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=== Mary Johnson ===
=== Mary Johnson ===
Mary Johnson's was the first recorded confession of witchcraft. She worked as a house servant and was accused of theft in 1648. After extensive torture and interrogation, Johnson confessed to "familiarity with the devil".<ref name="wcandw"/> She also confessed to having sexual relations with "men and devils" and to murdering a child.<ref name="tom 4"/> Her execution was delayed as she was pregnant during her imprisonment in Hartford. Johnson was executed in June 1650.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
Mary Johnson's was the first recorded confession of witchcraft. She worked as a house servant and was accused of theft in 1648. After extensive torture and interrogation, Johnson confessed to "familiarity with the devil".<ref name="wcandw"/> She also confessed to having sexual relations with "men and devils" and to murdering a child.<ref name="tom 4"/> Her execution was delayed as she was pregnant during her imprisonment in Hartford. Johnson was executed June 6, 1650.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7s-AAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Mary%20Johnson%22%20june%201650%20hartford&pg=PA283#v=onepage&q=%22Mary%20Johnson%22%20june%201650%20hartford&f=false|title=The colonial history of Hartford, gathered from the original records: illustrated.|last=DeLoss Love|first=William|date=|publisher=|year=1914|isbn=|location=Hartford, Conn.|pages=283|oclc=166621992|quote=The jailor was paid £6 10s. for twenty-four weeks' charges to June 6, 1650, from which fact it is inferred that she [Mary Johnson] was executed on that date.}}</ref>


=== Katherine Harrison ===
=== Katherine Harrison ===
Katherine Harrison was a former maidservant of Captain John Cullick and the widow of Wethersfield's town crier.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} She became a wealthy citizen of [[Wethersfield, Connecticut]] after she inherited her husband's estate, worth one thousand pounds. Harrison experienced several legal problems, including the death of her livestock and the destruction of crops. Though her losses were supported by eyewitnesses, she received no compensation.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} In 1668, she was sued for slandering Goody Griswold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nhcem.wordpress.com|title=Before Salem|website=Before Salem|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-27}}</ref>
Katherine Harrison was a former maidservant of Captain John Cullick and the widow of Wethersfield's town crier.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} Harrison was born in England and came to America around 1651.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Riddell|first=William Renwick|date=1928|title=Witchcraft in Old New York|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1134645|journal=Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology|volume=19|issue=2|pages=252|doi=10.2307/1134645|issn=0885-4173|via=}}</ref> She became a wealthy citizen of [[Wethersfield, Connecticut]] after she inherited her husband's estate, worth one thousand pounds. Harrison experienced several legal problems, including the death of her livestock and the destruction of crops. Though her losses were supported by eyewitnesses, she received no compensation.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} In 1668, she was sued for slandering Goody Griswold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nhcem.wordpress.com|title=Before Salem|website=Before Salem|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-27}}</ref>


Between 1668 and 1669, Harrison was also accused of witchcraft. The accusations against her included breaking the Sabbath, fortune telling and using black magic, as well as appearing in spectral form to people.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} She was also accused of calling to the devil by the swamp.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} On May 11, 1669 she was moved to the local jail to await her trial.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} Harrison's trial faced many complications: the first jury never reached a decision, and the second found her guilty, but the magistrates disagreed as most of the evidence was spectral, which relied solely on the accuser.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} In May of 1670, Harrison was released from prison, and banished from the Connecticut colony; she and her family relocated to New York, as they had already planned to do.<ref name="woodward 19"/>
Between 1668 and 1669, Harrison was also accused of witchcraft. The accusations against her included breaking the Sabbath, fortune telling and using black magic, as well as appearing in spectral form to people.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} She was also accused of calling to the devil by the swamp.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} On May 11, 1669 she was moved to the local jail to await her trial.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} Harrison's trial faced many complications: the first jury never reached a decision, and the second found her guilty, but the magistrates disagreed as most of the evidence was spectral, which relied solely on the accuser.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} In May of 1670, Harrison was released from prison, and banished from the Connecticut colony; she and her family relocated to New York, as they had already planned to do.<ref name="woodward 19"/>
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=== Wethersfield ===
=== Wethersfield ===
During the 1650s, several people were tried for witchcraft through the Connecticut area. In Wethersfield, Joan and John Carrington were executed in 1651. They were prominent members of the Wethersfield community before being accused of witchcraft.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://listverse.com/2016/11/28/10-facts-about-the-connecticut-witch-trials/|title=10 Facts About The Connecticut Witch Trials - Listverse|date=2016-11-28|work=Listverse|access-date=2018-10-02|language=en-US}}</ref> Wethersfield was also the home of Mary Johnson, the first open confessor of witchcraft; and Katherine Harrison. This resulted in the coining of the term "Wethersfield Witches" by historians.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
During the 1650s, several people were tried for witchcraft through the Connecticut area. In Wethersfield, Joan and John Carrington were executed in 1651. They were prominent members of the Wethersfield community before being accused of witchcraft.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://listverse.com/2016/11/28/10-facts-about-the-connecticut-witch-trials/|title=10 Facts About The Connecticut Witch Trials - Listverse|date=2016-11-28|work=Listverse|access-date=2018-10-02|language=en-US}}</ref> Wethersfield was also the home of Mary Johnson, the first open confessor of witchcraft; and Katherine Harrison. This resulted in the coining of the term "Wethersfield Witches" by historians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://historyhole.com/little-known-facts-connecticut-witch-trials/|title=Little Known Facts About the Connecticut Witch Trials|date=2016-11-29|website=History Hole|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-13}}</ref>
[[File:OldStateHouseHartford.jpg|thumb|The Hartford Statehouse. People given the death penalty for witchcraft were often hanged here.]]
[[File:OldStateHouseHartford.jpg|thumb|The Hartford Statehouse. People given the death penalty for witchcraft were often hanged here.]]


Revision as of 00:22, 13 December 2018

The Connecticut Witch Trials, also sometimes referred to as the Hartford witch trials, occurred from 1647 to 1663.[1] They were the first large-scale witch trials in the American colonies, predating the Salem Witch Trials by nearly thirty years.[2] John M. Taylor lists a total of 37 total cases, 11 of which resulted in executions.[3] The execution of Alse Young of Windsor in the spring of 1647[4] was the beginning of the witch panic in the area, which would not come to an end until 1670 with the release of Katherine Harrison.[5]

Witchcraft in Connecticut

The history of witchcraft in Connecticut is difficult to track, owing primarily to the lack of documentation from the accusations, trials, and executions. In the words of Benjamin Trumbull in his 1818 History of Connecticut:

“It may, possibly, be thought a great neglect or matter of partiality, that no account is given of witchcraft in Connecticut. The only reason that is, after the most careful researches, no indictment of any person for that crime, nor any process relative to that affair, can be found."[6]

Despite this, there is enough existing evidence to gain an insight into the culture of witchcraft trials at the time. In the early days of the trials, Reverends Samuel Stone of Hartford, Joseph Haynes of Wethersfield, and Samuel Hooker of Farmington served on a "prosecutorial tribunal"[7] which contradicted the traditional idea that prosecutors should remain skeptical and immune to public pressure to convict.[7] As was the popular belief of the time, the magistrates of Connecticut relied on evidence of "the devil’s involvement in inflicting harm"[7] to secure a conviction of witchcraft, but such evidence could easily be found through "battering interrogations."[7]

Key figures

Alse Young

Alse Young was the first person executed for witchcraft not only in Connecticut, but likely in the whole of the American colonies. On May 26, 1647, she was executed in Hartford.[8] Her execution was recorded in the journals of John Winthrop the governor of Massachusetts Bay; and Matthew Grant, the second town clerk of Windsor.[8] There are no further surviving records on Young's trial or specification of the charges against her. Around the time of the trial, an influenza epidemic occurred throughout the New England area, including her hometown of Windsor, which may have influenced the accusations against her.[9] Young was likely married or related to John Young of Windsor,[8] and may have been eligible to inherit his property, which may have made her an even more attractive target.[3]

Mary Johnson

Mary Johnson's was the first recorded confession of witchcraft. She worked as a house servant and was accused of theft in 1648. After extensive torture and interrogation, Johnson confessed to "familiarity with the devil".[3] She also confessed to having sexual relations with "men and devils" and to murdering a child.[8] Her execution was delayed as she was pregnant during her imprisonment in Hartford. Johnson was executed June 6, 1650.[10]

Katherine Harrison

Katherine Harrison was a former maidservant of Captain John Cullick and the widow of Wethersfield's town crier.[citation needed] Harrison was born in England and came to America around 1651.[11] She became a wealthy citizen of Wethersfield, Connecticut after she inherited her husband's estate, worth one thousand pounds. Harrison experienced several legal problems, including the death of her livestock and the destruction of crops. Though her losses were supported by eyewitnesses, she received no compensation.[citation needed] In 1668, she was sued for slandering Goody Griswold.[12]

Between 1668 and 1669, Harrison was also accused of witchcraft. The accusations against her included breaking the Sabbath, fortune telling and using black magic, as well as appearing in spectral form to people.[citation needed] She was also accused of calling to the devil by the swamp.[citation needed] On May 11, 1669 she was moved to the local jail to await her trial.[citation needed] Harrison's trial faced many complications: the first jury never reached a decision, and the second found her guilty, but the magistrates disagreed as most of the evidence was spectral, which relied solely on the accuser.[citation needed] In May of 1670, Harrison was released from prison, and banished from the Connecticut colony; she and her family relocated to New York, as they had already planned to do.[5]

Major sites

Wethersfield

During the 1650s, several people were tried for witchcraft through the Connecticut area. In Wethersfield, Joan and John Carrington were executed in 1651. They were prominent members of the Wethersfield community before being accused of witchcraft.[13] Wethersfield was also the home of Mary Johnson, the first open confessor of witchcraft; and Katherine Harrison. This resulted in the coining of the term "Wethersfield Witches" by historians.[14]

The Hartford Statehouse. People given the death penalty for witchcraft were often hanged here.

Hartford

In 1662 and 1663, the town of Hartford saw a surge in witch hysteria. A series of accusations were made among the townsfolk. The first accusation was by Anne Cole, who accused Rebecca Greensmith and Elizabeth Seager of tormenting her through magic. The parents of Elizabeth Kelly accused Goody Ayres of using black magic to kill their daughter. Other claims of black magic from Hartford were more peculiar: one person claimed Satan caused her to speak with an accent. Another said her neighbors transformed into animals at night.[13] Katherine Branch, servant to the Wescot family, suffered from a series of fits and other instances that Daniel Wescot described as being "beyond nature", like elevating above her bed.[15] A minister from a neighboring village claimed Branch's afflictions were the result of her declining to join a witch coven.[16]

From Hartford, four people were executed for the crime of witchcraft. Nathaniel and Rebecca Greensmith, Mary Sanford, and Mary Barnes were hung in 1662.[3] Elizabeth Seager was accused of witchcraft, but the charges were dropped due to weak evidence.[17]

End of the trials

By 1663, the witchcraft trials in Hartford were beginning to wind down, due in no small part to the return of the governor of the Connecticut colony, John Winthrop Jr.[2] Winthrop was generally regarded as "New England’s quintessential adjudicator of witchcraft cases",[2] due not only to his status as the son of the governor of Massachusetts, but also to his "first-hand knowledge of natural magical practices... associated with alchemy, a mystical form of chemical experimentation."[2] Because of his experience with alchemy, and having seen John Dee and Robert Fludd - two major influences in Winthrop's studies - stand against false accusations of witchcraft,[18] Winthrop often involved himself in witchcraft cases to ensure that the accused were not executed.[2] His return and involvement in the trials ushered in a period of increasing skepticism towards accusations of witchcraft, and in 1669, it was Winthrop's court that established that multiple witnesses needed to bear witness to the same act of witchcraft simultaneously.[5] This significantly stemmed the flow of accusations, and despite a minor panic during the Salem crisis later, no witches were executed in Connecticut after Katherine Harrison's release in 1670.[5]

Aftermath

On October 6, 2012, descendants of the executed petitioned the Connecticut government to posthumously pardon the victims,[19] but the motion was not passed. In 2007, Addie Avery communicated with the British government in an attempt to acquit the convicted witches.[20] Addie Avery was the descendant of Mary Sanford, who was executed for "dancing around a tree while drinking liquor".[20] Avery has also been involved in many theatrical performances about the Connecticut Witch trials, like The Witching Hour.[20]

On February 6, 2017, the town of Windsor unanimously passed a resolution to symbolically clear the names of the town's two victims, Alice Young and Lydia Gilbert.[21] A documentary about the passage of this resolution entitled Delayed Justice: Windsor Atones For Its Witch Trial History produced through Windsor Community Television can be accessed through Internet Archive. [22] Several individuals arranged memorial services for the victims of the witch trials in Windsor in June of 2017. The "Memorial For Connecticut's Witch Trial Victims" marked the 370th anniversary of Alse Young's execution.[23]

References

  1. ^ Walter W. Woodward, “New England’s Other Witch-hunt: The Hartford Witch-hunt of the 1660s and Changing Patterns in Witchcraft Prosecution,” OAH Magazine of History (July 2007): 16
  2. ^ a b c d e Woodward, 16.
  3. ^ a b c d "Connecticut Witch Trials (America, 1647 - 1697) - Witchcraft". www.witchcraftandwitches.com. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  4. ^ R.G. Tomlinson, Witchcraft Trials of Connecticut: The First Comprehensive, Documented History of Witchcraft Trials in Colonial Connecticut (Hartford: The Bond Press Inc., 1978), 4.
  5. ^ a b c d Woodward, 19.
  6. ^ Tomlinson, vii.
  7. ^ a b c d Woodward, 17.
  8. ^ a b c d Tomlinson, 4.
  9. ^ "1647 — Influenza, CT (~40-50) and MA (~40-50) Natives and other colonies (?) — >100 – Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events". www.usdeadlyevents.com. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
  10. ^ DeLoss Love, William (1914). The colonial history of Hartford, gathered from the original records: illustrated. Hartford, Conn. p. 283. OCLC 166621992. The jailor was paid £6 10s. for twenty-four weeks' charges to June 6, 1650, from which fact it is inferred that she [Mary Johnson] was executed on that date.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ Riddell, William Renwick (1928). "Witchcraft in Old New York". Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. 19 (2): 252. doi:10.2307/1134645. ISSN 0885-4173.
  12. ^ "Before Salem". Before Salem. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
  13. ^ a b "10 Facts About The Connecticut Witch Trials - Listverse". Listverse. 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
  14. ^ "Little Known Facts About the Connecticut Witch Trials". History Hole. 2016-11-29. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  15. ^ Godbeer, Richard (2005). Escaping Salem: The other Witch hunt of 1692. 198 Madison Avenue, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  16. ^ Godbeer, Richard (2005). Escaping Salem: The other Witch Hunt of 1692. 198 Madison Avenue, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 22.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  17. ^ Godbeer, Richard (2005). Escaping Salem: the other Witch Hunt of 1692. 198 Madison Avenue, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 54.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  18. ^ Woodward, 18.
  19. ^ "Descendants of condemned 'witches' ask Connecticut to clear their relatives' names". Fox News. 2015-03-26. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
  20. ^ a b c Maker, Elizabeth (2007-09-03). "AROUND CONNECTICUT: HISTORY working to clear ancestors name, 300 years after execution". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  21. ^ Ray Cavanaugh (2017-10-26). "Where Was The First Woman Condemned For Witchcraft? Not In Salem..." The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  22. ^ "Delayed Justice: Windsor Atones For Its Witch Trial History". Windsor Community Television. 2017-07-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  23. ^ Dennis Hohenberger (2017-06-06). "Victims of Witch Trials Remembered". Hartford Community Courant. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
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