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In [[human sexuality]], the '''refractory period''' is usually the recovery phase after [[orgasm]] during which it is physiologically impossible for a man to have additional orgasms.<ref name="Morrow">{{cite book | author=Ross Morrow| title =Sex Research and Sex Therapy: A Sociological Analysis of Masters and Johnson| publisher =[[Routledge]]|year = 2013|page=91|accessdate = September 9, 2016| isbn = 1134134657|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wqG07-UF0yoC&pg=PA91}}</ref><ref name="Carroll">{{cite book|author=Janell L. Carroll| title =Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity| publisher =[[Cengage Learning]]|year = 2015|page=275|accessdate = September 9, 2016| isbn = 1305446038|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cy9-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT275}}</ref> This phase begins immediately after [[ejaculation]] and lasts until the [[Human sexual response cycle#Excitement phase|excitement phase]] of the [[human sexual response cycle]] begins a new with low level response.<ref name="Morrow"/><ref name="Carroll"/> Although it is generally reported that women do not experience a refractory period and can thus experience an additional orgasm (or multiple orgasms) soon after the first one,<ref name="Rosenthal">{{cite book |first=Martha |last= Rosenthal| title = Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society | publisher =[[Cengage Learning]]|year = 2012|pages=134–135|accessdate = September 17, 2012| isbn = 9780618755714 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT154 }}</ref><ref name=SOC>{{cite web| title = The Sexual Response Cycle| publisher = [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] | url = http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle|accessdate =6 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725051823/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle|archivedate=25 July 2011}}</ref> some sources state that both men and women experience a refractory period because women may also experience a moment after orgasm in which further [[sexual stimulation]] does not produce excitement.<ref name="Schacter">{{cite book | authors=Daniel L. Schacter, Daniel T. Gilbert, Daniel M. Wegner| title =Psychology| publisher =[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|year = 2010|page=336|accessdate = November 10, 2012| isbn = 1429237198|url = https://books.google.com/?id=emAyzTNy1cUC&pg=PA336&dq=Women+do+experience+a+refractory+period#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Weiner & Craighead">{{cite book | authors=Irving B. Weiner, W. Edward Craighead| title = The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 2| publisher =[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year = 2010|page=761|accessdate = November 10, 2012|isbn = 0470170263|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pa5vKqntwikC&pg=PA761}}</ref>
In [[human sexuality]], the '''refractory period''' is usually the recovery phase after [[orgasm]] during which it is physiologically impossible for a man to have additional orgasms.<ref name="Morrow">{{cite book | author=Ross Morrow| title =Sex Research and Sex Therapy: A Sociological Analysis of Masters and Johnson| publisher =[[Routledge]]|year = 2013|page=91|accessdate = September 9, 2016| isbn = 1134134657|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wqG07-UF0yoC&pg=PA91}}</ref><ref name="Carroll">{{cite book|author=Janell L. Carroll| title =Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity| publisher =[[Cengage Learning]]|year = 2015|page=275|accessdate = September 9, 2016| isbn = 1305446038|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cy9-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT275}}</ref> This phase begins immediately after [[ejaculation]] and lasts until the [[Human sexual response cycle#Excitement phase|excitement phase]] of the [[human sexual response cycle]] begins anew with low level response.<ref name="Morrow"/><ref name="Carroll"/> Although it is generally reported that women do not experience a refractory period and can thus experience an additional orgasm (or multiple orgasms) soon after the first one,<ref name="Rosenthal">{{cite book |first=Martha |last= Rosenthal| title = Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society | publisher =[[Cengage Learning]]|year = 2012|pages=134–135|accessdate = September 17, 2012| isbn = 9780618755714 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=d58z5hgQ2gsC&pg=PT154 }}</ref><ref name=SOC>{{cite web| title = The Sexual Response Cycle| publisher = [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] | url = http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle|accessdate =6 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725051823/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/the-sexual-response-cycle|archivedate=25 July 2011}}</ref> some sources state that both men and women experience a refractory period because women may also experience a moment after orgasm in which further [[sexual stimulation]] does not produce excitement.<ref name="Schacter">{{cite book | authors=Daniel L. Schacter, Daniel T. Gilbert, Daniel M. Wegner| title =Psychology| publisher =[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|year = 2010|page=336|accessdate = November 10, 2012| isbn = 1429237198|url = https://books.google.com/?id=emAyzTNy1cUC&pg=PA336&dq=Women+do+experience+a+refractory+period#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Weiner & Craighead">{{cite book | authors=Irving B. Weiner, W. Edward Craighead| title = The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 2| publisher =[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year = 2010|page=761|accessdate = November 10, 2012|isbn = 0470170263|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pa5vKqntwikC&pg=PA761}}</ref>


==Factors and theories==
==Factors and theories==

Revision as of 20:50, 25 December 2018

In human sexuality, the refractory period is usually the recovery phase after orgasm during which it is physiologically impossible for a man to have additional orgasms.[1][2] This phase begins immediately after ejaculation and lasts until the excitement phase of the human sexual response cycle begins anew with low level response.[1][2] Although it is generally reported that women do not experience a refractory period and can thus experience an additional orgasm (or multiple orgasms) soon after the first one,[3][4] some sources state that both men and women experience a refractory period because women may also experience a moment after orgasm in which further sexual stimulation does not produce excitement.[5][6]

Factors and theories

While the refractory period varies widely among individuals, ranging from minutes to days,[4][5][6] most men cannot achieve or maintain an erection during this time, and many perceive a psychological feeling of satisfaction and are temporarily uninterested in further sexual activity; the penis may be hypersensitive and further sexual stimulation may feel painful during this time frame.[3][6]

An increased infusion of the hormone oxytocin during ejaculation is believed to be chiefly responsible for the male refractory period, and the amount by which oxytocin is increased may affect the length of each refractory period.[7] Another chemical which is considered to be responsible for the male refractory period is prolactin,[3][8] which represses dopamine, which is responsible for sexual arousal.[8] Because of this, there is currently an experimental interest in drugs which inhibit prolactin, such as cabergoline (also known as Cabeser, or Dostinex). Anecdotal reports on cabergoline suggest it may be able to eliminate the refractory period altogether, allowing men to experience multiple ejaculatory orgasms in rapid succession. At least one scientific study supports these claims,[9] although cabergoline is a hormone-altering drug and has many potential side effects. It has not been approved for treating sexual dysfunction.[9]

Sildenafil, used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, was found in one scientific study to have caused "a decreased postejaculatory erectile refractory time (3.2 ± 0.7 vs. 6.4 ± 0.7 minutes)" in men diagnosed with premature ejaculation.[10]

It is additionally proposed that the gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH), which is considered to inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and sexual functions causes refractoriness of the post-ejaculatory refractory period.[11] This hypothesis also supports the increase of oxytocin and prolactin after orgasm in accordance with the previous studies.[11]

One alternative theory explains the male refractory period in terms of a peripheral autonomic feedback mechanism, rather than through central chemicals like oxytocin, serotonin, and prolactin. Autonomic feedback is already known to regulate other physiologic systems, such as breathing, blood pressure, and gut motility. This theory suggests that after male ejaculation, decreased wall tension in structures such as the seminal vesicles leads to a change in the fine autonomic signals sent from these organs, effectively creating a negative feedback loop. Such a mechanism is similar to decreased gastric and bowel motility once gastric contents have passed through. Once the feedback loop has been created, the refractory period remains until the loop is broken through restoration of the wall tension in the seminal vesicles. As men age, the time to restore tension in the seminal vesicles increases.[12]

The female sexual response is more varied than that of men, and women are capable of attaining additional or multiple orgasms through further sexual stimulation.[3][4] However, there are many women who experience clitoral hypersensitivity after orgasm, which can effectively create a refractory period. These women may be capable of further orgasms, but the pain involved in getting there makes the prospect undesirable.[13]

According to Havelock Ellis, most multi-orgasmic men (and their partners) report that multiple orgasms lead to a highly energetic post-orgasmic state.[14]

Other studies

According to some studies, 18-year-old males have a refractory period of about 15 minutes, while those in their 70s take about 20 hours, with the average for all men being about half an hour.[15] Although rarer, some males exhibit no refractory period or a refractory period lasting less than 10 seconds.[16] A scientific study attempting to document natural, fully ejaculatory, multiple orgasms in an adult man was conducted at Rutgers University in 1995. During the study, six fully ejaculatory orgasms were experienced in 36 minutes, with no apparent refractory period.[3][17] Later, P. Haake et al. reported a single male individual producing multiple orgasms without elevated prolactin response.[8]

Media

A number of books assert that men are capable of eliminating the refractory period and having multiple orgasms similar to female multiple orgasms by learning to separate ejaculation from orgasm, and describe techniques they claim will help men stop ejaculation and thus eliminate the refractory period.[18][19] In addition, many men who began masturbation or other sexual activity prior to puberty report the ability of having been able to achieve multiple, non-ejaculatory orgasms without refractory periods during that time in their lives.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Ross Morrow (2013). Sex Research and Sex Therapy: A Sociological Analysis of Masters and Johnson. Routledge. p. 91. ISBN 1134134657. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  2. ^ a b Janell L. Carroll (2015). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. p. 275. ISBN 1305446038. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e Rosenthal, Martha (2012). Human Sexuality: From Cells to Society. Cengage Learning. pp. 134–135. ISBN 9780618755714. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c "The Sexual Response Cycle". University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  5. ^ a b Psychology. Macmillan. 2010. p. 336. ISBN 1429237198. Retrieved November 10, 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b c The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 2. John Wiley & Sons. 2010. p. 761. ISBN 0470170263. Retrieved November 10, 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Panksepp, Jaak (2004). Textbook of biological psychiatry. Wiley-IEEE. p. 129.
  8. ^ a b c Haake, P.; Exton, M.S.; Haverkamp, J.; Krämer, M.; Leygraf, N.; Hartmann, U.; Schedlowski, M.; Krueger, T.H.C. (April 2002). "Absence of orgasm-induced prolactin secretion in a healthy multi-orgasmic male subject". International Journal of Impotence Research. 14 (2): 133–135. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900823. PMID 11979330.
  9. ^ a b Krüger TH, Haake P, Haverkamp J, et al. (December 2003). "Effects of acute prolactin manipulation on sexual drive and function in males". The Journal of Endocrinology. 179 (3): 357–65. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1790357. PMID 14656205.
  10. ^ McMahon, Chris G.; Stuckey, Bronwyn G.A.; Andersen, Morten; Purvis, Kenneth; Koppiker, Nandan; Haughie, Scott; Boolell, Mitra (May 2005). "Efficacy of Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra) in Men with Premature Ejaculation". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2 (3). Blackwell Publishing: 368–375. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.20351.x. PMID 16422868.
  11. ^ a b Pazhoohi F, Salehi MS (2013). "Effect of gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) secretion on post-ejaculatory refractory period: A hypothesis". Hypothesis. 11 (1): e2. doi:10.5779/hypothesis.v11i1.286.
  12. ^ Turley, KR; Rowland, DL (August 2013). "Evolving ideas about the male refractory period". British Journal of Urology International. 112 (4): 442–52. doi:10.1111/bju.12011. PMID 23470051.
  13. ^ Rathus, Spencer A.; Nevid, Jeffrey S.; Fichner-Rathus, Lois; Herold, Edward S.; McKenzie, Sue Wicks (2005). Human Sexuality In A World Of Diversity (Second ed.). New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education.
  14. ^ Ellis, Havelock (1910) [1897]. Studies in the Psychology of Sex. Vol. 6 (2008 ed.). F. A. Davis Co. p. 552. ISBN 978-1147358988.
  15. ^ Kanner, Bernice. (2003). Are You Normal About Sex, Love, and Relationships? p. 52.
  16. ^ Boccadoro, L.; Carulli, S. (2009), Il posto dell'amore negato. Sessualità e psicopatologie segrete (The place of the denied love. Sexuality and secret psychopathologies - Abstract), Ancona, Italy: Tecnoprint Editions, ISBN 978-88-95554-03-7
  17. ^ Whipple, Beverley; Myers, Brent R.; Komisaruk, Barry R. (1998). "Male Multiple Ejaculatory Orgasms: A Case Study". Journal of Sex Education and Therapy. 23 (2): 157–162. doi:10.1080/01614576.1998.11074222.
  18. ^ Copeland, Pala and Link, AI: Voluntary Ejaculation and Male Multiple Orgasms (2004)
  19. ^ Gedde, Margaret (MD PhD): The New Male Orgasm - Multiple orgasms without climax training guide
  20. ^ "Better Sex 4 Him". Site.themarriagebed.com. 2006-01-01. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
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