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==Etymology==
==Etymology==
According to ''[[Book of Han]]'', Chēnglí 撐犁 means "heaven", gūtu 孤塗 "son" and chányú 單于 "immense appearance".<ref>''[[Book of Han]]'', [[:zh:s:漢書/卷094上|Vol. 94-I]], 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也，</ref>
According to ''[[Book of Han]]'', Chēnglí 撐犁 means "heaven", gūtu 孤塗 "son" and chányú 單于 "immense appearance".<ref>''[[Book of Han]]'', [[:zh:s:漢書/卷094上|Vol. 94-I]], 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也，</ref>

Linguist [[Alexander Vovin]] proposes [[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseic]] etymology for 撐犁孤塗單于, in Old Chinese pronunciation ''*treng-ri k<sup>w</sup>a-la dar-Gā'', from roots ''*tɨŋgVr-'' "high", ''*k<sup>w</sup>ala-'' "son, child", ''*tɨl''' "low, north", and ''*χɨj<sup>e/a</sup>'' "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North".<ref>"Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in ''Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia'', (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185</ref><ref>"Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in ''Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest'', June 23-28, pp. 389-394.</ref>


== List of Xiongnu Chanyus ==
== List of Xiongnu Chanyus ==

Revision as of 03:20, 12 November 2018

Xiongnu

Chanyu (Chinese: 單于; Chinese: 单于; pinyin: Chányú; short form for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (Chinese: 撐犁孤塗單于; pinyin: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú)) was the title used by the nomadic supreme rulers of Inner Asia for eight centuries and was superseded by the title "Khagan" in 402 CE.[1] The title was used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE) and Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE).


Etymology

According to Book of Han, Chēnglí 撐犁 means "heaven", gūtu 孤塗 "son" and chányú 單于 "immense appearance".[2]

Linguist Alexander Vovin proposes Yeniseic etymology for 撐犁孤塗單于, in Old Chinese pronunciation *treng-ri kwa-la dar-Gā, from roots *tɨŋgVr- "high", *kwala- "son, child", *tɨl' "low, north", and *χɨje/a "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North".[3][4]

List of Xiongnu Chanyus

NB: Chanyu names do not always obey Chinese convention
Chinese name Pinyin / Wade-Giles Guangyun Personal Name Reign Note
Touman Chanyu (頭曼單于/头曼单于) Tóumàn / t'ou-man 240–209 BC
Modu Chanyu (冒頓單于/冒顿单于) mòdú / mou-tun Luandi Modu (攣鞮冒頓 / 挛鞮冒顿) 209–174 BC a.k.a. Batur (Baγatur) [5]
Laoshang (老上單于/老上单于) lǎoshàng / lao-shang 174–161 BC
Gunchen (軍臣單于/军臣单于) jūnchén / chün-ch'en 161–126 BC
Ichise (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于) yīzhìxié / i-chih-hsieh 126–114 BC
Uwei (烏維/乌维) 114–105 BC
Ushylu (兒單于/儿单于) (烏師廬/乌师庐) 105–102/101 BC "Err Chanyu" (underage) [6]
Guilihu (呴犛湖/呴犁湖) 102/101–101/100 BC
Chedi (且鞮侯) (且鞮侯) 101/100–96 BC a.k.a. Quidi, Chedihou
Hulugu (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于) húlùgū / hu-lu-ku 96–85 BC
Huandi (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于) húyǎndī / hu-yen-ti 85–68 BC
Hyuilui-Juankui (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于) xūlǘquánqú / hsü-lü-ch'üan-ch'ü 68–60 BC
Uyan-Guidi (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于) wòyǎnqúdī / wo-lu-ch'ü-ti (屠耆堂/ 屠耆堂) 60–58 BC
Huhanye (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于) hūhánxié / hu-han-hsieh Giheushyan [7]
( 稽侯狦)		 58 – 31 BC
屠耆單于, 58–56 BC
呼揭單于, 57 BC
車犂單于, 57–56 BC
烏籍單于, 57 BC
閏振單于, 56–54 BC
Zhizhi Chanyu 郅支單于, 55 – 36 BC
伊利目單于, 49 BC
Fujulei [8]
(復株纍若鞮單于/复株累若鞮单于)		 fùzhūléiruòdī/fu-chu-lei-je-ti Dyaotao-mogao [9]
(彫陶莫皋/雕陶莫皋)		 31–20 BC "Jodi" in Hunnic means "respectful to parents" [10]
Seuxie [11]
(搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于)		 Juimixui [12]
(且麋胥)		 20–12 BC Title Jodi-Chanyu
Guia [13]
(車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于)		 Juimigui [14]
(且莫車/挛鞮且莫车)		 12–8 BC Title Jodi-Chanyu
Uchjulu [15] (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于) Nengzhiyasi [16]
(囊知牙斯)		 8 BC – 13 AD Title Jodi-Chanyu
Ulei Hyan [17] (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于) (鹹/挛鞮咸) 13–18 AD Title Jodi-Chanyu
Yui [18] (呼都而尸道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于) (輿/挛鞮舆) 18–46 AD
Wudadi-hou [19] Wudadi (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯) 46 AD

Northern Xiongnu (北匈奴)

Chinese name Pinyin/Wade-Giles Guangyun Personal Name Reign Note
Punu (蒲奴) Punu 46–? AD
Youliu [20] (優留) Youliu ?–87 AD
Bey/Bi (北單于) Běi Chányú 88–? AD
Yuchujian [21] (於除鞬單于) Yuchujian 91–93 AD
Feng-hou (逢侯) Feng, a.k.a. Finghey 94–118 AD

Southern Xiongnu (南匈奴)

Chinese name Data Personal Name Reign
Hu, Han-Sie/Hanxie (呼韓邪)
Di II (第二)醢落尸逐鞮		 a.k.a. Bey/Bi (KhuKheniy II) of the East partition
brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations
with Han China in AD 50		 48–56/55 AD
Chiu-Fu Yu-Ti
(丘浮尤提)		 Chupu-NoTi 55/56–56/57 AD
I-Fa Wu Yu-Ti
(伊伐於慮提)		 ??? 56/57–59 AD
XienTung ShiSuQuTi
(醢僮尸逐侯提)		 Shtongsi SuyGhuTi 59–63 AD

丘除車林提		 Kuchi QilinTi 63 AD
HuYeh ShiSuQuTi
(湖邪尸逐侯提)		 Ghushi Shisu Quti 63–85 AD
I-Tu-Yi-Lu-Ti
(伊屠於閭提)		 Iltu UluTi 85–88 AD
Tuntuhe [22] Siuan [23] XiuLan ShiSuQuTi (休蘭尸逐侯提) Shulan 88–93 AD
Anguo [24]
(安國)		 a.k.a. Arqu started a large scale rebellion against
the Han		 93–94 AD
Shizi-hou [25]
(尸逐)		 Tindu ShiSuQuTi (亭獨尸逐侯提) 94–98 AD
Wanchi ShiSuQuTi
(萬氏尸逐侯提)		 opposed by...
...Feng a.k.a. Finghey		 98-124AD
98–118 AD
Wuzhi ShiSuQuTi
(烏稽尸逐侯提)		 ??? 124–127/128 AD
Xiuli [26] Kuti NoShiSuChin (去特若尸逐就)[citation needed], committed suicide under Chinese pressure 127/128–140/142?
Cheniu [27] Chu-Xiu ???[citation needed], popularly elected not from Hunnic dynastic lines 140–143 AD
Deuleuchu [28] Ghoran, Hulan NoShiSuChin (呼蘭若尸逐就)[citation needed], pin. Touluchu,[29] puppet fictitious appointee at the Chinese court 143–147 AD
Guiguir [30] Illin, I-Ling NoShiSuChin (伊陵若尸逐就)[citation needed], pin. Jucheer;[31] puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD 147–158 AD (d. 172 AD)
Tude-joshy-zhuogu [32] Dotuk NoShiSuChin (屠特若尸逐就)[citation needed], a.k.a. Utno Shisu Quti 158–178 AD
Huzheng [33](呼徵) a.k.a. Hu, Ching; Ghuzhin 178–179 AD
Qiangqui
(羌渠)		 a.k.a. Qiangquy, Qiangqu,[34] Jiangqu; killed in Xiuchuge Huns rebellion 179–188 AD
Yufuluo
(於扶羅)		 a.k.a. Qizi ShiSuQu (特至尸逐侯)[citation needed]. The last ShiSu.
Homeless puppet Chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Chanyu of
Xiluo 醯落 and Tu'ge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee
Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi.		 188–195 AD
Huchuquan (呼廚泉) Yufuluo's brother,[35] he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu
after Yufuluo died.		 195–215/6 AD

Da Chanyu (大單于)

Chinese name Data Personal Name Reign
Liu Bao (劉豹) Yufuluo's son. He changed the Chanyu clan name from
Luanti to Liu – meaning Dragon in the Xiongnu
Language. He bore the title 匈奴 單于 but ruled only
over the West partition in Jiuyuan (九原) of the
Pingyang Xiongnu newly partitioned into North, South,
left (West), right (East), and Centre by Cao Cao		 216–260AD
劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi Huchuquan's son. Cao Cao ordered him to rule
over the north partition of Pingyang Xiongnu as
Tiefu Right Virtuous King (鐵弗 右贤王).		 260–272
劉誥升爰 Liú Gàoshēngyuán Son of 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi. Bore the title 鐵弗 右贤王 272–309
Liu Yuan (劉淵) Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光文). Son of Liu Bao (劉豹). Bore the title Hun Chanyu 匈奴 單于. Of Hun tribe Yuanhai, so Chinese annals use Yuanhai as his name [36] 309–310
Liu He, ch. 劉和 py. liú hé Han Zhao state, personal name Xuantai 玄泰 7 days in 310
Liu Cong, ch. 劉聰 py. liú cōng Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu, ch. 昭武, personal name Xuanmen 玄門, nickname Zai 載 310–318
Liu Can, ch. 劉粲 py. liú càn Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin, ch. 隱, personal name Shiguang 士光 a month and days in 318
Liu Yao ch. Liu Yao 劉曜 py. liú yaò Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Hou Zhu 後主, personal name Yongming 永明 318–329
Liu Xi ch. Liu Xi 劉熙 Last ruler of Han Zhao; statutory Chanyu, probably never raised to the throne 329
Liu Hu 劉虎 Liu Qubei's grandson. He was not allowed to call himself Chanyu 329–341
劉務恒 Liú Wùhéng ??? 341–356
劉閼陋頭 Liú èlòutóu ??? 356–358
劉悉勿祈 Liú Xīwùqí ??? 358–359
劉衛辰 Liú Wèichén Posthumously named "Emperor Huan" 359–391
劉勃勃 Liú Bóbó a.k.a. Wulie (武烈 Wǔliè) established Xiongnu Xia 407 and in 413 reverted surname to 赫連 Hèlián 391–425
赫連昌 Hèlián Chāng ??? 425–428
赫連定 Hèlián Dìng Last native ruler of Huns in China 428–431

Chanyu family trees

Chanyu Xiongnu rulers family trees
Southern Xiongnu 南匈奴
Northern Xiongnu 北匈奴
Touman
头曼单于
r.220–209BC
Modu Chanyu
冒顿单于
r.209–174BC
Laoshang
老上单于
r.174–161BC
Gunchen
军臣单于
r.161-126BC		daughter
Wife of
Zhao Xin
赵信		Ichise
伊稚斜单于
r.126-114BC
涉安侯
於單		Uwei
烏維单于
r.114-105BC		Guilihu
呴犁湖单于
r.102/101–
101/100 BC		Chedihou
且鞮侯
r.101-96/99?BC
Ushylu
儿单于
r.104-102/101BC		Hulugu
狐鹿姑单于
r.96-85BC		daughter
Wife of
Li Ling 李陵
d.74 BC		左大将左大都尉右谷蠡王
Huandi
壺衍鞮单于
r.85-68BC		左谷蠡王Hyuilui-Juankui
虚闾权渠单于
r.68-60BC		daughter
Wife of
Li Guangli 李廣利
d.88BC		daughter
Wife of
乌禅幕		Cheli
車犂單于
r.57-56BC		先贤掸
Zhizhi
郅支单于
r.56-36BC		Huhanye
呼韩邪单于
r.58-31BC		右谷蠡王
驹于利受Fujulei
搜谐若鞮单于
r.31–20BC		Seuxie
搜谐若鞮单于
r.20-12BC		Guia
车牙若鞮单于
r.12-8BC		右贤王
卢浑		Uchjulu
乌珠留若鞮单于
r.8-13AD		右贤王
铢娄渠堂		右谷蠡王
伊屠智牙师		Ulei Hyan
乌累若鞮单于
r.13-18AD		左贤王
乐		Yui
呼都而尸道皋若鞮單于
r.18-46AD
醯諧屠奴侯须卜居次
云		须卜单于
当
r.18-21AD		当于居次左祝都韩王
朐留斯侯		右於塗仇撣王
乌夷当		左日逐王
都		右大且
方		左於駼仇掸王
稽留昆		斩将王Shun
顺单于 登
r.11-12		Shun
顺单于 助
r.11		角Wudadi-
hou
乌达鞮侯
r.46		Punu
蒲奴
r.46-?
Hu Hanxie
呼韓邪
r.48-56/55		右股奴王
乌鞮牙斯		ChiuFu YuTi
丘浮尤提
r.55/56-56/57		I-Fa Wu Yu-Ti 伊伐於慮提
r.56/57-59
XienTung ShiSuQuTi
醢僮尸逐侯提
r.59-63		HuYeh ShiSuQuTi
湖邪尸逐侯提
r.63-85		Tuntuhe/ Siuan
休兰尸逐侯鞮单于
r.88-93		丘除车林鞮单于
r.63		Yitu Yuludi
伊屠於閭鞮單于
r.85-88		Anguo
安国
r.93-94
Shizi-hou
尸逐
r.94-98'		Wanchi ShiSuQuTi
萬氏尸逐侯提
r.98-124		Wuzhi ShiSuQuTi
烏稽尸逐侯提
r.124-128		Xiuli
去特若尸逐就
r.127/128–
140/142?		左贤王Feng-hou
逢侯
r.94-118


□
□□□
Tuqi Chanyu
屠耆單于
r.58–56BC		Yilimu Chanyu
伊利目單于
r.49BC		Runzhen Chanyu
閏振單于
r.56-54BC		Uyan-Guidi
握衍朐鞮單于
r.60-58BC		Shengzhi
胜之		You Xian wáng
右贤王
都涂吾西姑瞀楼头Aojian wang
奥鞬王


□
northern chanyu
北單于
r.89–91AD?		Youliu 優留
r.?–87 AD		Yuchujian 於除鞬單于
r.91–93AD


Guiguir
伊陵尸逐就單于
r.147-158/172; d.172
Tude-joshy-zhuogu
屠特若尸逐就單于
r.158/172–178AD
Huzheng
呼徵
r.178-179


?
Qiangqui
羌渠
r.179–188CE		Liu Qubei
劉去卑		Panliuxi
潘六奚
Chizhishizhuhou Chanyu
持至尸逐侯单于
b.150–d.196; r.188–195		Huchuquan
呼厨泉
r.195-216
?
Tiefu/Xia
state
Liu Bao
刘豹		Liu Qubei 劉去卑 d.272
Tiefu chieftain
r.260-272
Han Zhao
state
Liu Yuan 劉淵 d.310
Guangwen of Han (Zhao)
漢(趙)光文帝 r.304-310		Tiefu/Xia state
rulers family tree
Han Zhao rulers
family tree

See also

References

  1. ^ Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. "Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху") Template:Ru icon
  2. ^ Book of Han, Vol. 94-I, 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也，
  3. ^ "Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia, (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185
  4. ^ "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23-28, pp. 389-394.
  5. ^ Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imp. Acad, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, pp. 221–261.
  6. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 46
  7. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 59
  8. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  9. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  10. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 107
  11. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  12. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86
  13. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87
  14. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87
  15. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87
  16. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2010-12-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, p. 105–107
  18. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 108–109
  19. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  20. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  21. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  22. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  23. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 130–134
  24. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  25. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  26. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  27. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  28. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 144
  29. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984
  30. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145
  31. ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984
  32. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times, 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145 (True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD)
  33. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times, 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145
  34. ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984
  35. ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984
  36. ^ [1] note 208
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