'''Aseptic meningitis''' is the inflammation of the [[meninges]], a membrane covering the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]] in patients whose [[cerebral spinal fluid]] test negative with routine bacterial cultures. Aseptic meningitis is caused by viruses, [[mycobacteria]], [[spirochetes]], [[fungi]], medications, and [[cancer]] malignancies.<ref name="Tunkel2016">{{cite web|last1=Tunkel|first1=Allan R.|title=Aseptic meningitis in adults|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aseptic-meningitis-in-adults|website=UpToDate|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health|accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref> The testing for both meningitis and aseptic meningitis is mostly the same. A cerebrospinal fluid sample is taken by [[lumbar puncture]] and is tested for leukocyte levels to determine if there is an infection and goes on to further testing to see what the actual cause is. The symptoms are the same for both [[meningitis]] and aseptic meningitis but the severity of the symptoms can depend on the certain cause.
'''Aseptic meningitis''' is the inflammation of the [[meninges]], a membrane covering the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]] in patients whose [[cerebral spinal fluid]] test negative with routine bacterial cultures. Aseptic meningitis is caused by viruses, [[mycobacteria]], [[spirochetes]], [[fungi]], medications, and [[cancer]] malignancies.<ref name="Tunkel2016">{{cite web|last1=Tunkel|first1=Allan R.|title=Aseptic meningitis in adults|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/aseptic-meningitis-in-adults|website=UpToDate|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health|accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref> The testing for both meningitis and aseptic meningitis is mostly the same. A cerebrospinal fluid sample is taken by [[lumbar puncture]] and is tested for leukocyte levels to determine if there is an infection and goes on to further testing to see what the actual cause is. The symptoms are the same for both [[meningitis]] and aseptic meningitis but the severity of the symptoms and the treatment can depend on the certain cause.
The most common cause of aseptic meningitis is by viral infection. Other causes may include side-effects from drugs and connective tissue disorders.
The most common cause of aseptic meningitis is by viral infection. Other causes may include side-effects from drugs and connective tissue disorders.
Aseptic meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, a membrane covering the brain and spinal cord in patients whose cerebral spinal fluid test negative with routine bacterial cultures. Aseptic meningitis is caused by viruses, mycobacteria, spirochetes, fungi, medications, and cancer malignancies.[1] The testing for both meningitis and aseptic meningitis is mostly the same. A cerebrospinal fluid sample is taken by lumbar puncture and is tested for leukocyte levels to determine if there is an infection and goes on to further testing to see what the actual cause is. The symptoms are the same for both meningitis and aseptic meningitis but the severity of the symptoms and the treatment can depend on the certain cause.
The most common cause of aseptic meningitis is by viral infection. Other causes may include side-effects from drugs and connective tissue disorders.
The anatomical structure of the human brain.
Signs and symptoms
Aseptic meningitis is a disease that can depend on the patient’s age, however research has shown some distinct symptoms that indicate the possibility of aseptic meningitis. A variety of patients notice a change in body temperatures (higher than normal temperatures 38-40*C), marked with the possibility of vomiting, headaches, firm neck pain, and even anorexia. In younger patients, like babies, a meningeal inflammation can be noticed along with the possibility of hepatic necrosis and myocarditis. In serious cases, a multiple organ failure can also signal aseptic meningitis and oftentimes, in babies, seizures and focal neurological deficits can be early symptoms of aseptic meningitis. In fact, in newborns, the mortality rate is 70%. The next set of age group, like children, have similar but varying symptoms of sore throat, rashes, and diarrhea. In adults, symptoms and the harshness of them tend to be less in duration. Additionally, the probability of developing aseptic meningitis increases when patients have a case of mumps or herpes.[2]
Symptoms of meningitis caused by an acute viral infection last between one and two weeks. When aseptic meningitis is caused by cytomegalovirus 20 percent of individuals face mortality or morbidity. If left untreated it can affect an individuals hearing and learning abilities.[3]
Causes
The most common cause of aseptic meningitis is a viral infection, specifically by enteroviruses. In fact, 90 percent of all meningitis cases that are viral are caused by enteroviruses.[2] Other viruses that may cause aspetic meningitis are varicella zoster virus, herpes, and mumps.[4] Other causes may include mycobacteria, fungi, spirochetes, and complications from HIV. Side effects of certain drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, and antiepileptic drugs can also cause aseptic meningitis.[1]
There are multiple types of aseptic meningitis which are differentiated based on the cause of the aseptic meningitis infection. The types are divided further into subtypes based on the specific virus or infection cause.
Irritation of the meninges from drugs administered directly to the spinal canal or subarachnoid space.[5] The hypersensitivity to the drug results in an immune response.[5]
The term aseptic can be misleading, implying a lack of infection. On the contrary, many cases of aseptic meningitis represent infection with viruses or mycobacteria that cannot be detected with routine methods. Medical professionals will take into consideration the season of the year, the medical history of the individual and family, physical examination, and laboratory results when diagnosing aseptic meningitis.[3]
One common medical test used when diagnosing aseptic meningitis is lumbar puncture.[3] A medical professional inserts a needle between two vertebrae to remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the spinal cord.[6] The cerebrospinal fluid collected from the lumbar puncture is analyzed by microscope examination or by culture to distinguish between bacterial and aseptic meningitis. Samples of CSF undergo cell count, Gram stains, and viral cultures, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Polymerase chain reaction has increased the ability of clinicians to detect viruses such as enterovirus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus in the CSF, but many viruses can still escape detection. Other laboratory tests include blood, urine, and stool collection. Medical professionals also have the option of performing a computed tomographic (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), these tests help observe calcifications or abscesses.[3]
Lumbar puncture procedure for diagnosing Aseptic Meningitis
Treatment
If CSF levels are irregular among individuals than they will undergo hospitalization where they receive antiviral therapy. If aseptic meningitis was caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), than the individual will receive, acyclovir, an antiviral drug.[3] If infants are diagnosed than medical professionals will order regular check-ins for hearing and learning disabilities.
Prevention
One of the leading reasons for why patients develop aseptic meningitis is because of mumps and herpes. As a result, prevention is key in making sure that smaller issues don’t lead larger problems, like aseptic meningitis. For example, one way to prevent this disease is for patients to get vaccinated for mumps and herpes. This can prevent not only the ultimate possibility of developing meningitis, but also limits patients from developing mumps or a case of the herpes. In addition to vaccinations, it is important to follow other common rules like washing hands often, covering your mouth when sneezing or coughing or even, making sure to not share drinks or personal items. Furthermore, practicing safe sex and avoiding oral sex when a person is sick or has blisters around the mouth, which all inevitably lead to herpes. Following these guidelines along with a good diet and getting exercise can help prevent aseptic meningitis. [2]
History
Aseptic meningitis was first described by Wallgren in 1925.[7] Aseptic meningitis cases have varied historically. Aseptic meningitis caused by mumps has declined in the United States due to the increased use of vaccination which prevents mumps cases from occurring.[2]
^ abcdeNorris CM, Danis PG, Gardner TD (May 1999). "Aseptic meningitis in the newborn and young infant". American Family Physician. 59 (10): 2761–70. PMID10348069.
