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{{about |the insurgency in [[Jammu and Kashmir]]|the wider conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir|Kashmir Conflict}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
| partof = the [[Kashmir conflict]]
| image = Kashmir map big.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = ''[[Kashmir]]'' : Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. The dark-brown region represents Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir while the Aksai Chin is under Chinese control.
| date = 13 July 1989<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/politics/political_history.html|title=Chronicle of Important events/date in J&K's political history|first=Not|last=Specified|date=|website=www.jammu-kashmir.com|accessdate=29 April 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061358/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/politics/political_history.html|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>–present
| place = [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
| result = Conflict ongoing
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of India.svg|22px]] [[India]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Indian Army]]
* {{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} [[Indian Air Force]]
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
* [[Border Security Force]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]
* [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|22px]] [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]]<br />
[[File:Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg|22px]] [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<br />
[[File:Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg|22px]] [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]<br />
[[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|22px]] [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]<br />
[[File:Harakat flag.png|22px]] [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]]<br />
[[File:Al-badr flag.png|22px]] [[Al-Badr (India)|Al-Badr]]<br />
[[File:Kashmir independent.svg|22px]] [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]<br />
{{flagicon|ISIL}} [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province|ISIL-KP]]<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Rediff.com]]|title=Islamic State J-K chief among 4 terrorists killed in Kashmir|date=22 June 2018|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pix-encounter-breaks-out-between-security-forces-and-terrorists-in-anantnag/20180622.htm}}</ref>
<br />''Supported by:''<br />
{{flag|Pakistan}}<ref name=Ganguly>{{cite book|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=India, Pakistan, and the Bomb: Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia|date=7 August 2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14375-2|pages=27–28|author2=Paul Kapur}}</ref> <br />
{{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Taliban]]<ref name="Talib"/><br />
[[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|22px]] [[al-Qaeda]]<ref name="Talib" />
| strength1 = [[File:Flag of India.svg|22px]] 30,000<ref name="timesonline.co.uk">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1363447,00.html], {{cite web |url=http://www.stimson.org/southasia/?SN=SA2001112045 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-02-08 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630204847/http://www.stimson.org/southasia/?SN=SA2001112045 |archivedate=30 June 2006 |df=dmy-all }} Multiple sources for the number of Indian counter-insurgency troops in the region {{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0%2C%2C3-1363447%2C00.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-02-08 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523125637/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0%2C%2C3-1363447%2C00.html |archivedate=23 May 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> – 600,000<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chopra|first1=Anuj|title=India weighs troop reduction in quieter Kashmir|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0402/p04s01-wosc.html|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''|date=2 April 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722010737/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0402/p04s01-wosc.html|archivedate=22 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Army<br /> [[File:Flag of India.svg|22px]] 65,000 [[CRPF]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ganai|first1=Naseer|title=Five CRPF officers dead in suicide attack as fidayeen extremists disguised as cricket players turn grenade launchers on Srinagar school|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2292905/Fidayeen-kill-CRPF-men-Militants-attack-jawans-Srinagar-school.html|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[Daily Mail|The Daily Mail]]''|date=13 March 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012042854/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2292905/Fidayeen-kill-CRPF-men-Militants-attack-jawans-Srinagar-school.html|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| strength2 = 3,500 to 5,000 <small>(2006 est.)</small><ref name="HRW2006">{{cite book|title="Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir, Volume 18|date=2006|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><br />
≈150 <small>(2014 est.)</small><ref>{{cite news|last1=Excelsior Correspondent|title=Over 150 militants, mostly foreigners, active in Kashmir: DGP|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/150-militants-mostly-foreigners-active-kashmir-dgp/|accessdate=24 February 2017|publisher=''[[Daily Excelsior|The Daily Excelsior]]''|date=1 November 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061411/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/150-militants-mostly-foreigners-active-kashmir-dgp/|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
≈200 <small>(2017 est.)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=Army releases names of top 11 militants active in Kashmir|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-releases-names-of-top-11-militants-active-in-kashmir-here-is-the-list/story-RAHkfYLBlawk3bDhetd9MN.html|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=22 July 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804083700/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/army-releases-names-of-top-11-militants-active-in-kashmir-here-is-the-list/story-RAHkfYLBlawk3bDhetd9MN.html|archivedate=4 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|22px]] [[Bipin Rawat|General Bipin Rawat]]<br />
[[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|22px]] Lt Gen [[Devraj Anbu]]<br />
[[File:Air Force Ensign of India.svg|22px]] [[Birender Singh Dhanoa|Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
[[File:Flag of India.svg|22px]] R R Bhatnagar
| commander2 = [[File:Flag_of_Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg|22px]] [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed|Hafiz Saeed]]<br />
[[File:Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg|22px]] [[Maulana Masood Azhar|Maulana Azhar]]<br />
[[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|22px]] [[Ilyas Kashmiri]] {{KIA}}<br />
[[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|22px]] [[Sayeed Salahudeen]]<br />
[[File:Harakat flag.png|22px]] [[Fazlur Rehman Khalil]]<br />
[[File:Harakat flag.png|22px]] Farooq Kashmiri<br />
[[File:Al-badr flag.png|22px]] [[Arfeen Bhai]]<br />
[[File:Kashmir independent.svg|22px]] [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]]<br />
[[File:Al-badr flag.png|22px]] [[Bakht Zameen]]
{{flagicon|ISIL}} [[Dawood Ahmed Sofi]] {{KIA}}
| casualties1 = 5,462 security forces killed<ref name="Ultras">{{cite news|title=Ultras kill 16725 civilians in 24 yrs in J&K|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=29912|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[Kashmir Times]]''|date=2 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061423/http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=29912|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| casualties2 = >21,000 terrorists killed<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|last1=Agencies|title=Over 21000 terrorists killed in J-K since 1990|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/21000-terrorists-killed-j-k-since-1990/|accessdate=24 February 2017|publisher=''[[Daily Excelsior|The Daily Excelsior]]''|date=10 December 2014}}</ref> <br />3,000 captured<ref name="HRW2006"/>
≈4,500 surrendered<ref name="HRW2006"/>
| casualties3 = 20,228<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ucdp.uu.se/#/actor/325|title=Kashmir insurgents|publisher=[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001172908/http://ucdp.uu.se/#/actor/325|archivedate=1 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>–100,000 civilians killed<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/228506/40000-people-killed-in-kashmir-india/|title=40,000 people killed in Kashmir: India|last=|first=|date=|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227232416/https://tribune.com.pk/story/228506/40000-people-killed-in-kashmir-india/|archivedate=27 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}
{{Internal conflicts in India}}
The '''insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir''' or the '''Kashmiri Insurgency''' (also known as '''Kashmir Intifada''')<ref>{{cite book|title=Until My Freedom Has Come: The New Intifada in Kashmir|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143416470|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YOrcv1Bz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Kashmir+intifada&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip7ZuhusXVAhXG1xoKHQyoAboQ6AEIIzAA#v=onepage&q=Kashmir%20intifada&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Margolis|first1=Eric|title=War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135955595|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQGUAgAAQBAJ&dq=Kashmiri+intifada&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bose|first1=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674028555|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA107&dq=Kashmir+intifada&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwip7ZuhusXVAhXG1xoKHQyoAboQ6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=Kashmir%20intifada&f=false}}</ref> is a conflict between various [[Kashmir]]i separatists<ref>{{cite news|last1=Web Desk|title=India funded militants in Kashmir to counter ISI: ex-RAW chief|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/914740/india-funded-militants-in-kashmir-to-counter-isi-ex-raw-chief/|accessdate=24 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Express Tribune]]''|date=4 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025063426/http://tribune.com.pk/story/914740/india-funded-militants-in-kashmir-to-counter-isi-ex-raw-chief/|archivedate=25 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="firstpost1">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/isi-sponsors-terror-activities-in-kashmir-fbi-tells-us-court-46038.html|title=ISI sponsors terror activities in Kashmir, FBI tells US court|work=Firstpost|accessdate=1 April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145916/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/isi-sponsors-terror-activities-in-kashmir-fbi-tells-us-court-46038.html|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com1">{{cite news|last1=Rajghatta|first1=Chidanand|title=US exposes ISI subversion of Kashmir issue; FBI arrests US-based lobbyist|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-exposes-ISI-subversion-of-Kashmir-issue-FBI-arrests-US-based-lobbyist/articleshow/9294830.cms|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Times of India]]''|date=20 July 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812140040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-exposes-ISI-subversion-of-Kashmir-issue-FBI-arrests-US-based-lobbyist/articleshow/9294830.cms|archivedate=12 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="rediff1">{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Himani|title=ISI gives arms to Kashmir terrorists: Rana to FBI|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[Rediff.com]]''|date=7 June 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015010/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-isi-gives-arms-to-kashmiri-terrorists-rana-to-fbi/20110607.htm|archivedate=5 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite news|last1=Agencies|title=ISI funneled millions to influence US policy on Kashmir: FBI|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/isi-funneled-millions-to-influence-us-policy-on-kashmir-fbi/819859/|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Indian Express]]''|date=20 July 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170224070053/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/isi-funneled-millions-to-influence-us-policy-on-kashmir-fbi/819859/|archivedate=24 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the [[Government of India]]. There are some groups that support the complete independence of Kashmir, while others seek Kashmir's accession to Pakistan.<ref>[http://ucdp.uu.se/#conflict/364 Conflict Encyclopedia – India: Kashmir] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001172908/http://ucdp.uu.se/ |date=1 October 2017 }}, [[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]], 29 May 1977, retrieved 2013-05-29,</ref> The conflict in Jammu and Kashmir has strong Islamist elements among the insurgents, with many of the "ultras" identifying with Jihadist movements and supported by such.<ref name="HasanPakistan" />

The roots of the conflict between the Kashmiri insurgents and the Indian government are tied to a dispute over local autonomy.<ref name="ucdp.uu.se">[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]] Conflict Encyclopedia, Conflict Summary, Conflict name: India: Kashmir, "Roots of Conflict and the emergence of Kashmir Insurgents", viewed 2013-05-29, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia# {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203162633/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia |date=3 February 2013 }}</ref> Democratic development was limited in Kashmir until the late 1970s and by 1988 many of the democratic reforms provided by the Indian government had been reversed and non-violent channels for expressing discontent were limited and caused a dramatic increase in support for insurgents advocating violent secession from India.<ref name="ucdp.uu.se" /> In 1987, a disputed State election<ref name="Elections in Kashmir">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/kashmir-elections.shtml|title=Elections in Kashmir|publisher=Kashmirlibrary.org|accessdate=2017-02-23|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201045510/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/kashmir-elections.shtml|archivedate=1 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> created a catalyst for the insurgency when it resulted in some of the state's legislative assembly members forming armed insurgent groups.<ref name="BBCKashmir" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Jeelani|first1=Mushtaq A.|title=Kashmir: A History Littered With Rigged Elections|url=http://www.mediamonitors.net/jeelani4.html|website=Media Monitors Network|accessdate=24 February 2017|date=25 June 2001|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051443/http://www.mediamonitors.net/jeelani4.html|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AltafElections"/> In July 1988, a series of demonstrations, strikes and attacks on the Indian government began the '''Kashmir Insurgency''', which during the 1990s escalated into the most important internal security issue in India.

Thousands of people have died<ref>[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]] Conflict Encyclopedia, Conflict Summary, India: Kashmir (entire conflict), Fatality estimates, viewed 2013-05-29, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia# {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203162633/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia |date=3 February 2013 }}</ref> during fighting between insurgents and the government as well as thousands of civilians who have died as a result of being targeted by the various armed groups.<ref>[[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]] Conflict Encyclopedia, India One-sided violence, Government of India – civilians, Kashmir insurgents – civilians, Lashkar-e-Taiba – civilians, viewed on 2012-05-29, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia# {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203162633/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia |date=3 February 2013 }}</ref>

The [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] of [[Pakistan]] has been accused by [[India]] of supporting and training [[mujahideen]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Mahmud|title=Pakistan's shadowy secret service|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|date=9 October 2006|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221224921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|archivedate=21 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news|last1=Rashid|first1=Ahmed|title=Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530756/Natos-top-brass-accuse-Pakistan-over-Taliban-aid.html|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|date=6 October 2006|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222113552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530756/Natos-top-brass-accuse-Pakistan-over-Taliban-aid.html|archivedate=22 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> to fight in [[Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Telegraph.co.uk"/><ref name="Talib">{{cite news|last1=Gall|first1=Carlotta|title=At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|accessdate=21 February 2017|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|date=21 January 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231131515/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|archivedate=31 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jehl|first1=Douglas|last2=Dugger|first2=Celia W.|last3=Barringer|first3=Felicity|title=Death of Reporter Puts Focus On Pakistan Intelligence Unit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/world/nation-challenged-suspects-death-reporter-puts-focus-pakistan-intelligence-unit.html|accessdate=21 February 2017|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|date=25 February 2002}}</ref> In 2015, former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan supported, trained terror groups: Pervez Musharraf|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-115102800015_1.html|accessdate=21 February 2017|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|publisher=''[[Business Standard]]''|date=28 October 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605051514/http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-115102800015_1.html|archivedate=5 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
According to official figures released in Jammu and Kashmir assembly, there were 3,400 [[Missing person|disappearance]] cases and the conflict has left more than [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|47,000 people dead]] which also includes 7,000 police personnel as of July 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-36624520081121|title=India revises Kashmir death toll to 47,000|last=Editorial|first=Reuters|work=Reuters India|access-date=2017-05-20|language=en-IN|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508113654/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-36624520081121|archivedate=8 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

However, the number of insurgency-related deaths in the state have fallen sharply since the start of a slow-moving [[India–Pakistan relations|peace process]] between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/914628/indian-officials-say-3-400-missing-in-held-kashmir|title=Indian officials say 3,400 missing in held Kashmir|date=2009-08-18|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-05-20|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012090113/https://www.dawn.com/news/914628/indian-officials-say-3-400-missing-in-held-kashmir|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Some rights groups claim a higher figure of 100,000 deaths since 1989.<ref name="The Express Tribune"/>

== History of the movement ==
{{See also|Timeline of the Kashmir conflict|History of Jammu and Kashmir | Kashmir Conflict | Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus }}

=== 1947–1987 ===
{{See also|Partition of India}}
After independence from colonial rule India and Pakistan [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|fought a war]] over the princely state of [[Kashmir]]. At the end of the war India controlled the most valuable parts of Kashmir.<ref name="SumantraKashmir" /> While there were sporadic periods of violence there was no organised insurgency movement.<ref name="SwamiSecret" />

During this period legislative elections in [[Jammu and Kashmir]] were first held in 1951 and [[Sheikh Abdullah]]’s secular party stood unopposed. He was an instrumental member in the accession of the state to India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-05/news/44808338_1_omar-abdullah-jammu-and-kashmir-sheikh-abdullah|title=Omar Abdullah hails Sheikh Abdullah's decision to accede J-K to India|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/story/225175.html|title=Excerpts of Sheikh Abdullah's speech defending the accession .|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110172831/http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/story/225175.html|archivedate=10 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

However [[Sheikh Abdullah]] would fall in and out of favour with the central government and would often be dismissed only to be re-appointed later on.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mohd|first=Abbas Wani|title=Beginning of Terrorism in Jammu&Kashmir|journal=Indian Streams Research Journal|year=2014|publisher=Laxmi Book Publication|issn=2230-7850}}</ref> This was a time of political instability & power struggle in [[Jammu and Kashmir]] and it went through several periods of [[President's rule]] by the [[Federal Government]].<ref name="AltafElections" />

=== 1987–2004 ===
[[File:Insurgency Terror-related Fatalities of Civilians and Security Forces in Jammu and Kashmir India from 1988 to 2013.png|thumb|430px|The trend in total yearly civilian and security forces fatalities from insurgency-related violence over 25 years from 1988 to 2013.<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html Fatalities in Terrorist Violence 1988–2014 in Jammu & Kashmir] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110715154921/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/index.html |date=15 July 2011 }}, South Asian Terrorism, SATP (2014)</ref>]]
After [[Sheikh Abdullah]]’s death, his son [[Farooq Abdullah]] took over as Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Farooq Abdullah eventually fell out of favour with the Central Government and the Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] had his government toppled with the help of his brother-in-law [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah|G. M. Shah]]. A year later, Abdullah reached an accord with the new Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and announced an alliance with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] for the elections of 1987. The elections were allegedly rigged in favour of Abdullah.<ref name="AltafElections" /><ref name="BBCKashmir" />

Most commentators state that this led to the rise of an armed insurgency movement composed, in part, of those who unfairly lost the elections. Pakistan supplied these groups with logistical support, arms, recruits and training.<ref name="AltafElections" /><ref name="BBCKashmir" /><ref name="ArifShadow" /><ref name="HasanPakistan" /><ref name="KhanMilitants" />

In the second half of 1989 the alleged assassinations of the Indian spies and political collaborators by JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front) was intensified. Over six months more than a hundred officials were killed to paralyse government’s administrative and intelligence apparatus. The daughter of then interior affairs minister, Mufti Mohammad Sayeed was kidnapped in December and four terrorists had to be released for her release. This event led to mass celebrations all over the valley. Farooq Abdullah resigned in January after the appointment of Jagmohan Malhotra as the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequently, J&K was placed under Governor's Rule under Article 92 of [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|state constitution]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kashmir Demysitified|last=Behera|first=Navnita Chadha|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2006|isbn=|location=Washington|pages=}}</ref>

Under JKLF’s leadership on January 21–23 large scale protests were organised in valley. As a response to this largely explosive situation paramilitary units of BSF and CRPF were called. These units were used by the government to combat Maoist insurgency and the North-Eastern insurgency. The challenge to them in this situation was not posed by armed insurgents but by the stone pelters. Their inexperience caused at least 50 casualties in Gawkadal massacre. In this incident the underground militant movement was transformed into a mass struggle. To curb the situation AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act) was imposed on Kashmir in September 1990 to suppress the insurgency by giving armed forces the powers to kill and arrest without warrant to maintain public order. During this time the dominant tactic involved killing of a prominent figure in a public gathering to push forces into action and the public prevented them from capturing these insurgents. This sprouting of sympathisers in Kashmir led to the hard-line approach of Indian army.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kashmir Demystified|last=Behera|first=Navnita Chadha|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2006|isbn=|location=Washington D.C.|pages=}}</ref>

With JKLF at forefront large number of militant groups like Allah Tigers, People’s League and Hizb-i-Islamia sprung up. Weapons were smuggled on a large scale from Pakistan. In Kashmir JKLF operated under the leadership of Ashfaq Majid Wani, Yasin Bhat, Hamid Shiekh and Javed Mir. To counter this growing pro-Pakistani sentiment in Kashmir, Indian media associated it exclusively with Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kashmir Roots of Conflict Paths to Peace|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2003|isbn=|location=Cambridge|pages=146}}</ref>

JKLF used distinctly Islamic themes to mobilise crowds and justify their use of violence. They sought to establish an Islamic democratic state where the rights of minorities would be protected according to Quran and Sunna and economy would be organised on the principles of Islamic socialism.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Demystifying Kashmir|last=Behra|first=Navnita Chadha|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2006|isbn=|location=Washington D.C.|pages=150}}</ref>

The Indian army has conducted various operations to control and eliminate insurgency in the region such as [[Operation Sarp Vinash]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/31/stories/2003073102911200.htm|title=The Hindu : Fernandes reveals 'Sarp Vinash' toll|website=www.thehindu.com|access-date=2018-03-07|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105210943/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/31/stories/2003073102911200.htm|archivedate=5 November 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/sair/Archives/1_46.htm|title=A Militia Against Terror {{!}} J&K: Operation Sarp Vinash - The Army Strikes Hard {{!}} South Asia Intelligence Review (SAIR), Vol. No. 1.46|website=www.satp.org|access-date=2018-03-07|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925235718/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/sair/Archives/1_46.htm|archivedate=25 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in which a multi-battalion offensive was launched against terrorists from groups like [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami|Harkat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami]], [[Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)|al-Badr]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|Jaish-e-Mohammad]] who had been constructing shelters in the [[Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal]] region of Jammu and Kashmir over several years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/operation-sarp-vinash-army-clears-hill-kaka/articleshow/47305413.cms?from=mdr|title=Operation Sarp Vinash: Army clears Hill Kaka|last=Kumar|first=Devesh|date=2003-05-24|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-07|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308044308/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/operation-sarp-vinash-army-clears-hill-kaka/articleshow/47305413.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=8 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The subsequent operations led to the death of over 60 terrorists<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/may/23josy1.htm|title=Operation 'Sarp Vinash': Over 60 terrorists killed|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2018-03-07|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613172236/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/may/23josy1.htm|archivedate=13 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and uncovered the largest network of militant hideouts in the history of insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir covering 100 square kilometers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hYQsDBIgEkYC&pg=PA342&dq=Operation+Sarp+Vinash&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi607y9jtvZAhUKOY8KHYNLDOwQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=Operation%20Sarp%20Vinash&f=false|title=Terrorism in Northern India: Jammu and Kashmir and the Punjab|last=Prakash|first=Ved|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788178357034|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308044034/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hYQsDBIgEkYC&pg=PA342&dq=Operation+Sarp+Vinash&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi607y9jtvZAhUKOY8KHYNLDOwQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=Operation%20Sarp%20Vinash&f=false|archivedate=8 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== 2004–11 ===
{{main|2010 Kashmir unrest}}
Beginning in 2004 Pakistan began to end its support for insurgents in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|title=Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency A New Era of Modern Warfare|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-1-61069-279-3}}</ref> This happened because terrorist groups linked to Kashmir twice tried to assassinate [[President of Pakistan|Pakistani President]] General [[Pervez Musharraf]].<ref name="KhanMilitants" /> His successor, [[Asif Ali Zardari]] has continued the policy, calling insurgents in Kashmir "terrorists".<ref name="StephensJob" /> Although it is unclear if Pakistan's intelligence agency, the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]], thought to be the agency aiding and controlling the insurgency<ref name="StephensJob" /><ref name="ColeObama" /><ref name="RediffKashmir" /> is following Pakistan's commitment to end support for the insurgency in Kashmir.<ref name="StephensJob" />

Despite the change in the nature of the insurgency from a phenomenon supported by external forces to a primarily domestic-driven movement<ref name="SumantraKashmir" /><ref name="StephensJob" /><ref name="EconomistStony" /><ref name="EconomistPlace" /><ref name="EconomistGrim" /> the Indian government has continued to send large numbers of troops to the Indian border.<ref name="EconomistStony" /><ref name="EconomistGrim" /><ref name="BBCKillings" />

There have been widespread protests against the Indian army presence in Kashmir.<ref name="EconomistStony" />

Once the most formidable face of Kashmir militancy, [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] is slowly fading away as its remaining commanders and cadres are being taken out on a regular interval by security forces.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-19/india/30296919_1_kashmir-valley-security-forces-mohammad-shafi | archive-url=https://archive.is/20120729010520/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-19/india/30296919_1_kashmir-valley-security-forces-mohammad-shafi | dead-url=yes | archive-date=29 July 2012 | work=The Times of India | title=Hizbul Mujahideen almost wiped out in Kashmir | date=19 October 2011}}</ref>
Some minor incidents of grenade throwing and sniper firing at security forces notwithstanding, the situation is under control and more or less peaceful. A record number of tourists including Amarnath pilgrims visited Kashmir during 2012. On 3 August 2012, a top [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] militant commander, Abu Hanzulah involved in various attacks on civilians and security forces was killed in an encounter with security forces in a village in Kupwara district of north Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Srinagar/J-amp-K-Top-LeT-commander-killed-in-encounter/Article1-907473.aspx |title=J&K: Top LeT commander killed in encounter |date=3 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803100038/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Srinagar/J-amp-K-Top-LeT-commander-killed-in-encounter/Article1-907473.aspx |archivedate=3 August 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===2012–present===
{{main|2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes|2014–15 India–Pakistan border skirmishes|2016 Kashmir unrest}}
According to an [[Indian Army]] data – quoted by [[Reuters]] – at least 70 young Kashmiris joined the insurgency in the 2014, army records showed, with most joining the banned group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], which was accused of carrying out attacks on the Indian city of Mumbai in 2008. Two of the new recruits have doctorates and eight were post graduates, the army data showed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/843452/kashmiris-join-insurgency-against-india-at-highest-rate-in-two-decades/|title=Kashmiris join insurgency against India at highest rate in two decades|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=25 June 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626104329/http://tribune.com.pk/story/843452/kashmiris-join-insurgency-against-india-at-highest-rate-in-two-decades/|archivedate=26 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to [[BBC]], that despite a Pakistani ban on militant activity in Kashmir in 2006, its fighters continue to attempt infiltration into Indian-administered Kashmir. These attempts were curtailed however when people living along the [[Line of Control]] which divides Indian and Pakistani Kashmir started to hold public protests against the activities of the insurgent groups.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who are the Kashmir militants?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18738906|accessdate=21 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|date=1 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220135306/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18738906|archivedate=20 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Reasons for the insurgency ==

===Rigging of 1987 Assembly elections===
{{Further|Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, 1987}}
Following the rise of Islamisation in the Kashmir valley, during the 1987 state elections, various Islamic anti-establishment groups including [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]] were organised under a single banner named [[Muslim United Front]] (MUF), that is largely current [[Hurriyat]]. MUF's election manifesto stressed the need for a solution to all outstanding issues according to [[Simla Agreement]], work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|date=2000|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=|isbn=9781860648984|location=|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> But the MUF won only four seats, even though it had polled 31% votes in the election. However, the elections were widely believed to be rigged, changing the course of politics in the state. The insurgency was sparked by the apparent rigging of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, 1987|state elections in 1987]].<ref name="AltafElections" /><ref name="BBCKashmir" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-shaped-1987-kashmir-elections|title=How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped the 1987 Elections in Kashmir|date=2016-03-22|work=The Caravan|access-date=2017-05-04|language=en-US|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428235753/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-shaped-1987-kashmir-elections|archivedate=28 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== ISI's role ===
The Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] has encouraged and aided the Kashmir independence movement through an insurgency<ref name="StephensJob" /><ref name="ColeObama" /><ref name="RediffKashmir" /><ref name="GlobalSecurity" /> due to its dispute on the legitimacy of Indian rule in Kashmir, with the insurgency as an easy way to keep Indian troops distracted and cause international condemnation of India.<ref name="SumantraKashmir" /> <br />
Former Pakistan President General [[Pervez Musharraf]] in Oct 2014 said during TV interview, "We have source (in Kashmir) besides the (Pakistan) army…People in Kashmir are fighting against (India). We just need to incite them."<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan needs to incite those fighting in Kashmir: Musharraf|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/musharraf-pakistan-kashmir-kargil-conflict-militants/1/396106.html|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[India Today]]''|date=16 October 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012065029/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/musharraf-pakistan-kashmir-kargil-conflict-militants/1/396106.html|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)]], in their first ever open acknowledgement in 2011 in US Court, said that the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]] sponsors terrorism in Kashmir and it oversees terrorist separatist groups in Kashmir.<ref name="firstpost1"/><ref name="indiatimes.com1"/><ref name="indiatimes.com1"/><ref name="rediff1"/><ref name="indianexpress1"/>

=== Mujahideen influence ===
After the [[Soviet–Afghan War|invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union]], [[Mujahideen]] fighters, with the aid of Pakistan, slowly infiltrated Kashmir with the goal of spreading a radical Islamist ideology.<ref name="BBCKashmir" />

=== Religion ===
Jammu and Kashmir is the only Muslim majority state in Hindu-majority India. Indian-American journalist [[Asra Nomani]] states that while India itself is a secular state, Muslims are politically, culturally and economically marginalised when compared to Hindus in India as a whole.<ref name="NomaniMuslims" /> The government's [[Amarnath land transfer controversy|decision]] to transfer 99 acres of forest land in near [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]] in the Kashmir valley to a Hindu organisation (for setting up temporary shelters and facilities for Hindu pilgrims) solidified this feeling and led to one of the largest protest rallies in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="ThottamValley" />

=== Human rights abuses ===
{{Main|Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}
After insurgency started in Kashmir valley because of above reasons in the late 1980s, Indian troops entered in Kashmir valley to control the insurgency.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hashim|first1=Asad|title=Timeline: India-Pakistan relations|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/06/2011615113058224115.html|accessdate=23 February 2017|publisher=''[[Al Jazeera]]''|date=27 May 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301040548/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/06/2011615113058224115.html|archivedate=1 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Some analysts have suggested that the number of Indian troops in Jammu and Kashmir is close to 600,000 although estimates vary and the Indian government refuses to release official figures.<ref name="NathanKashmir" /> The troops have been accused and held accountable for several humanitarian abuses<ref name="EconomistGrim" /> and have engaged in [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir#Indian Armed Forces|mass extrajudicial killings, torture]], [[Rape during the Kashmir conflict#Rape by Indian forces .28post-1988.29|rape and sexual abuse]].<ref name="BBCKillings" />

Indian security forces have been implicated in many reports for [[enforced disappearances]] of thousands of Kashmiris whereas the security forces deny having their information and/or custody. This is often in association with torture or [[extrajudicial killing]]. Human right activists estimate the number of disappeared to be over eight thousand, last seen in government detention.<ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/02/14/india-investigate-all-disappearances-kashmir|title=India: Investigate All ‘Disappearances’ in Kashmir &#124; Human Rights Watch|date=16 February 2007|publisher=Hrw.org|author=Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch|accessdate=2012-10-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805163849/http://www.hrw.org/news/2007/02/14/india-investigate-all-disappearances-kashmir|archivedate=5 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/print/reports/2006/09/11/everyone-lives-fear-0|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130415014414/http://www.hrw.org/print/reports/2006/09/11/everyone-lives-fear-0|dead-url=yes|archive-date=15 April 2013|title=Everyone Lives in Fear|date=11 September 2006|publisher=Hrw.org|author=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=2012-10-01}}</ref> The disappeared are believed to be dumped in thousands of mass graves across Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2009/india|title=India &#124; Human Rights Watch|publisher=Hrw.org|accessdate=2012-10-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903082652/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2009/india|archivedate=3 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Mass-graves-found-in-North-Kashmir-containing-2900-unmarked-bodies/article16851202.ece|title=Mass graves found in North Kashmir containing 2,900 unmarked bodies|last=Bukhari|first=Shujaat|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-04-22|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429233249/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Mass-graves-found-in-North-Kashmir-containing-2900-unmarked-bodies/article16851202.ece|archivedate=29 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14660253|title=Kashmir graves: Human Rights Watch calls for inquiry|date=2011-08-25|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-04-22|language=en-GB|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423001359/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14660253|archivedate=23 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/11808/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830095509/http://www.amnesty.org.au/news/comments/11808/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2008-08-30|title=India must investigate unidentified graves, News, Amnesty International Australia|date=2008-08-30|access-date=2017-04-22}}</ref><ref name=":5">[http://www.kashmirprocess.org/reports/graves/BuriedEvidenceKashmir.pdf Buried Evidence: Unknown, Unmarked, and Mass Graves in Indian-Administered Kashmir] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017070644/http://www.kashmirprocess.org/reports/graves/BuriedEvidenceKashmir.pdf |date=17 October 2011 }} A preliminary report; ''[[International People's Tribunal on Human Rights and Justice in Kashmir]]''</ref> A [[Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission|State Human Rights Commission]] inquiry in 2011, has confirmed there are thousands of bullet-ridden bodies buried in unmarked graves in Jammu and Kashmir. Of the 2730 bodies uncovered in 4 of the 14 districts, 574 bodies were identified as missing locals in contrast to the Indian governments insistence that all the graves belong to foreign militants.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/08/24/india-investigate-unmarked-graves-jammu-and-kashmir|title=India: Investigate Unmarked Graves in Jammu and Kashmir &#124; Human Rights Watch|date=24 August 2011|publisher=Hrw.org|accessdate=2012-10-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904202829/http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/08/24/india-investigate-unmarked-graves-jammu-and-kashmir|archivedate=4 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/world/asia/23kashmir.html|title=Mass Graves Hold Thousands, Kashmir Inquiry Finds|last=LYDIA POLGREEN|date=22 August 2011|newspaper=NYTimes|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502195234/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/world/asia/23kashmir.html|archivedate=2 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Military forces in Jammu and Kashmir operate under impunity and emergency powers granted to them by the central government. These powers allow the military to curtail civil liberties, creating further support for the insurgency.<ref name="YardleyPower" /><ref name="AI Press Release Feb 2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2012/02/india-security-forces-cannot-claim-immunity-under-afspa-must-face-trial-violations/|title=India: Security forces cannot claim immunity under AFSPA, must face trial for violations|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=7 March 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423062142/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2012/02/india-security-forces-cannot-claim-immunity-under-afspa-must-face-trial-violations/|archivedate=23 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The insurgents have also abused human rights, engaging in what some have called an [[ethnic cleansing]] by exterminating [[Kashmiri Pandits]] from the valley of Kashmir.<ref name="PalloneEthnic" /> The government's inability to protect the people from both its own troops and the insurgency has further eroded support for the government.<ref name="HRW99"/>

[[Amnesty International]] accused security forces of exploiting the [[Armed Forces Special Powers Act]] (AFSPA) that enables them to "hold prisoners without trial". The group argues that the law, which allows security to detain individuals for as many as two years "without presenting charges, violating prisoners’ human rights".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir|title=Amnesty International Cites Human Rights Abuse in Kashmir|last=Huey|first=Caitlin|date=28 March 2011|publisher=Usnews.com|accessdate=2012-10-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430022351/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir|archivedate=30 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Army sources maintain that "any move to revoke AFSPA in Jammu and Kashmir would be detrimental to the security of the Valley and would provide a boost to the terrorists."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-opposes-Omars-plans-to-revoke-AFSPA-Report/articleshow/4197012.cms|title=Army opposes Omar's plans to revoke AFSPA: Report - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-06|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012072106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Army-opposes-Omars-plans-to-revoke-AFSPA-Report/articleshow/4197012.cms|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Former [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Indian Army Chief]] [[Vijay Kumar Singh|General V. K. Singh]] rejected the accusations that the action was not taken in the cases of human rights violations by Army personnel. On 24 October 2010, he has said that 104 Army personnel had been punished in Jammu and Kashmir in this regard, including 39 officers. He also said that 95% of the allegations of human rights abuses against Indian Army were proved to be false, of which he remarked, had apparently been made with the "ulterior motive of maligning the armed forces".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-104-armymen-punished-for-human-rights-violations-in-jk-gen-vk-singh-1457257|title=104 armymen punished for human rights violations in JK: Gen VK Singh {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2010-10-24|work=dna|access-date=2017-04-24|language=en-US|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425121321/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-104-armymen-punished-for-human-rights-violations-in-jk-gen-vk-singh-1457257|archivedate=25 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, according to Human Rights Watch, the military courts in India, in general, were proved to be incompetent to deal with cases of serious human rights abuses and were responsible in covering up evidence and protecting the involved officers.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/about/projects/womrep/General-42.htm|title=Rape by Security Forces: The Pattern of Impunity|last=|first=|date=|website=www.hrw.org|access-date=2017-05-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012104533/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/about/projects/womrep/General-42.htm|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Amnesty International in its report in 2015, titled ''“Denied”-Failures in Accountability in Jammu and Kashmir'', says, "...with respect to investigations, an inquiry that is conducted by the same authority accused of the crime raises serious questions about the independence and impartiality of those proceedings”, adding that according to the international law, an independent authority that is not involved in the alleged violations has to investigate such crimes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kashmirreader.com/2016/09/03/96-complaints-against-army-rejected-by-goi-under-colonial-afspa-amnesty/|title=96% complaints against army rejected by GoI under ‘colonial’ AFSPA: Amnesty|last=Correspondent|first=Reader|date=2016-09-03|website=Kashmir Reader|access-date=2017-05-01|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804103846/http://kashmirreader.com/2016/09/03/96-complaints-against-army-rejected-by-goi-under-colonial-afspa-amnesty/|archivedate=4 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

These human rights violations are said to have contributed to the rise of resistance in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/static/the-young-militants-of-kashmir/|title=Kashmir's disturbing new reality {{!}} the young militants of Kashmir|last=|first=|date=|website=Hindustantimes.com|access-date=2017-05-24|quote=Then, youngsters used to take to the streets and pelt stones to protest human right violations...|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530162002/http://www.hindustantimes.com/static/the-young-militants-of-kashmir/|archivedate=30 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Understanding-Kashmirs-stone-pelters/article16120870.ece|title=Understanding Kashmir's stone pelters|last=Parthasarathy|first=Malini|date=|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-24|language=en|quote=Today's protesters might shout anti-India slogans such as ''azadi'', but their anger is specifically directed at the security forces in the context of the brutal killings of innocent boys...|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429233249/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Understanding-Kashmirs-stone-pelters/article16120870.ece|archivedate=29 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/jammu-and-kashmir-afspa-hizbul-mujahideen-lashkar-e-taiba-pakistan-ghar-wapsi-jihad-hindutva/story/1/5698.html|title=Five reasons behind radicalisation in Kashmir|last=Gowhar Geelani|first=|date=|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=2017-05-24|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309014546/http://www.dailyo.in/politics/jammu-and-kashmir-afspa-hizbul-mujahideen-lashkar-e-taiba-pakistan-ghar-wapsi-jihad-hindutva/story/1/5698.html|archivedate=9 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Other reasons ===

==== Psychological ====
Psychologist Waheeda Khan, explaining the rebellious nature of the Kashmiris, says that because of the tense situations in the valley from the 1990s, the generation gap between parents and young generations has increased. Young generations tend to blame their parents for failing to do anything about the political situation. So they start experimenting with their own aggressive ways to show their curbed feelings and would go against any authority. A prominent psychiatrist of the valley, Margoob, described that children/teenagers are much more vulnerable to passionate actions and reactions, since the young minds are yet to completely develop psychological mechanisms. When they assume that they are "pushed against the wall", they get controlled by the emotions without bothering about the consequences. Also young people easily identify themselves with the "group" rather than with their individual identities. It leads to psychological distress which causes antisocial behaviour and aggressive attitude. Often, this situation gets worsened by the availability of weapons and people becoming familiar to violence after having exposed to conflict for so long. Waheeda Khan remarks, the major concern is that generations of children who are experiencing long-term violence in their lives, may reach adulthood perceiving that violence is a fair means of solving ethinic, religious, or political differences.{{sfn|Waheeda Khan, Conflict in Kashmir|2015|p=90, 91}}

====Economic====
High unemployment and lack of economic opportunities in Kashmir are also said to have intensified the struggle.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40008876|title=Indian award for Kashmir 'human shield' officer|last=|first=|date=2017-05-23|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en-GB|quote=High unemployment and complaints of heavy-handed tactics by security forces battling street protesters and fighting insurgents have aggravated the problem.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523075335/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-40008876|archivedate=23 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofindia.com/india/unemployment-a-reason-for-surge-in-jk-violence/articleshow/51849148.cms|title=Unemployment a reason for surge in J&K violence? - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Understanding-Kashmirs-stone-pelters/article16120870.ece|title=Understanding Kashmir's stone pelters|last=Parthasarathy|first=Malini|date=|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-24|language=en|quote=The protesters on the streets...(are) frustrated at the lack of employment and economic opportunities. It is not hard to see where the frustration of the educated Kashmiri youth comes from. On the one hand, they are told that they are Indian citizens but they are shut out of the narrative of India as an emerging economic power. With mobile phones and internet communication being restricted, their sense of participation in the larger Indian discourse is sharply reduced.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429233249/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Understanding-Kashmirs-stone-pelters/article16120870.ece|archivedate=29 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Stone pelting ==
{{Main|Stone Pelting in Kashmir}}
Since the [[Amarnath land transfer controversy|2008 protests]] and [[2010 Kashmir unrest|2010 unrest]], the turmoil has taken a new dimension when people, particularly youngsters of the Kashmir valley have started pelting stones on security forces to express their aggression and protest for the loss of freedom. In turn they get attacked by the armed personnel with pellets, rubber bullets, sling shots and tear gas shells. This leads to eye-injuries and several other kind of injuries to many people. Security forces also face injuries, and sometimes get beaten up during these events. According to Waheeda Khan, most of the 'stone-pelters' are school and college going students. Large number of these people get arrested during these events for allegedly resorting to stone pelting, after which some of them are also tortured. According to political activist Mannan Bukhari, Kashmiris made stone, an easily accessible and defenseless weapon, their weapon of choice for protest.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Waheeda Khan, Conflict in Kashmir|2015|p=88}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43ZJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT44&dq=kashmir+stone+pelting&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwixsdzKzsTTAhVGP48KHcMhDtkQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=kashmir%20stone%20pelting&f=false|title=Kashmir - Scars of Pellet Gun: The Brutal Face of Suppression|last=Bukhari|first=Mannan|date=2015-07-28|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year=|isbn=9781482850062|location=|pages=44|language=en}}</ref>

Kashmiri senior journalist Parvaiz Bukhari remarked:<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/summers-of-unrest-challenging-india-1089/|title=Summers of Unrest Challenging India|website=www.kashmirlife.net|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-04-28|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061809/http://kashmirlife.net/summers-of-unrest-challenging-india-1089/|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><blockquote>The summer of 2010 witnessed a convulsion in the world’s most militarized zone, the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir, an unprecedented and deadly civil unrest that is beginning to change a few things on the ground. [...] Little known and relatively anonymous resistance activists emerged, organizing an unarmed agitation more fierce than the armed rebellion against Indian rule two decades earlier. And apparently aware of the post 9/11 world, young Kashmiris, children of the conflict, made stones and rocks a weapon of choice against government armed forces, side-stepping the tag of a terrorist movement linked with Pakistan. The unrest represents a conscious transition to an unarmed mass movement, one that poses a moral challenge to New Delhi’s military domination over the region.</blockquote>

== Human rights violations by militants ==
''Further information: [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir#Kashmiri insurgents|Human rights abuses by insurgents]] and [[Rape in Kashmir conflict#Rape by militants|Rape by militants]]''
{{See also|Ethnic cleansing of Kashmiri Hindus}}
Islamic separatist militants are accused of violence against the Kashmir populace.<ref>{{cite news|title=Four killed in Kashmir bomb blast|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4698705.stm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|date=20 July 2005|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825041916/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4698705.stm|archivedate=25 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mushtaq|first1=Sheikh|title=Ten Killed in Kashmir Car Bomb Blast|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=82930|accessdate=24 February 2017|publisher=''[[ABC News]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/kpsgill/2003/chapter9.htm |title=K P S Gill: The Kashmiri Pandits: An Ethnic Cleansing the World Forgot – Islamist Extremism & Terrorism in South Asia |work=satp.org |accessdate=25 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5ghhr3mja?url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/kpsgill/2003/chapter9.htm |archivedate=12 May 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> They continue serious human rights violations: summary executions, [[rape]], and [[torture]]. The militants have kidnapped and killed many civil servants and suspected informers.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Human Rights Watch|title=Behind the Kashmir Conflict Abuses by Indian Security Forces and Militant Groups Continue|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/back.htm|accessdate=6 October 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014191100/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kashmir/back.htm|archivedate=14 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[Human Rights Watch]]'' alleged that thousands of civilian Kashmiri Hindus have been killed over the past 10 years by Islamic militants organisations or [[Muslim]] mobs.<ref name="HRW99">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/07/16/india954.htm|title=Rights Abuses Behind Kashmir Fighting – Human Rights Watch|work=hrw.org|accessdate=25 June 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019175125/http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/07/16/india954.htm|archivedate=19 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The militants committed [[war rape]] during the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Kanchan|title=19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[Rediff.com]]''|date=19 January 2005|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126101005/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|archivedate=26 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tens of thousands of Kashmiri Pandits have emigrated as a result of the violence. Estimates of the displaced varies from 170,000 to 700,000. Thousands of Kasmiri Pandits had to move to [[Jammu]] because of militancy.<ref name="kps">Alexander Evans, A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990–2001, Contemporary South Asia (Volume 11, Number 1, 1 March 2002, pp. 19–37)</ref>

=== Notable terrorist attacks in J&K ===
* July and August 1989 – 3 CRPF personnel and politician Mohd. Yusuf Halwai of NC/F were killed.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/politics/political_history.html|title=Chronicle of Important events/date in J&K's political history|work=jammu-kashmir.com|accessdate=25 June 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614030618/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/politics/political_history.html|archivedate=14 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed]] daughter of the then Home Minister of India Mufti Sayeed.
* [[1995 kidnapping of western tourists in Jammu and Kashmir]] – Six foreign trekkers from Anantnag district were kidnapped by Al Faran. One was beheaded later, one escaped, and the other four remain missing, presumably killed.
* [[1997 Sangrampora massacre]] – On 22 March 1997, seven Kashmiri Pandits were killed in Sangrampora village in the [[Budgam]] district.<ref name="Sangrampora">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmiri-pandit.org/atrocities/sangrampura.html |title=Sangrampora killings |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415043415/http://www.kashmiri-pandit.org/atrocities/sangrampura.html |archivedate=15 April 2005 }}</ref>
* [[Wandhama massacre]] – In January 1998, 24 [[Kashmiri Pandits]] living in the village of Wandhama were massacred by Pakistani militants. According to the testimony of one of the survivors, the militants dressed themselves as officers of the [[Indian Army]], entered their houses and then started firing blindly. The incident was significant because it coincided with former US president [[Bill Clinton]]'s visit to [[India]] and [[New Delhi]] highlighted the massacre to prove Pakistan-supported terrorism in Kashmir .<ref name="Wandhama">{{cite web |url=http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/terrorism/tr_1998_01_002_s.html |title=Wandhama Massacre report |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://archive.li/19991009122607/http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/terrorism/tr_1998_01_002_s.html |archivedate=9 October 1999 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[1998 Prankote massacre]] – 26 Hindu villagers of Udhampur district were killed by militants.
* [[1998 Champanari massacre]] – 25 Hindu villagers killed on 19 June 1998 by Islamic militants.
* [[2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre]] – 30 Hindu pilgrims massacred by militants.
* [[Chittisinghpura massacre]] – 36 Sikhs massacred by LET militants.
* [[2001 terrorist attack on Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly]] – On 1 October 2001, a bombing at the Legislative Assembly in [[Srinagar]] killed 38.<ref name="Dugger">{{cite news|last1=Dugger|first1=Celia W.|title=Pakistan Asks India to Revive Talks Aimed at Bringing Peace to Kashmir|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/09/world/pakistan-asks-india-to-revive-talks-aimed-at-bringing-peace-to-kashmir.html|accessdate=23 February 2017|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|date=9 October 2001|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223131222/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/09/world/pakistan-asks-india-to-revive-talks-aimed-at-bringing-peace-to-kashmir.html|archivedate=23 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[2002 Raghunath temple attacks]] – First attack occurred on 30 March 2002 when two suicide bombers attacked the temple. Eleven persons including three security forces personnel were killed and 20 were injured. In second attack, the fidayeen suicide squad attacked the temple second time on 24 November 2002 when two suicide bombers stormed the temple and killed fourteen devotees and injured 45 others.
* [[2002 Qasim Nagar massacre]] – On 13 July 2002, armed militants believed to be a part of the [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] threw hand grenades at the Qasim Nagar market in [[Srinagar]] and then fired on civilians standing nearby killing 27 and injuring many more.<ref name="hrw03">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/wr2k3/asia6.html |title=Human Rights Watch World Report 2003: India |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006054544/http://www.hrw.org/wr2k3/asia6.html |archivedate=6 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[2003 Nadimarg Massacre]] – 24 Hindus killed in Nadimarg, Kashmir on 23 March 2003 by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] militants.
* 20 July 2005 [[Srinagar]] Bombing – A car bomb exploded near an armoured [[Indian Army]] vehicle in the famous Church Lane area in [[Srinagar]] killing 4 [[Indian Army]] personnel, one civilian and the suicide bomber. Militant group [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref name="church">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=Ceasefire&slug=Car+bomb+attack+in+Srinagar%2C+6+killed&id=17351&callid=0&amp;amp;category=National |title=20 July 2005 Srinagar attack |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051118091346/http://www.ndtv.com/template/template.asp?template=ceasefire |archivedate=18 November 2005 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* Budshah Chowk attack – A militant attack on 29 July 2005 at [[Srinagar (city)|Srinigar]]'s city centre, Budshah Chowk, killed 2 and left more than 17 people injured. Most of those injured were media journalists.<ref name="Bud">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1445705,000900010002.htm |title=July 29 attack in Srinagar |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303044412/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1445705%2C000900010002.htm |archivedate=3 March 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* Assassination of Ghulam Nabi Lone – On 18 October 2005, suspected Kashmiri militants killed Jammu and Kashmir's then education minister Ghulam Nabi Lone. Militant group called Al Mansurin claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref name="Nabi">{{cite news|title=Kashmir minister killed in attack|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4351950.stm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|date=18 October 2005|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222122343/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4351950.stm|archivedate=22 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Abdul Ghani Lone, a prominent All Party Hurriyat Conference leader, was assassinated by unidentified gunmen during a memorial rally in [[Srinagar]]. The assassination resulted in wide-scale demonstrations against the Indian forces for failing to provide enough security cover for Lone.<ref name="hrw03" />
* [[2006 Doda massacre]] – On 3 May 2006, militants massacred 35 Hindus in [[Doda]] and [[Udhampur]] districts in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tribune News Service|title=Phagwara observes bandh over J&K massacre|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060504/jal.htm#4|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]''|date=4 May 2006|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012070828/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060504/jal.htm#4|archivedate=12 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* On 12 June 2006, one person was killed and 31 were wounded when terrorists hurled three grenades on Vaishnodevi shrine-bound buses at the general bus stand.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=S.P.|title=Terror in Jammu, Anantnag|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060613/main1.htm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]''|date=13 June 2006|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001103659/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060613/main1.htm|archivedate=1 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[2014 Kashmir Valley attacks]] – There were four attacks on 5 December 2014 on army, police and civilians resulted in 21 deaths and several injured. Their motive was to disrupt the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, 2014|ongoing assembly elections]].<ref name="The Hindu14">{{cite web|title=Multiple attacks rock Kashmir Valley|website=The Hindu: Mobile Edition|date=5 December 2014|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/militants-attack-army-camp-at-mohra-near-uri-border-town-in-kashmir/article6664357.ece/|archive-url=https://archive.is/20141224205414/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/militants-attack-army-camp-at-mohra-near-uri-border-town-in-kashmir/article6664357.ece/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=24 December 2014|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[2016 Uri attack]] – Four armed terrorists sneaked into an army camp and lobbed grenades onto tents causing massive fire culminating in the death of 19 military personnel.
* [[2018 Sunjuwan attack]] - On 10 February 2018, Jaish-e-Mohammad terrorists attacked Sunjuwan Army Camp in Jammu and Kashmir. 6 Indian army soldiers, 4 terrorists, 1 civilian died and 11 were injured.

== Tactics ==

=== India ===
Over time the Indian government has increasingly relied on military presence to control the insurgency.<ref name="EconomistGrim" /> The military has allegedly committed human rights violations.<ref name="HRW96" /> The government would often dissolve assemblies, arrest elected politicians and impose president's rule. The government also rigged elections in 1987.<ref name="AltafElections" /> In recent times there have been signs that the government is taking local elections more seriously.<ref name="RamaDilemma" /> The government has also funneled development aid to Kashmir and Kashmir has now become the biggest per capita receiver of Federal aid.<ref name="SangThink" />

=== Pakistan ===
The Pakistani central government originally supported, trained and armed the insurgency in Kashmir,<ref name="firstpost1"/><ref name="indiatimes.com1"/><ref name="indiatimes.com1"/><ref name="rediff1"/><ref name="indianexpress1"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Afzal Guru’s confession: I helped them, took training in Pak|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/WOR-TOP-afzal-guru---s-confession-i-helped-them-took-training-in-pak-4175799-NOR.html|accessdate=19 April 2015|publisher=DAILY BHASKAR|date=10 February 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124224/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/WOR-TOP-afzal-guru---s-confession-i-helped-them-took-training-in-pak-4175799-NOR.html|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> sometimes known as "ultras" (extremists),<ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite news|author=Agencies |date=6 April 2012 |title=Attempts will be made to push ultras across LoC: Army |newspaper=Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/attempts-will-be-made-to-push-ultras-across-loc-army/933432/ |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6MSCjR4X4?url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/attempts-will-be-made-to-push-ultras-across-loc-army/933432/ |archivedate=7 January 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|author=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=7 January 2014 |title=Militants, Army troopers exchange fire in Pulwama, none hurt |newspaper=Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Militants-Army-troopers-exchange-fire-in-Pulwama-none-hurt/articleshow/28522668.cms |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140107184652/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Militants-Army-troopers-exchange-fire-in-Pulwama-none-hurt/articleshow/28522668.cms |archivedate=7 January 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> however after groups linked to the Kashmiri insurgency twice attempted to assassinate president Pervez Musharraf, Musharraf decided to end support for such groups.<ref name="KhanMilitants" /> His successor, [[Asif Ali Zardari]] has continued the policy, calling insurgents in Kashmir "terrorists".<ref name="StephensJob" />

But the Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] hasn't followed the lead of the government and has continued its support for insurgent groups in Kashmir<ref name="StephensJob" /><ref name="ColeObama" /><ref name="RediffKashmir" /> although Pakistani support for the insurgency has certainly waned.<ref name="EconomistGrim" />

=== Insurgents ===
Since around 2000 the 'insurgency' has become far less violent and has instead taken on the form of protests and marches.<ref name="ThottamValley" /> Certain groups have also chosen to lay down their arms and look for a peaceful resolution to the conflict.<ref name="GuptaKashmir" />

=== Groups ===
The different insurgent groups have different aims in Kashmir. Some want complete independence from both India and Pakistan, others want unification with Pakistan and still others just want greater autonomy from the Indian government.<ref name="BBCFuture" />

A 2010 survey found that 43% in J&K and 44% in [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir|AJK]] would favour complete independence from both India and Pakistan, with support for the independence movement unevenly distributed across the region.<ref name="CHSurvey" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-28/india/28318260_1_favoured-budgam-plebiscite|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140114082544/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-28/india/28318260_1_favoured-budgam-plebiscite|dead-url=yes|archive-date=14 January 2014|title=Just 2% of people in J&K want to join Pak: Survey|work=The Times of India|accessdate=25 June 2015}}</ref>

== Identity ==
Over the last two years, the militant group, [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] has split into two factions: ''Al Mansurin'' and ''Al Nasirin''. Another new group reported to have emerged is the "Save Kashmir Movement". [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] (formerly known as [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen|Harkat-ul-Ansar]]) and [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] are believed to be operating from [[Muzaffarabad]], [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Muridke]], Pakistan respectively. {{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

Other less well known groups are the Freedom Force and Farzandan-e-Milat. A smaller group, [[Al-Badr (India)|Al-Badr]], has been active in Kashmir for many years and is still believed to be functioning. [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]], an organisation that uses moderate means to press for the rights of the Kashmiris, is often considered as the ''mediator'' between New Delhi and insurgent groups. {{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

=== Al-Qaeda ===
It is unclear if [[Al Qaeda]] has a presence in Jammu and Kashmir. [[Donald Rumsfeld]] suggested that they were active<ref name="AbbasQaeda" /> and in 2002 the [[Special Air Service|SAS]] hunted for [[Osama bin Laden]] in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="SmithSAS" /> Al Qaeda claims that it has established a base in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="IHTKashmir" /> However, there has been no evidence for any of these assertions.<ref name="AbbasQaeda" /><ref name="SmithSAS" /><ref name="IHTKashmir" /> The Indian army also claims that there is no evidence of Al Qaeda presence in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="HinduQaeda" /> Al Qaeda has established bases in Pakistani administered Kashmir and some, including [[Robert Gates]] have suggested that they have helped to plan attacks in India.<ref name="HinduQaeda" /><ref name="DawnQaeda" /><ref name="SmuckerQaeda" />

== Casualties ==
According to Sumantra Bose in his book, ''Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace'', around 40000 (Indian estimates) to 80000 ([[Hurriyat]] estimates) civilians, separatist guerilla fighters and Indian security personnel died from the time period of 1989 to 2002 in both [[Kashmir Valley]] and [[Jammu]] . More than 4600 security personnel, 13500 civilians and 15937 [[Terrorist|militants]] including 3000 from outside [[Jammu and Kashmir]] (mostly Pakistanis and some Afghans) were killed in this fourteen-year period. Also in this period, 55,538 incidents of violence were recorded. Indian forces engaged in counter insurgency operations captured around 40,000 firearms, 150,000 explosive devices, and over 6 million rounds of assorted ammunition.<ref name="sbose">{{cite book | last = Bose | first = Sumantra | title = Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | url = https://www.questia.com/read/118148594/kashmir-roots-of-conflict-paths-to-peace | date = 2003 | page = 3 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061143/https://www.questia.com/read/118148594/kashmir-roots-of-conflict-paths-to-peace | archivedate = 12 October 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society posits a figure of 70,000 deaths, most of them civilians killed by Indian forces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2016/local-news/karadzic-prosecute-all-accused-hr-violations-kashmir-jkccs-4777|title=Like Karadzic, Prosecute All Accused of HR Violations in Kashmir: JKCCS|last=|first=|date=|work=Kashmir Observer|access-date=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016071013/https://kashmirobserver.net/2016/local-news/karadzic-prosecute-all-accused-hr-violations-kashmir-jkccs-4777|archivedate=16 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kashmir Conflict]]
* [[Jammu Terror Attack]]
*[[List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]]
* [[Timeline of the Kashmir conflict]]
* [[History of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism]]
* [[Partition of India]]
* [[JKEDI Siege]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[Ikhwan (Kashmir)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="SumantraKashmir">Bose, Sumantra. ''Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace''. Harvard, 2005.</ref>
<ref name="SwamiSecret">Swami, Praveen.''India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad''. 2006.</ref>
<ref name="AltafElections">{{cite news|last1=Hussain|first1=Altaf|title=Kashmir's flawed elections|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2223364.stm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|date=14 September 2002|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226225810/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2223364.stm|archivedate=26 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCKashmir">{{cite news|title=Kashmir insurgency|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|accessdate=21 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222035446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|archivedate=22 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="ArifShadow">Jamar, Arif. ''The untold story of Jihad in Kashmir''. 2009.</ref>
<ref name="HasanPakistan">{{cite news|last1=Hasan|first1=Syed Shoaib|title=Why Pakistan is 'boosting Kashmir militants'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|date=3 March 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228011213/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416771.stm|archivedate=28 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="KhanMilitants">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Aamer Ahmed|title=Pakistan: Where have the militants gone?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4415823.stm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|date=6 April 2005|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222121728/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4415823.stm|archivedate=22 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="StephensJob">{{cite news|last1=Stephens|first1=Bret|title=The Most Difficult Job in the World|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122307507392703831|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''|date=4 October 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222112027/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122307507392703831|archivedate=22 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="ColeObama">{{cite news|last1=Cole|first1=Juan|title=Does Obama understand his biggest foreign-policy challenge?|url=http://www.salon.com/2008/12/12/pakistan_7/|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]''|date=12 December 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323103257/http://www.salon.com/2008/12/12/pakistan_7/|archivedate=23 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="RediffKashmir">{{cite news|title=Links between ISI, militant groups: Straw|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11war4.htm|accessdate=24 February 2017|publisher=''[[Rediff.com]]''|date=11 June 2002|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324080707/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/11war4.htm|archivedate=24 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="GlobalSecurity">{{cite web|title=Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence [ISI]|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm|website=GlobalSecurity.org|publisher=John Pike|accessdate=24 February 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227122539/http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/pakistan/isi.htm|archivedate=27 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="EconomistStony">{{cite news|title=Stony ground|url=http://www.economist.com/node/16542619|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Economist]]''|date=8 July 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223073757/http://www.economist.com/node/16542619|archivedate=23 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="EconomistGrim">{{cite news|title=Grim up north|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13927142|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Economist]]''|date=25 June 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429113754/http://www.economist.com/node/13927142|archivedate=29 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="EconomistPlace">{{cite news|title=Your place or mine?|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2423976|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Economist]]''|date=12 February 2004|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222194246/http://www.economist.com/node/2423976|archivedate=22 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCKillings">{{cite news|title=Kashmir's extra-judicial killings|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367917.stm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|date=8 March 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614185945/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6367917.stm|archivedate=14 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="NathanKashmir">Nathan, Joanna.[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article392432.ece "India's leader makes peace overtures in Kashmir"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523122550/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article392432.ece |date=23 May 2011 }}, ''The Times''</ref>
<ref name="HRW96">Human Rights Watch, Patricia Gossman. "India's secret army in Kashmir : new patterns of abuse emerge in the conflict ", 1996</ref>
<ref name="YardleyPower">{{cite news|last1=Yardley|first1=Jim|title=India Reopens Kashmir's Schools, but Many Stay Away|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/world/asia/28kashmir.html|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The New York Times]]''|date=27 September 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222113514/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/world/asia/28kashmir.html|archivedate=22 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="PalloneEthnic">Pallone, Frank.[http://www.house.gov/list/press/nj06_pallone/pr_feb15_kashmir.html "Resolution condemning Human Rights Violations against Kashmiri Pandits"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810032903/http://www.house.gov/list/press/nj06_pallone/pr_feb15_kashmir.html |date=10 August 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="RamaDilemma">{{cite news|last1=Ramaseshan|first1=Radhika|title=Cong dilemma: young Omar or PDP|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081230/jsp/nation/story_10319531.jsp|accessdate=23 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]''|date=30 December 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223212047/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081230/jsp/nation/story_10319531.jsp|archivedate=23 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="NomaniMuslims">{{cite news|last1=Nomani|first1=Asra Q.|title=Muslims -- India's new 'untouchables'|url=http://www.latimes.com/la-oe-nomani1-2008dec01-story.html|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''|date=1 December 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111942/http://www.latimes.com/la-oe-nomani1-2008dec01-story.html|archivedate=22 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="SangThink">Sanghvi, Vir {{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Think-the-Unthinkable/Article1-331689.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-12-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208001159/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Think-the-Unthinkable/Article1-331689.aspx |archivedate=8 February 2011 |df=dmy }} "Think the unthinkable" ''Hindustan Times'', August 2008</ref>
<ref name="ThottamValley">{{cite news|last1=Thottam|first1=Jyoti|title=Valley of Tears|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''|date=4 September 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124194816/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html|archivedate=24 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="BBCFuture">{{cite news|title=The Future of Kashmir?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319084333/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/|archivedate=19 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="CHSurvey">Bradnock, Robert "Kashmir: Paths to Peace" Chatham House, London, 2008</ref>
<ref name="AbbasQaeda">{{cite news|last1=Abbas|first1=Zaffar|title=Analysis: Is al-Qaeda in Kashmir?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2043800.stm|accessdate=22 February 2017|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''|date=13 June 2002|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229210916/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2043800.stm|archivedate=29 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="SmithSAS">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Michael|title=SAS joins Kashmir hunt for bin Laden|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1385795/SAS-joins-Kashmir-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html|accessdate=21 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|date=23 February 2002|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315031644/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1385795/SAS-joins-Kashmir-hunt-for-bin-Laden.html|archivedate=15 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="IHTKashmir">International Herald Tribune.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060721072906/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/07/13/news/india.php] "Al Qaeda Claim of Kashmiri Link Worries India"</ref>
<ref name="HinduQaeda">''The Hindu''.{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/18/stories/2007061801191400.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411003850/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/18/stories/2007061801191400.htm |archivedate=11 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} "No Al Qaeda presence in Kashmir: Army"</ref>
<ref name="SmuckerQaeda">{{cite news|last1=Smucker|first1=Phillip|title=Al Qaeda thriving in Pakistani Kashmir|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0702/p01s02-wosc.html|accessdate=21 February 2017|publisher=''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''|date=2 July 2002|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111054702/http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0702/p01s02-wosc.html|archivedate=11 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<ref name="DawnQaeda">''Dawn''.[http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/03-al-qaeda-could-provoke-new-india-pakistan-war-gates-ss-02]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=SheriffIsInTown |fix-attempted=yes }} "Al Qaeda could provoke new India-Pakistan war: Gates", January 2010</ref>
<ref name="GuptaKashmir">Gupta, Amit; Leather, Kaia.[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:lnhk5esbgrkJ:fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/13390.pdf+kashmir+insurgents+lay+down+arms&hl=en&gl=de&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShAKwH9pVW16YC2-dyX6RP_KYtdoG3X7iD1GKwTxaO0O1l4JdLMf_wKYEJVQ_LinyIgx2I0TWSQAxl2oc8OSyUWAIBHSyTHuVs8XTVkGhMaBsvXUMUfvxddyygReETuQKp4mTjA&sig=AHIEtbQWdbVbaShVvuAURLFsmBS-IR4gog] "Kashmir: Recent Developments and US Concerns", June 2002</ref>
}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Khan |first=Waheeda |chapter=Conflict in Kashmir: Psychosocial Consequences on Children |editor=Sibnath Deb |title=Child Safety, Welfare and Well-being: Issues and Challenges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvpUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-81-322-2425-9 |pages=83–93 |ref={{sfnref|Waheeda Khan, Conflict in Kashmir|2015}}}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir freedom movement}}
{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Post-Cold War Asian conflicts}}

[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:History of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Asia|Kashmir]]
[[Category:Guerrilla wars]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Ongoing insurgencies]]
[[Category:Ongoing conflicts]]
[[Category:Proxy wars]]

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