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The front and back walls are attached to two large vertical bundled reed columns and are also made from woven mats. Mudhif need to be rebuilt every ten years. <ref>Royal Geographical Society Illustrated: A Unique Record of Exploration and Photography, Royal Geographical Society, Scriptum Editions, 1997, pp 217-19; Darwish, E.A., Mansour, Y., Elmously, H.I., “Development of the Structural Uses of Date Palm Rachis for Cheap Wide Span Construction for Rural Communities in the Middle East,” Material Science Engineering [IOC Conference Proceedings, 2018, 371 01202, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/371/1/012023/pdf</ref>
The front and back walls are attached to two large vertical bundled reed columns and are also made from woven mats. Mudhif need to be rebuilt every ten years. <ref>Royal Geographical Society Illustrated: A Unique Record of Exploration and Photography, Royal Geographical Society, Scriptum Editions, 1997, pp 217-19; Darwish, E.A., Mansour, Y., Elmously, H.I., “Development of the Structural Uses of Date Palm Rachis for Cheap Wide Span Construction for Rural Communities in the Middle East,” Material Science Engineering [IOC Conference Proceedings, 2018, 371 01202, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/371/1/012023/pdf</ref>


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===Reeds as a construction material===

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==Reeds as a construction material==
The most common type of reed used for the construction of marshland mudhif is ''ihdri.'' Reed has properties which make it an ideal building material - it has a high concentration of silica which makes it water resistant, unattractive for insects and other pests and an excellent thermal and acoustic insulating material. It is an inexpensive material and it is both flexible and durable as a construction material, which encourages creativity.<ref>Almusaeda, A. and Almassad, A., "Building Materials in Eco-energy Houses from Iraq and Iran," ''Case Studies in Construction Materials,'' vol. 2, June 2015, pp 42-54 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2015.02.001: Open access journal]</ref>
The most common type of reed used for the construction of marshland mudhif is ''ihdri.'' Reed has properties which make it an ideal building material - it has a high concentration of silica which makes it water resistant, unattractive for insects and other pests and an excellent thermal and acoustic insulating material. It is an inexpensive material and it is both flexible and durable as a construction material, which encourages creativity.<ref>Almusaeda, A. and Almassad, A., "Building Materials in Eco-energy Houses from Iraq and Iran," ''Case Studies in Construction Materials,'' vol. 2, June 2015, pp 42-54 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2015.02.001: Open access journal]</ref>

==Use==

==Use==
[[File:Marsh Arab girl.jpg|thumb|A Marsh Arab girl from Al Kuthra, Iraq, standing in front of a reed dwelling]]

A mudhif is used as a guest house or for ceremonial occasions, and may not be used for any other purpose. When a guest enters a mudhif, he or she will be welcomed by the village sheik, escorted to their proper place and offered refreshments such as highly sweetened coffee in a ritualised ceremony.<ref>Ochsenschlager, E.L., ''Iraq's Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden,'' University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, pp. 145-46</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 02:24, 1 June 2019

Modhif at Neserya
The interior of an Iraqi mudhif

A mudhif /muˈdiːf/ (Arabic: المضيف al-muḍīf) is a traditional reed house made by the Madan people (also known as Marsh Arabs) in the swamps of southern Iraq. In the traditional Madan way of living, houses are constructed from reeds harvested from the marshes where they live. A mudhif is a large ceremonial house, paid for and maintained by a local sheik, for use by guests or as a gathering place for weddings, funerals, etc.

Description

Mudhif structures have been one of the traditional types of structures, built by the Arabs of the marshlands in southern Iraq for at least 5,000 years. A carved elevation of a typical mudhif, dating to around 3,300 BCE was discovered at Uruk, and is now in the British Museum.[1]

Marsh Arab amid the reeds used for building

A mudhif is a special type of sarifa; a structure made from reeds which grow naturally in the marshlands and is used by the village sheik as a guest-house.[2] Other types of reed dwelling, such as a raba (with entrances at both ends and used as a family dwelling) or a bayt (strictly a single-room dwelling) are typically smaller than a mudhif and may be used for residential and other purposes.[3]

In the construction of a mudhif, reeds are bundled and woven into thick columns; larger and thicker reeds are bent across and tied to form parabolic arches which make up the building's spine.[4] These arches are strengthened by the pre-stressing of the columns, as they are initially inserted into the soil at opposing angles. [5] A series of arches define the building's form. Long cross beams of smaller bundled reeds are laid across the arches and tied. Woven mats of reeds form the building envelope. Some of the mats are woven with perforations like a mesh to allow light and ventilation.

Each village shiek had a mudhif capable of accommodating at least ten persons. The number of arches used in a mudhif is dictated by the tribe and family group.[6] Sometimes the mudhif was decorated with additional bundles of reeds, arranged in decorative patterns, placed on the façade, to serve as a tribal identifier. [7] The entrance to the mudhif always faces Mecca.[8]

Mudhif, photograph by Gertrude Bell, 1918 or 1920.

The English writer, Gertrude Bell, sent photographs of mudhifs to England in 1918, and in 1920, she wrote a description in a letter to her father:[9]

"After dinner Sheik Ibadi al Husain invited us to his mudhif, his guest house. Now a mudhif you can't picture until you have seen it. It is constructed of reeds, reed mats spread over reed bundles, arching over and meeting at the top, so that the whole is a perfectly regular and exquisitely constructed yellow tunnel, 50 yards long. In the middle is a coffee hearth, with great logs of willow burning. On either side of the hearth, against the reed walls of the mudhif, a row of brocaded cushions for us to sit on, the Arabs flanking us and the coffee-maker crouched over his pots. The whole lighted by fire and a couple of small lamps, and the end of the mudhif fading away into a golden gloom. Glorious.

Construction

The front and back walls are attached to two large vertical bundled reed columns and are also made from woven mats. Mudhif need to be rebuilt every ten years. [10]

Reeds as a construction material

The most common type of reed used for the construction of marshland mudhif is ihdri. Reed has properties which make it an ideal building material - it has a high concentration of silica which makes it water resistant, unattractive for insects and other pests and an excellent thermal and acoustic insulating material. It is an inexpensive material and it is both flexible and durable as a construction material, which encourages creativity.[11]

Use

Use

A Marsh Arab girl from Al Kuthra, Iraq, standing in front of a reed dwelling

A mudhif is used as a guest house or for ceremonial occasions, and may not be used for any other purpose. When a guest enters a mudhif, he or she will be welcomed by the village sheik, escorted to their proper place and offered refreshments such as highly sweetened coffee in a ritualised ceremony.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Broadbent, G., "The Ecology of the Mudhif," in: Geoffrey Broadbent and C. A. Brebbia, Eco-architecture II: Harmonisation Between Architecture and Nature, WIT Press, 2008, pp 15-26
  2. ^ Ochsenschlager, E.L., Iraq's Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 162
  3. ^ Ochsenschlager, E.L., Iraq's Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, pp. 145-46
  4. ^ The Fort Bliss Monitor, 4 April, 2010
  5. ^ Mudhif," in Encyclopedia Britannica, Online:
  6. ^ The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 113, 1958, p. 214
  7. ^ Van de Noort, E., Climate Change Archaeology: Building Resilience from Research in the World's Coastal Wetlands, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 216
  8. ^ The National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 113, 1958, p. 214
  9. ^ Bell, G., The Letters of Gertrude Bell, vol. 2, cited in Broadbent, G., “Ecology and the Mudhif”, Ecology and the Environment, Vol 113, ISSN 1743-3541, doi:10.2495/ARC080021, p. 17. To view the original letter in full, see: Gertrude Bell, Letter [Gertrude Bell to her father, Sir Hugh Bell], 4 January 1920, Gertrude Bell Archive, http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=368 or Lady Bell (ed.), The Letters of Gertrude Bell, Vol. II, London, Ernest Benn, 1927, pp 476-77 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210996/page/n85
  10. ^ Royal Geographical Society Illustrated: A Unique Record of Exploration and Photography, Royal Geographical Society, Scriptum Editions, 1997, pp 217-19; Darwish, E.A., Mansour, Y., Elmously, H.I., “Development of the Structural Uses of Date Palm Rachis for Cheap Wide Span Construction for Rural Communities in the Middle East,” Material Science Engineering [IOC Conference Proceedings, 2018, 371 01202, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/371/1/012023/pdf
  11. ^ Almusaeda, A. and Almassad, A., "Building Materials in Eco-energy Houses from Iraq and Iran," Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 2, June 2015, pp 42-54 Open access journal
  12. ^ Ochsenschlager, E.L., Iraq's Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, pp. 145-46
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