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== Early Life == |
== Early Life == |
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Virginia M. Alexander was born in South [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] on February 4, 1899 <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A Preface to Racial Understanding|last=Spurgeon|first=Charles|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=126-130}}</ref>(gamble). She had four siblings, one of them being the well-known attorney [[Raymond Pace Alexander]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upt/upt50/alexander_family.html#ref281|title=Dr. Virginia M. Alexander|last=|first=|date=June 3, 2015|website=Changing the Face of Medicine|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=November 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu|title=Alexander Family Papers|last=|first=|date=|website=www.archives.upenn.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref>Throughout her younger years, she was faced with many hardships. At age four, her mother died and at age 13 her father's [[livery]] business closed, causing financial problems<ref name=":0" />. These hardships did not deter Alexander’s academics, and she graduated early from William Penn High School in Philadelphia<ref name=":0" />. In addition to graduating with honors, she was active in various organizations such as her school’s paper and serving as a judge on Student Court<ref name=":0" />. She would go on to attend the [[University of Pennsylvania]] on a [[scholarship]] for one-hundred dollars per year which was received through an essay contest, although this was not enough<ref name=":0" />. To afford expenses associated with her education, she worked many jobs, including as a [[waitress]] and [[maid]]<ref name=":1" />.<sup>and canawoman</sup> She was also a member of the black sorority [[Delta Sigma Theta]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48163629|title=Sister circle : Black women and work|date=2002|publisher=Rutgers University Press|others=Harley, Sharon., Black Women and Work Collective.|isbn=9780813530611|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|oclc=48163629}}</ref>. Upon graduation after three years, she applied to attend the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] and had the second highest application score<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />. <sup>a preface</sup> She also received a scholarship from a World War veteran’s mother to help offset her expenses<ref name=":0" />. Although she faced discrimination and prejudice due to her race and gender, she was able to successfully graduate from medical school<ref name=":0" />. |
Virginia M. Alexander was born in South [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] on February 4, 1899 <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=A Preface to Racial Understanding|last=Spurgeon|first=Charles|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=126-130}}</ref>(gamble). She had four siblings, one of them being the well-known attorney [[Raymond Pace Alexander]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upt/upt50/alexander_family.html#ref281|title=Dr. Virginia M. Alexander|last=|first=|date=June 3, 2015|website=Changing the Face of Medicine|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=November 28, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu|title=Alexander Family Papers|last=|first=|date=|website=www.archives.upenn.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-28}}</ref>Throughout her younger years, she was faced with many hardships. At age four, her mother died and at age 13 her father's [[livery]] business closed, causing financial problems<ref name=":0" />. These hardships did not deter Alexander’s academics, and she graduated early from William Penn High School in Philadelphia<ref name=":0" />. In addition to graduating with honors, she was active in various organizations such as her school’s paper and serving as a judge on Student Court<ref name=":0" />. She would go on to attend the [[University of Pennsylvania]] on a [[scholarship]] for one-hundred dollars per year which was received through an essay contest, although this was not enough<ref name=":0" />. To afford expenses associated with her education, she worked many jobs, including as a [[waitress]] and [[maid]]<ref name=":1" />.<sup>and canawoman</sup> She was also a member of the black sorority [[Delta Sigma Theta]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48163629|title=Sister circle : Black women and work|date=2002|publisher=Rutgers University Press|others=Harley, Sharon., Black Women and Work Collective.|isbn=9780813530611|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|oclc=48163629}}</ref>. Upon graduation after three years, she applied to attend the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]] and had the second highest application score<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />. <sup>a preface</sup> She also received a scholarship from a World War veteran’s mother to help offset her expenses<ref name=":0" />. Although she faced discrimination and prejudice due to her race and gender, she was able to successfully graduate from medical school<ref name=":0" />. |
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Upon graduation, Alexander attempted to secure a hospital internship and knew how difficult it would be<ref name=":0" />. After multiple denials, due to [[racism]] and sexism, she secured an internship at Kansas City General Hospital<ref name=":0" />. Luckily for Alexander, Kansas City General Hospital reversed their policy of not allowing women and Alexander and E. Mae McCarroll, who also attended Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, were able to intern because of this change<ref name=":0" />. |
Upon graduation, Alexander attempted to secure a hospital internship and knew how difficult it would be<ref name=":0" />. After multiple denials, due to [[racism]] and sexism, she secured an internship at Kansas City General Hospital<ref name=":0" />. Luckily for Alexander, Kansas City General Hospital reversed their policy of not allowing women and Alexander and E. Mae McCarroll, who also attended Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, were able to intern because of this change<ref name=":0" />. |
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== Death and Legacy == |
== Death and Legacy == |
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While working in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], Alexander developed [[lupus]] |
While working in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], Alexander developed [[Lupus|lupus.]]<ref name=":1" /> She then moved back to Philadelphia and worked as an [[OBGYN]] at the Women's Medical College Hospital, Mercy Hospital and [[Pennsylvania Hospital]] until she passed away in 1949.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Her personal papers and records are held in the Alexander Family Collection of the University of Pennsylvania.<ref name=":2" /> Aspiranto Home Health, which she founded, is listed as an African American Historic site by the Preservation Alliance of Greater Philadelphia<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.preservationalliance.com/inventory-african-american-historic-sites/|title=Inventory of African American Historic Sites - Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia|work=Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia|access-date=2017-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref>. |
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== Publications == |
== Publications == |
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The Social, Economic, and Health Problems of North Philadelphia Negroes and Their Relationship to a Proposed Interracial Public Health Demonstration Center," 1935. |
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== References == |
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<nowiki> </nowiki>Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963. Can a woman be a physician, ca. February 1933. W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries <nowiki>http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b211-i085</nowiki> |
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"Negro Hospitalization," 1937. |
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A preface to racial understanding.Johnson, Charles Spurgeon, 1893-1956. Pp. 126-130 <nowiki>https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002585266;view=1up;seq=14;size=75</nowiki> |
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"The Health Status and Needs of the Negro Adolescent," 1940. |
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“Outstanding Services to Negro Health”: Dr. Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, Dr. Virginia M. Alexander, and Black Women Physicians’ Public Health Activism{{dashboard.wikiedu.org sandbox}} |
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"The Health Status of Negro Workers in the National Youth Administration in the District of Columbia," 1941. |
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Revision as of 21:43, 28 November 2017
Early Life
Virginia M. Alexander was born in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 4, 1899 [1](gamble). She had four siblings, one of them being the well-known attorney Raymond Pace Alexander.[2][3]Throughout her younger years, she was faced with many hardships. At age four, her mother died and at age 13 her father's livery business closed, causing financial problems[1]. These hardships did not deter Alexander’s academics, and she graduated early from William Penn High School in Philadelphia[1]. In addition to graduating with honors, she was active in various organizations such as her school’s paper and serving as a judge on Student Court[1]. She would go on to attend the University of Pennsylvania on a scholarship for one-hundred dollars per year which was received through an essay contest, although this was not enough[1]. To afford expenses associated with her education, she worked many jobs, including as a waitress and maid[2].and canawoman She was also a member of the black sorority Delta Sigma Theta[4]. Upon graduation after three years, she applied to attend the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania and had the second highest application score[1][2]. a preface She also received a scholarship from a World War veteran’s mother to help offset her expenses[1]. Although she faced discrimination and prejudice due to her race and gender, she was able to successfully graduate from medical school[1].
Upon graduation, Alexander attempted to secure a hospital internship and knew how difficult it would be[1]. After multiple denials, due to racism and sexism, she secured an internship at Kansas City General Hospital[1]. Luckily for Alexander, Kansas City General Hospital reversed their policy of not allowing women and Alexander and E. Mae McCarroll, who also attended Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, were able to intern because of this change[1].
Career
Upon completion of her internship, Alexander returned to Philadelphia to practice medicine[1]. In 1931, she founded Aspiranto Health Home in her home, which provided health services to impoverished African American community members in North Philadelphia[2][1]. Her work in private practice helped to fund her charitable medical care[1]. Services here ranged from general health care, obstetrics, and emergency medicine and all were provided for free if patients were unable to pay[2][1]. Alexander was not the only physician, as her colleague Helen Octavia Dickens was also an active practitioner at the house[2].
During this time and the years that followed, Alexander was active in a variety of different social, professional, and academic organizations and also practiced medicine at Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and Nurses’ Training School, the Hospital of Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Hospital, the United State Department of Health, and performed administrative work at Convalescent Hospital [2][1]can a woman). Additionally, she was a “physician-in-charge of women students” at Howard Universtiy[2]. In her community, she was active on the board of Wharton Settlement, the Young Woman’s Christian Association, the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, the Religious Society of Friends, where she was active in both in Race Relations Committee and Institute of Race Relations, and also the Young Friends Movement[1]. She also obtained a master’s degree in public health from Yale University. Due to a physician shortage caused by World War II, Alexander left Philadelphia and went to Alabama to provide medical care to miners[2].
Death and Legacy
While working in Birmingham, Alabama, Alexander developed lupus.[2] She then moved back to Philadelphia and worked as an OBGYN at the Women's Medical College Hospital, Mercy Hospital and Pennsylvania Hospital until she passed away in 1949.[3][2] Her personal papers and records are held in the Alexander Family Collection of the University of Pennsylvania.[3] Aspiranto Home Health, which she founded, is listed as an African American Historic site by the Preservation Alliance of Greater Philadelphia[5].
Publications
The Social, Economic, and Health Problems of North Philadelphia Negroes and Their Relationship to a Proposed Interracial Public Health Demonstration Center," 1935.
"Negro Hospitalization," 1937.
"The Health Status and Needs of the Negro Adolescent," 1940.
"The Health Status of Negro Workers in the National Youth Administration in the District of Columbia," 1941.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Spurgeon, Charles. A Preface to Racial Understanding. pp. 126–130.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Dr. Virginia M. Alexander". Changing the Face of Medicine. June 3, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ a b c "Alexander Family Papers". www.archives.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Sister circle : Black women and work. Harley, Sharon., Black Women and Work Collective. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 2002. ISBN 9780813530611. OCLC 48163629.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Inventory of African American Historic Sites - Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia". Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved 2017-11-28.