violence in the household may later lead to similar patterns in marital relations[3]. Similarly, early experience with domestic violence is likely to increase an individual's potential for development of clinical symptoms[4].Additionally, presence of a preexisting mental disorder may heighten the chances of becoming involved in an abusive relationship[5].
There are many factors which contribute to the persistence of violence among individuals and on a societal level; gender is one relevant factor to understanding the Culture of Violence Theory [6]. In the United States, a majority of reported rapes involve female victims[2]. However, there is a growing body of evidence to support the notion that women can perpetuate relational cycles of violence [6]. While our culture of violence has an impact on people as a whole, for individuals who have experienced trauma in their lives the impact can be much larger [4][6][7].
Development of the Culture of Violence Theory
As mentioned above, Culture of Violence Theory explains how cultures and societies can sanction violent acts [1]. While related to Structural Violence, Cultural Violence theory is different by explaining why direct acts of violence or violence built into systems of society exists and how they are legitimized [1]. Research suggests that cultures can encourage and permit violence to exist as a response to various environmental obstacles, such as widespread resource impoverishment [8]. This can be seen within various aspects of culture, such as film, television, music, language, art, and propaganda [1][8][9][10].
Relation to Cultural Values in the U.S.
Rape Myths refer to the inaccurate views and stereotypes of forced sexual acts, and the victims and perpetuators of them [9]. These notions are prevalent among the general population and often suggest that the victims of nonconsensual sexual acts have bad reputations, are promiscuous, dress provocatively, or are fabricating assault when they regret the consensual acts after the fact [9]. These views are often legitimized by the status quo of men dominating women across domains such as family, education, work, and many others [9]. Rape myth acceptance can lead to poor assault/rape prevention measures, decrease in reporting of assaults/rapes, increases of assaults/rapes, and revictimization[9].
Violence in Relationships
Violence in Pop Culture & Media
The prevalence of legitimization of violence may be facilitated by it's presence in various media [9][11]. There is evidence to suggest that sex-related crimes account for nearly 10% of all dialogue on television related to sex, most of which is found on fictional programs [9]. Additionally, research has also found a positive relationship between pornography consumption and attitudes supporting violence against women, especially when the pornography in question is violent in nature [11].
Public Justification of Violence
The pervasive notion of the "chosen one," within some extremist religious language and various nationalism propaganda functions as a means to perpetuate the undermining of the other and allowance of violence against the other [1][9].
Trauma Responses & Cultural Violence
- ^ a b c d e f g Galtung, Johan (2016-07-01). "Cultural Violence". Journal of Peace Research. 27 (3): 291–305. doi:10.1177/0022343390027003005.
- ^ a b c Suarez, Eliana; Gadalla, Tahany M. (2010-01-11). "Stop Blaming the Victim: A Meta-Analysis on Rape Myths". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 25 (11): 2010–2035. doi:10.1177/0886260509354503.
- ^ a b Stith, Sandra M.; Rosen, Karen H.; Middleton, Kimberly A.; Busch, Amy L.; Lundeberg, Kirsten; Carlton, Russell P. (2000-08-01). "The Intergenerational Transmission of Spouse Abuse: A Meta-Analysis". Journal of Marriage and Family. 62 (3): 640–654. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00640.x. ISSN 1741-3737.
- ^ a b Mandelli, L.; Petrelli, C.; Serretti, A. "The role of specific early trauma in adult depression: A meta-analysis of published literature. Childhood trauma and adult depression". European Psychiatry. 30 (6): 665–680. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.04.007.
- ^ Trevillion, Kylee; Oram, Siân; Feder, Gene; Howard, Louise M. (2012-12-26). "Experiences of Domestic Violence and Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e51740. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051740. ISSN 1932-6203.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Swan, Suzanne C.; Snow, David L. (2016-06-30). "The Development of a Theory of Women's Use of Violence in Intimate Relationships". Violence Against Women. 12 (11): 1026–1045. doi:10.1177/1077801206293330.
- ^ Ungar, Michael (2013-05-03). "Resilience, Trauma, Context, and Culture". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 14 (3): 255–266. doi:10.1177/1524838013487805.
- ^ a b Brown, Ryan P.; Osterman, Lindsey L. (2012-07-20). Culture of Honor, Violence, and Homicide. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199738403.013.0013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ph.D, LeeAnn Kahlor; Ph.D, Matthew S. Eastin (2011-05-25). "Television's Role in the Culture of Violence Toward Women: A Study of Television Viewing and the Cultivation of Rape Myth Acceptance in the United States". Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 55 (2): 215–231. doi:10.1080/08838151.2011.566085. ISSN 0883-8151.
- ^ Ferguson, Christopher J.; Beresin, Eugene. "Social science's curious war with pop culture and how it was lost: The media violence debate and the risks it holds for social science". Preventive Medicine. 99: 69–76. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.02.009.
- ^ a b Hald, Gert Martin; Malamuth, Neil M.; Yuen, Carlin (2010-01-01). "Pornography and attitudes supporting violence against women: revisiting the relationship in nonexperimental studies". Aggressive Behavior. 36 (1): 14–20. doi:10.1002/ab.20328. ISSN 1098-2337.