Jump to content

VAMP regimen: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Added 'History' section, taken from my sandbox
Appended History Section from my sandbox
Line 5: Line 5:
==== History ====
==== History ====
By 1960, several chemotherapeutic agents had emerged, among these nitrogen mustards, folic acid inhibitors, and purine analogs, each with their own individual history and development.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=DeVita|first=Vincent T.|last2=Chu|first2=Edward|date=2008-11-01|title=A History of Cancer Chemotherapy|url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/21/8643|journal=Cancer Research|language=en|volume=68|issue=21|pages=8643–8653|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611|issn=0008-5472|pmid=18974103}}</ref> Furthermore, the work of [[Howard E. Skipper|Howard Skipper]], who argued that every remaining cancer cell in the body must be eradicated in order to ensure the survival of the patient, shifted clinical practice towards more aggressive chemotherapy regimens.<ref name=":22" /> Importantly, Skipper also established that the use of multiple chemotherapy drugs at once provided synergistic benefits over single agents.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=The Emperor of All Maladies|last=Mukherjee|first=Siddhartha|publisher=Scribner|year=2011|isbn=|location=NY|pages=132-134, 139-48}}</ref><ref name=":22" /> However, the idea of combination chemotherapy was initially met with resistance by researchers concerned about the toxicity of multiple harmful drugs being used simultaneously.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeVita|first=Vincent T.|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Steven A.|date=2012-06-06|title=Two Hundred Years of Cancer Research|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1204479?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=EN|volume=366|issue=23|pages=2207–2214|doi=10.1056/nejmra1204479}}</ref>
By 1960, several chemotherapeutic agents had emerged, among these nitrogen mustards, folic acid inhibitors, and purine analogs, each with their own individual history and development.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=DeVita|first=Vincent T.|last2=Chu|first2=Edward|date=2008-11-01|title=A History of Cancer Chemotherapy|url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/21/8643|journal=Cancer Research|language=en|volume=68|issue=21|pages=8643–8653|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611|issn=0008-5472|pmid=18974103}}</ref> Furthermore, the work of [[Howard E. Skipper|Howard Skipper]], who argued that every remaining cancer cell in the body must be eradicated in order to ensure the survival of the patient, shifted clinical practice towards more aggressive chemotherapy regimens.<ref name=":22" /> Importantly, Skipper also established that the use of multiple chemotherapy drugs at once provided synergistic benefits over single agents.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=The Emperor of All Maladies|last=Mukherjee|first=Siddhartha|publisher=Scribner|year=2011|isbn=|location=NY|pages=132-134, 139-48}}</ref><ref name=":22" /> However, the idea of combination chemotherapy was initially met with resistance by researchers concerned about the toxicity of multiple harmful drugs being used simultaneously.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=DeVita|first=Vincent T.|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Steven A.|date=2012-06-06|title=Two Hundred Years of Cancer Research|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1204479?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=EN|volume=366|issue=23|pages=2207–2214|doi=10.1056/nejmra1204479}}</ref>

VAMP emerged amid a period of cautious and methodical testing of various combinations of chemotherapeutic agents.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|title=The Emperor of All Maladies|last=Mukherjee|first=Siddhartha|publisher=Scribner|year=2011|isbn=|location=NY|pages=132-134, 139-48}}</ref> Due to the immense possibilities of combinations and the potential dangers of these aggressive regimens, this trial process was slow and, in the view of some, inefficient.<ref name=":04" />

[[Emil Frei]] and [[Emil Freireich|Emil Friereich]], researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) took bold and decisive action, proposing a regimen of four chemotherapeutic agents, more drugs than had ever been previously attempted.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book|title=The Emperor of All Maladies|last=Mukherjee|first=Siddhartha|publisher=Scribner|year=2011|isbn=|location=NY|pages=132-134, 139-48}}</ref> The aggressiveness and potential lethal toxicity of this proposal was alarming to many fellow members of the NCI, who felt that Frei and Freireich were making a dangerous break with the systematic trial processes that characterized the leukemia group of the NCI.<ref name=":05" /> However, Frei and Freireich felt that the current pace of the NCI was too slow to make progress.<ref name=":05" /><p>Initially, the leukemia group rejected the VAMP proposal, denying funding until many of their current trials had been completed.<ref name=":06">{{Cite book|title=The Emperor of All Maladies|last=Mukherjee|first=Siddhartha|publisher=Scribner|year=2011|isbn=|location=NY|pages=132-134, 139-48}}</ref> However, an arrangement was reached that involved the VAMP trial being run separately from the rest of the leukemia group at the NCI.<ref name=":06" /> The trial began in 1961 on children with leukemia.<ref name=":06" /></p>In the initial weeks, the children were pushed to the brink of death by VAMP's four chemotherapy agents, each cytotoxic on its own.<ref name=":06" /> After a few weeks, however, the children's marrow healed, remissions came, and leukemia was undetectable in many of the patients.<ref name=":06" /> These remissions astounded Frei and Freirdrich's peers, and gained supporters even from those who formerly resisted the trial.<ref name=":06" /> The remission rate ultimately increased to 60%, and around half of those remissions lasted for several years.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=DeVita|first=Vincent T.|last2=Chu|first2=Edward|date=2008-11-01|title=A History of Cancer Chemotherapy|url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/21/8643|journal=Cancer Research|language=en|volume=68|issue=21|pages=8643–8653|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611|issn=0008-5472|pmid=18974103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morrison|first=W.B.|date=2010-11-01|title=Cancer Chemotherapy: An Annotated History|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0590.x|journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1249–1262|doi=10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0590.x|issn=1939-1676}}</ref>

However, the remissions were not permanent for most.<ref name=":06" /> Because none of the components of VAMP could cross the [[blood–brain barrier]], there was nothing stopping the leukemia from reemerging in the nervous system and invading the brain.<ref name=":06" /> These relapses proved deadly for all but a few.<ref name=":06" />


VAMP chemotherapy can refer to any of :
VAMP chemotherapy can refer to any of :

Revision as of 00:14, 26 April 2018

VAMP regimen or VAMP chemotherapy is a four-drug combination chemotherapy regimen, used today in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma.[1][2] It was one of the earliest combination chemotherapy regimens, originally developed as a treatment for childhood leukemia by a group of researchers at the National Cancer Institute led by Emil Frei and Emil Freireich.[3][4] The first clinical trial of VAMP began in 1961.[3] Because it was the first time that four chemotherapeutic agents were used at once, the trial was highly controversial at its time.[3] Although new combination chemotherapy regimens have replaced the use of VAMP in the treatment of childhood leukemia, VAMP is considered an important precursor to modern treatments, confirming the effectiveness of combination chemotherapy and leading to the use of combination chemotherapy regimens to treat other types of cancer.[2][5][6]

The VAMP regimen developed by Freireich and Frei was a combination of vincristine, amethopterin, mercaptopurine, and prednisone.[7][8] Now, other combinations and doses that are referred to as VAMP, including C-VAMP and a VAMP regimen that replaces the mercaptopurine of the original combination with doxorubicin.[9][10][11][12] All these regimens take advantage of the synergistic effects of combining multiple chemotherapy agents.[10]

History

By 1960, several chemotherapeutic agents had emerged, among these nitrogen mustards, folic acid inhibitors, and purine analogs, each with their own individual history and development.[13] Furthermore, the work of Howard Skipper, who argued that every remaining cancer cell in the body must be eradicated in order to ensure the survival of the patient, shifted clinical practice towards more aggressive chemotherapy regimens.[13] Importantly, Skipper also established that the use of multiple chemotherapy drugs at once provided synergistic benefits over single agents.[14][13] However, the idea of combination chemotherapy was initially met with resistance by researchers concerned about the toxicity of multiple harmful drugs being used simultaneously.[14][13][15]

VAMP emerged amid a period of cautious and methodical testing of various combinations of chemotherapeutic agents.[16] Due to the immense possibilities of combinations and the potential dangers of these aggressive regimens, this trial process was slow and, in the view of some, inefficient.[16]

Emil Frei and Emil Friereich, researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) took bold and decisive action, proposing a regimen of four chemotherapeutic agents, more drugs than had ever been previously attempted.[17] The aggressiveness and potential lethal toxicity of this proposal was alarming to many fellow members of the NCI, who felt that Frei and Freireich were making a dangerous break with the systematic trial processes that characterized the leukemia group of the NCI.[17] However, Frei and Freireich felt that the current pace of the NCI was too slow to make progress.[17]

Initially, the leukemia group rejected the VAMP proposal, denying funding until many of their current trials had been completed.[18] However, an arrangement was reached that involved the VAMP trial being run separately from the rest of the leukemia group at the NCI.[18] The trial began in 1961 on children with leukemia.[18]

In the initial weeks, the children were pushed to the brink of death by VAMP's four chemotherapy agents, each cytotoxic on its own.[18] After a few weeks, however, the children's marrow healed, remissions came, and leukemia was undetectable in many of the patients.[18] These remissions astounded Frei and Freirdrich's peers, and gained supporters even from those who formerly resisted the trial.[18] The remission rate ultimately increased to 60%, and around half of those remissions lasted for several years.[19][20]

However, the remissions were not permanent for most.[18] Because none of the components of VAMP could cross the blood–brain barrier, there was nothing stopping the leukemia from reemerging in the nervous system and invading the brain.[18] These relapses proved deadly for all but a few.[18]

VAMP chemotherapy can refer to any of :

The VAMP regimen is used in the treatment of cancer. It serves as a type of treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma.[27]

References

  1. ^ https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/VAMP
  2. ^ a b DeVita, Vincent T.; Chu, Edward (2008-11-01). "A History of Cancer Chemotherapy". Cancer Research. 68 (21): 8643–8653. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 18974103.
  3. ^ a b c Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011). The Emperor of All Maladies. NY: Scribner. pp. 132–134, 139–48.
  4. ^ Chabner, Bruce A.; Roberts, Thomas G. (2005/01). "Chemotherapy and the war on cancer". Nature Reviews Cancer. 5 (1): 65–72. doi:10.1038/nrc1529. ISSN 1474-1768. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Pritchard, Justin R.; Lauffenburger, Douglas A.; Hemann, Michael T. (October 2012). "Understanding resistance to combination chemotherapy". Drug Resistance Updates: Reviews and Commentaries in Antimicrobial and Anticancer Chemotherapy. 15 (5–6): 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2012.10.003. ISSN 1532-2084. PMC 3975170. PMID 23164555.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  6. ^ Ribatti, Domenico (May 2012). "Sidney Farber and the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a chemotherapeutic agent". Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 29 (4): 299–302. doi:10.3109/08880018.2012.678969. ISSN 1521-0669. PMID 22568792.
  7. ^ Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011). The Emperor of All Maladies. NY: Scribner. pp. 132–134, 139–48.
  8. ^ Pritchard, Justin R.; Lauffenburger, Douglas A.; Hemann, Michael T. (October 2012). "Understanding resistance to combination chemotherapy". Drug Resistance Updates: Reviews and Commentaries in Antimicrobial and Anticancer Chemotherapy. 15 (5–6): 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2012.10.003. ISSN 1532-2084. PMC 3975170. PMID 23164555.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  9. ^ VAMP/C-VAMP infusional chemotherapy as induction treatment for previously untreated multiple myeloma doi=10.1016/0959-8049(95)96048-I
  10. ^ a b https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/VAMP
  11. ^ http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/3/332.full Final Results of a Prospective Clinical Trial With VAMP and Low-Dose Involved-Field Radiation for Children With Low-Risk Hodgkin's Disease. 2007
  12. ^ Donaldson, S. S.; Hudson, M. M.; Lamborn, K. R.; Link, M. P.; Kun, L; Billett, A. L.; Marcus, K. C.; Hurwitz, C. A.; Young, J. A.; Tarbell, N. J.; Weinstein, H. J. (July 2002). "VAMP and low-dose, involved-field radiation for children and adolescents with favorable, early-stage Hodgkin's disease: results of a prospective clinical trial". J. Clin. Oncol. 20 (14): 3081–7. doi:10.1200/jco.2002.12.101. PMID 12118021.
  13. ^ a b c d DeVita, Vincent T.; Chu, Edward (2008-11-01). "A History of Cancer Chemotherapy". Cancer Research. 68 (21): 8643–8653. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 18974103.
  14. ^ a b Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011). The Emperor of All Maladies. NY: Scribner. pp. 132–134, 139–48.
  15. ^ DeVita, Vincent T.; Rosenberg, Steven A. (2012-06-06). "Two Hundred Years of Cancer Research". New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (23): 2207–2214. doi:10.1056/nejmra1204479.
  16. ^ a b Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011). The Emperor of All Maladies. NY: Scribner. pp. 132–134, 139–48.
  17. ^ a b c Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011). The Emperor of All Maladies. NY: Scribner. pp. 132–134, 139–48.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011). The Emperor of All Maladies. NY: Scribner. pp. 132–134, 139–48.
  19. ^ DeVita, Vincent T.; Chu, Edward (2008-11-01). "A History of Cancer Chemotherapy". Cancer Research. 68 (21): 8643–8653. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611. ISSN 0008-5472. PMID 18974103.
  20. ^ Morrison, W.B. (2010-11-01). "Cancer Chemotherapy: An Annotated History". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 24 (6): 1249–1262. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0590.x. ISSN 1939-1676.
  21. ^ http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/6/1251.full.pdf
  22. ^ VAMP/C-VAMP infusional chemotherapy as induction treatment for previously untreated multiple myeloma doi=10.1016/0959-8049(95)96048-I
  23. ^ http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertreatment/Treatmenttypes/Chemotherapy/Combinationregimen/C-VAMP.aspx
  24. ^ http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/3/332.full Final Results of a Prospective Clinical Trial With VAMP and Low-Dose Involved-Field Radiation for Children With Low-Risk Hodgkin's Disease. 2007
  25. ^ Donaldson, S. S.; Hudson, M. M.; Lamborn, K. R.; Link, M. P.; Kun, L; Billett, A. L.; Marcus, K. C.; Hurwitz, C. A.; Young, J. A.; Tarbell, N. J.; Weinstein, H. J. (July 2002). "VAMP and low-dose, involved-field radiation for children and adolescents with favorable, early-stage Hodgkin's disease: results of a prospective clinical trial". J. Clin. Oncol. 20 (14): 3081–7. doi:10.1200/jco.2002.12.101. PMID 12118021.
  26. ^ http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/25/9_Part_1/1553.full.pdf Summary of Informal Discussion on the Effects of Chemotherapy on the Kinetics of Leukemic Cell Behavior. 1965
  27. ^ https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/VAMP


Stub icon

This medical treatment–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Stub icon

This antineoplastic or immunomodulatory drug article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VAMP_regimen&oldid=838271055"