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In [[psychology]], '''ownership''' is the feeling that something is yours.<ref name="PKD2001"><cite class="citation journal">Pierce, J. L.; Kostova, T.; Dirks, K. (2001). "Toward a theory of psychological ownership in organizations". ''Academy of Management Review''. '''26''': 298–310. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.5465/amr.2001.4378028|10.5465/amr.2001.4378028]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="PKD2003"><cite class="citation journal">Pierce, J. L.; Kostova, T.; Dirks, K. T. (2003). "The state of psychological ownership: integrating and extending a century of research". ''Review of General Psychology''. '''7''': 84–107. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.84|10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.84]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="POC2004"><cite class="citation journal">Pierce, J. L.; O’Driscoll, M. P.; Coghlan, A. M. (2004). "Work environment structure and psychological ownership: the mediating effects of control". ''Journal of Social Psychology''. '''144''' (5): 507–34. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3200/SOCP.144.5.507-534|10.3200/SOCP.144.5.507-534]]. [[PubMed Identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15449699 15449699].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name="PV2004"><cite class="citation journal">Pierce, J.L.; Van Dyne, L. "Psychological ownership and feelings of possession: three field studies predicting employee attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior". ''Journal of Organization Behavior''. '''25''': 439–459. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/job.249|10.1002/job.249]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Psychological ownership is distinct from legal ownership:<ref name="Etzioni1991">Etzioni, A. (1991). "[http://www.gwu.edu/~ccps/etzioni/A208.pdf The socio-economics of property.]" In F. W. Rudmin (Ed.), To have possessions: a handbook on ownership and property. [Special Issue] ''Journal of Social Behavior and Personality'', '''6'''(6), 465–468</ref> one may feel that one's cubicle at work is theirs and no one else’s (i.e. psychological ownership), but legal ownership of the cubicle is actually conferred to the organization.
{{dashboard.wikiedu.org sandbox}}

== Overview ==
People can feel ownership about a variety of things: products, workspaces, ideas, and roles.<ref name="BR2011"><cite class="citation journal">Brown, G.; Robinson, S. (2011). "Reaction to territorial infringement". ''Organization Science''. '''22''': 210–224. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0507|10.1287/orsc.1090.0507]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> An example of ownership is the feeling that a product that you developed is YOURS and no one else’s. At its core, ownership is about possession, stewardship, and the need to have control over something.

Since psychological ownership can be experienced for diverse targets such as concrete objects<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peck|first=Joann|last2=Barger|first2=Victor A.|last3=Webb|first3=Andrea|date=2013-04|title=In search of a surrogate for touch: The effect of haptic imagery on perceived ownership|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2012.09.001|journal=Journal of Consumer Psychology|volume=23|issue=2|pages=189–196|doi=10.1016/j.jcps.2012.09.001|issn=1057-7408}}</ref> and abstract concepts (e.g., jobs<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Graham|last2=Pierce|first2=Jon L.|last3=Crossley|first3=Craig|date=2013-05-28|title=Toward an Understanding of the Development of Ownership Feelings|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.1869|journal=Journal of Organizational Behavior|volume=35|issue=3|pages=318–338|doi=10.1002/job.1869|issn=0894-3796}}</ref>, investments<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kirk|first=Colleen Patricia|last2=McSherry|first2=Bernard|last3=Swain|first3=Scott D.|date=2016|title=Investing the Self: The Effect of Nonconscious Goals on Investor Psychological Ownership and Word-of-Mouth Intentions|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2719333|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2719333|issn=1556-5068}}</ref>, brands<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t54232-000|title=Sense of Loss Measure|last=Chang|first=Hua|last2=Kwak|first2=Hyokjin|date=2015|website=PsycTESTS Dataset|access-date=2018-10-31|last3=Puzakova|first3=Marina|last4=Park|first4=Jisoo|last5=Smit|first5=Edith G.}}</ref>, ideas<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012-05-01|title=Blind in one eye: How psychological ownership of ideas affects the types of suggestions people adopt|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749597812000192|journal=Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes|language=en|volume=118|issue=1|pages=60–71|doi=10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.01.003|issn=0749-5978}}</ref>), the construct of ownership as a psychological phenomenon has been researched within various fields. These fields include organizational behavior<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jon L.|last2=Rubenfeld|first2=Stephen A.|last3=Morgan|first3=Susan|date=1991-01|title=EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF PROCESS AND EFFECTS|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4279000|journal=Academy of Management Review|volume=16|issue=1|pages=121–144|doi=10.5465/amr.1991.4279000|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>, consumer behavior<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peck|first=Joann|last2=Shu|first2=Suzanne B.|date=2009-10|title=The Effect of Mere Touch on Perceived Ownership|url=https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article/36/3/434/2900262|journal=Journal of Consumer Research|language=en|volume=36|issue=3|pages=434–447|doi=10.1086/598614|issn=0093-5301}}</ref>, environmentalism and sustainability.

== Causes and Mechanisms ==
'''Why does psychological ownership prevail?'''

The causes of psychological ownership are the following fundamental human motivations:

* '''Efficacy''' – Humans’ motivation to control their surroundings lead to efficacy, i.e., the ability to generate a preferred or intended outcome.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Possessions: toward a theory of their meaning and function throughout the life cycle|last=Furby|first=Lita|publisher=Academic Press|year=1978|isbn=|location=New York|pages=297- 336}}</ref> They can control their environment by owning various possessions, which induces psychological ownership.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Furby|first=Lita|date=1978-01-01|title=POSSESSION IN HUMANS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF ITS MEANING AND MOTIVATION|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1978.6.1.49|journal=Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal|volume=6|issue=1|pages=49–65|doi=10.2224/sbp.1978.6.1.49|issn=0301-2212}}</ref>
* '''Self-identity''' – The target of ownership tied to self-identity can be emblematic representations of the self.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25674838|title=The social psychology of material possessions : to have is to be|last=Helga.|first=Dittmar,|date=1992|publisher=Harvester Wheatsheaf|isbn=0745009557|location=Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire|oclc=25674838}}</ref> Their possessions aid people to establish their self-identity, both to themselves and to others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pierce|first=Jon L.|last2=Kostova|first2=Tatiana|last3=Dirks|first3=Kurt T.|date=2001-04|title=Toward a Theory of Psychological Ownership in Organizations|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4378028|journal=Academy of Management Review|volume=26|issue=2|pages=298–310|doi=10.5465/amr.2001.4378028|issn=0363-7425}}</ref>
* '''Belonging''' – People have a motivation to possess a “home”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jr.|first=Ralph L. Holloway|last2=Ardrey|first2=Robert|date=1967-12|title=The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2148087|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=82|issue=4|pages=630|doi=10.2307/2148087|issn=0032-3195}}</ref> In order to fulfill this desire, people spend significant resources for potential targets of ownership.<ref name="PKD2001" /> These targets eventually get to be a part of ourselves.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20217004|title=Being-in-the-world : a commentary on Heidegger's Being and time, division I|last=L.|first=Dreyfus, Hubert|isbn=0262041065|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|oclc=20217004}}</ref>

'''How does psychological ownership emerge?'''

Psychological ownership emerges in three ways:

* '''Control''' – Having control over a target can result in psychological ownership due to enhanced feelings of self-determination and responsibility. <ref name="Furby1978"><cite class="citation journal">Furby, Lita (January 1978). "Possession in Humans: an Exploratory Study of its Meaning and Motivation". ''Social Behavior and Personality''. '''6''' (1): 49–65. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2224/sbp.1978.6.1.49|10.2224/sbp.1978.6.1.49]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref>
* '''Intimate knowledge''' – The more we know something, the more likely we are to feel it belongs to us. A sense of fusion with the target of ownership occurs after intimately knowing that target.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Property : A study in social psychology|last=Beaglehole|first=Ernest|publisher=Macmillan|year=1932|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref>
* '''Self-investment''' – By expending physical and mental energies, time, ideas, and skills in something, we begin to feel greater ownership.<ref name="RH1980"><cite class="citation thesis">Rochberg-Halton, E. (1980). ''Cultural signs and urban adaptation: The meaning of cherished household possessions'' (Thesis). University of Chicago.</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref>

== Consequences ==
Ownership is distinctly related to psychological concepts such as [[organizational identification]] and [[organizational commitment]]. [[Organizational identification]] is the sense of belongingness to an organization and using the organization to define oneself.<ref name="MA1992"><cite class="citation journal">Mael, F.; Ashforth, B.E. (1992). "Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification". ''Journal of Organizational Behavior''. '''13''': 103–123. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/job.4030130202|10.1002/job.4030130202]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> An example of [[organizational identification]] could be proudly stating for which organization you work in a casual conversation with a new acquaintance. [[Organizational commitment]] is defined as accepting the organization’s goals, exerting effort, and a desire to maintain membership.<ref name="MPS1982"><cite class="citation book">Mowday, Richard T.; Porter, Lyman W.; Steers, Richard M. (1982). Mowday, Richard T., ed. ''Employee-organization linkages: the psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover''. Academic Press. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780125093705|9780125093705]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> An example of [[organizational commitment]] could be deciding to stay at an organization despite receiving an attractive job offer from another organization. Psychological ownership answers the question, ‘What is mine?’ [[Organizational identification]] answers the question, ‘Who am I?’ [[Organizational commitment]] answers the question, ‘Should I stay?’<ref name="PKD2001" />

=== Positive outcomes ===
Ownership can lead to several positive outcomes:

# Citizenship behavior, discretionary effort, and personal sacrifice.<ref name="OPC2006"><cite class="citation journal">"The Psychology of Ownership: Work Environment Structure, Organizational Commitment, and Citizenship Behaviors". ''Group and Organization Management''. '''31''' (3): 388–416. June 2006. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1059601104273066|10.1177/1059601104273066]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref>
# Experienced responsibility and stewardship<ref name="DSD1997"><cite class="citation journal">Davis, James H.; Schoorman, F. David; Donaldson, Lex (January 1997). "Toward a Stewardship View of Management". ''The Academy of Management Review''. '''22''' (1): 20–47. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.5465/amr.1997.9707180258|10.5465/amr.1997.9707180258]]. [[JSTOR]]&nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/259223 259223].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref>

=== Negative outcomes ===
Ownership can also lead to negative outcomes, especially when that sense of ownership is challenged (either legitimately, by a higher authority asserting their ownership of an entity, or illegitimately, by a subordinate or co-equal entity usurping one's own ownership):

# Feelings of personal loss<ref name="BB2011"><cite class="citation journal">Baer, M.; Brown, G. (March 2012). "Blind in one eye: How psychological ownership of ideas affects the types of suggestions people adopt". ''Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes''. '''118''': 60–71. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.01.003|10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.01.003]].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref>
# Interpersonal conflict<ref name="BR2011" />
# Unwillingness to accept advice<ref name="BB2011" />
# Resistance to change<ref name="DC1996"><cite class="citation journal">Dirks, Kurt; Cummings, Larry; Pierce, John (1996). "Psychological ownership in organizations: Conditions under which individuals promote and resist change". ''Research in Organizational Change and Development''. '''9''': 1–23. [[JSTOR]]&nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/259223 259223].</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref>

== References ==
<references group=""><ref name="PKD2001" /> <ref name="PKD2003" /> <ref name="POC2004" /> <ref name="PV2004" /> <ref name="Etzioni1991" /> <ref name="BR2011" /> <ref name="MA1992" /> <ref name="MPS1982" /> <ref name="Furby1978" /> <ref name="Weill1949"><cite class="citation book">Weil, Simone (1952). ''The need for roots: Prelude to a declaration of duties towards mankind''. Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> <ref name="RH1980" /> <ref name="OPC2006" /> <ref name="DSD1997" /> <ref name="BB2011" /> <ref name="DC1996" /></references>{{dashboard.wikiedu.org sandbox}}

Revision as of 06:17, 31 October 2018

In psychology, ownership is the feeling that something is yours.[1][2][3][4] Psychological ownership is distinct from legal ownership:[5] one may feel that one's cubicle at work is theirs and no one else’s (i.e. psychological ownership), but legal ownership of the cubicle is actually conferred to the organization.

Overview

People can feel ownership about a variety of things: products, workspaces, ideas, and roles.[6] An example of ownership is the feeling that a product that you developed is YOURS and no one else’s. At its core, ownership is about possession, stewardship, and the need to have control over something.

Since psychological ownership can be experienced for diverse targets such as concrete objects[7] and abstract concepts (e.g., jobs[8], investments[9], brands[10], ideas[11]), the construct of ownership as a psychological phenomenon has been researched within various fields. These fields include organizational behavior[12], consumer behavior[13], environmentalism and sustainability.

Causes and Mechanisms

Why does psychological ownership prevail?

The causes of psychological ownership are the following fundamental human motivations:

  • Efficacy – Humans’ motivation to control their surroundings lead to efficacy, i.e., the ability to generate a preferred or intended outcome.[14] They can control their environment by owning various possessions, which induces psychological ownership.[15]
  • Self-identity – The target of ownership tied to self-identity can be emblematic representations of the self.[16] Their possessions aid people to establish their self-identity, both to themselves and to others.[17]
  • Belonging – People have a motivation to possess a “home”.[18] In order to fulfill this desire, people spend significant resources for potential targets of ownership.[1] These targets eventually get to be a part of ourselves.[19]

How does psychological ownership emerge?

Psychological ownership emerges in three ways:

  • Control – Having control over a target can result in psychological ownership due to enhanced feelings of self-determination and responsibility. [20]
  • Intimate knowledge – The more we know something, the more likely we are to feel it belongs to us. A sense of fusion with the target of ownership occurs after intimately knowing that target.[21]
  • Self-investment – By expending physical and mental energies, time, ideas, and skills in something, we begin to feel greater ownership.[22]

Consequences

Ownership is distinctly related to psychological concepts such as organizational identification and organizational commitment. Organizational identification is the sense of belongingness to an organization and using the organization to define oneself.[23] An example of organizational identification could be proudly stating for which organization you work in a casual conversation with a new acquaintance. Organizational commitment is defined as accepting the organization’s goals, exerting effort, and a desire to maintain membership.[24] An example of organizational commitment could be deciding to stay at an organization despite receiving an attractive job offer from another organization. Psychological ownership answers the question, ‘What is mine?’ Organizational identification answers the question, ‘Who am I?’ Organizational commitment answers the question, ‘Should I stay?’[1]

Positive outcomes

Ownership can lead to several positive outcomes:

  1. Citizenship behavior, discretionary effort, and personal sacrifice.[25]
  2. Experienced responsibility and stewardship[26]

Negative outcomes

Ownership can also lead to negative outcomes, especially when that sense of ownership is challenged (either legitimately, by a higher authority asserting their ownership of an entity, or illegitimately, by a subordinate or co-equal entity usurping one's own ownership):

  1. Feelings of personal loss[27]
  2. Interpersonal conflict[6]
  3. Unwillingness to accept advice[27]
  4. Resistance to change[28]

References

  1. ^ a b c Pierce, J. L.; Kostova, T.; Dirks, K. (2001). "Toward a theory of psychological ownership in organizations". Academy of Management Review. 26: 298–310. doi:10.5465/amr.2001.4378028.
  2. ^ Pierce, J. L.; Kostova, T.; Dirks, K. T. (2003). "The state of psychological ownership: integrating and extending a century of research". Review of General Psychology. 7: 84–107. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.84.
  3. ^ Pierce, J. L.; O’Driscoll, M. P.; Coghlan, A. M. (2004). "Work environment structure and psychological ownership: the mediating effects of control". Journal of Social Psychology. 144 (5): 507–34. doi:10.3200/SOCP.144.5.507-534. PMID 15449699.
  4. ^ Pierce, J.L.; Van Dyne, L. "Psychological ownership and feelings of possession: three field studies predicting employee attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior". Journal of Organization Behavior. 25: 439–459. doi:10.1002/job.249.
  5. ^ Etzioni, A. (1991). "The socio-economics of property." In F. W. Rudmin (Ed.), To have possessions: a handbook on ownership and property. [Special Issue] Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(6), 465–468
  6. ^ a b Brown, G.; Robinson, S. (2011). "Reaction to territorial infringement". Organization Science. 22: 210–224. doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0507.
  7. ^ Peck, Joann; Barger, Victor A.; Webb, Andrea (2013-04). "In search of a surrogate for touch: The effect of haptic imagery on perceived ownership". Journal of Consumer Psychology. 23 (2): 189–196. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2012.09.001. ISSN 1057-7408. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Brown, Graham; Pierce, Jon L.; Crossley, Craig (2013-05-28). "Toward an Understanding of the Development of Ownership Feelings". Journal of Organizational Behavior. 35 (3): 318–338. doi:10.1002/job.1869. ISSN 0894-3796.
  9. ^ Kirk, Colleen Patricia; McSherry, Bernard; Swain, Scott D. (2016). "Investing the Self: The Effect of Nonconscious Goals on Investor Psychological Ownership and Word-of-Mouth Intentions". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2719333. ISSN 1556-5068.
  10. ^ Chang, Hua; Kwak, Hyokjin; Puzakova, Marina; Park, Jisoo; Smit, Edith G. (2015). "Sense of Loss Measure". PsycTESTS Dataset. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  11. ^ "Blind in one eye: How psychological ownership of ideas affects the types of suggestions people adopt". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 118 (1): 60–71. 2012-05-01. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.01.003. ISSN 0749-5978.
  12. ^ Pierce, Jon L.; Rubenfeld, Stephen A.; Morgan, Susan (1991-01). "EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF PROCESS AND EFFECTS". Academy of Management Review. 16 (1): 121–144. doi:10.5465/amr.1991.4279000. ISSN 0363-7425. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Peck, Joann; Shu, Suzanne B. (2009-10). "The Effect of Mere Touch on Perceived Ownership". Journal of Consumer Research. 36 (3): 434–447. doi:10.1086/598614. ISSN 0093-5301. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Furby, Lita (1978). Possessions: toward a theory of their meaning and function throughout the life cycle. New York: Academic Press. pp. 297–336.
  15. ^ Furby, Lita (1978-01-01). "POSSESSION IN HUMANS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF ITS MEANING AND MOTIVATION". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal. 6 (1): 49–65. doi:10.2224/sbp.1978.6.1.49. ISSN 0301-2212.
  16. ^ Helga., Dittmar, (1992). The social psychology of material possessions : to have is to be. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf. ISBN 0745009557. OCLC 25674838.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Pierce, Jon L.; Kostova, Tatiana; Dirks, Kurt T. (2001-04). "Toward a Theory of Psychological Ownership in Organizations". Academy of Management Review. 26 (2): 298–310. doi:10.5465/amr.2001.4378028. ISSN 0363-7425. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Jr., Ralph L. Holloway; Ardrey, Robert (1967-12). "The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations". Political Science Quarterly. 82 (4): 630. doi:10.2307/2148087. ISSN 0032-3195. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ L., Dreyfus, Hubert. Being-in-the-world : a commentary on Heidegger's Being and time, division I. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 0262041065. OCLC 20217004.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Furby, Lita (January 1978). "Possession in Humans: an Exploratory Study of its Meaning and Motivation". Social Behavior and Personality. 6 (1): 49–65. doi:10.2224/sbp.1978.6.1.49.
  21. ^ Beaglehole, Ernest (1932). Property : A study in social psychology. New York: Macmillan.
  22. ^ Rochberg-Halton, E. (1980). Cultural signs and urban adaptation: The meaning of cherished household possessions (Thesis). University of Chicago.
  23. ^ Mael, F.; Ashforth, B.E. (1992). "Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification". Journal of Organizational Behavior. 13: 103–123. doi:10.1002/job.4030130202.
  24. ^ Mowday, Richard T.; Porter, Lyman W.; Steers, Richard M. (1982). Mowday, Richard T., ed. Employee-organization linkages: the psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic Press. ISBN 9780125093705.
  25. ^ "The Psychology of Ownership: Work Environment Structure, Organizational Commitment, and Citizenship Behaviors". Group and Organization Management. 31 (3): 388–416. June 2006. doi:10.1177/1059601104273066.
  26. ^ Davis, James H.; Schoorman, F. David; Donaldson, Lex (January 1997). "Toward a Stewardship View of Management". The Academy of Management Review. 22 (1): 20–47. doi:10.5465/amr.1997.9707180258. JSTOR 259223.
  27. ^ a b Baer, M.; Brown, G. (March 2012). "Blind in one eye: How psychological ownership of ideas affects the types of suggestions people adopt". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 118: 60–71. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.01.003.
  28. ^ Dirks, Kurt; Cummings, Larry; Pierce, John (1996). "Psychological ownership in organizations: Conditions under which individuals promote and resist change". Research in Organizational Change and Development. 9: 1–23. JSTOR 259223.

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