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Barrel is a synonym for the gene hairy. There is a correction in the article in footnote three that both genes are the same. This is also confirmed in the flybase page for the hairy gene. So five not six pair-rule genes in the Niisslein-Volhard and Weischaus article.
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A '''pair-rule gene''' is a type of [[gene]] involved in the [[Development (biology)|development]] of the [[Segmentation (biology)|segmented]] [[embryos]] of [[insects]]. Pair-rule genes are expressed as a result of differing concentrations of [[gap gene]] proteins, which encode [[transcription factors]] controlling pair-rule gene expression.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=SF|title=Developmental Biology|date=2000|publisher=Sinauer Associates|location=Sunderland (MA)|pages=The Origins of Anterior–Posterior Polarity|edition=6th|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10039/|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Segmentation Genes in Drosophila Development: Pair Rule, Segment Polarity & Gap Genes|url=http://study.com/academy/lesson/segmentation-genes-in-drosophila-development-pair-rule-segment-polarity-gap-genes.html|website=Study.com|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> Pair-rule genes are defined by the effect of a [[mutation]] in that gene, which causes the loss of the normal developmental pattern in '''alternating segments'''.
A '''pair-rule gene''' is a type of [[gene]] involved in the [[Development (biology)|development]] of the [[Segmentation (biology)|segmented]] [[embryos]] of [[insects]]. Pair-rule genes are expressed as a result of differing concentrations of [[gap gene]] proteins, which encode [[transcription factors]] controlling pair-rule gene expression.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=SF|title=Developmental Biology|date=2000|publisher=Sinauer Associates|location=Sunderland (MA)|pages=The Origins of Anterior–Posterior Polarity|edition=6th|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10039/|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Segmentation Genes in Drosophila Development: Pair Rule, Segment Polarity & Gap Genes|url=http://study.com/academy/lesson/segmentation-genes-in-drosophila-development-pair-rule-segment-polarity-gap-genes.html|website=Study.com|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> Pair-rule genes are defined by the effect of a [[mutation]] in that gene, which causes the loss of the normal developmental pattern in '''alternating segments'''.


Pair-rule genes were first described by [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]] and [[Eric Wieschaus]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nüsslein-Volhard C, Wieschaus E |title=Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila |journal=Nature |volume=287 |issue=5785 |pages=795–801 |date=October 1980 |pmid=6776413 |doi= 10.1038/287795a0|url=}}</ref> They used a [[genetic screen]] to identify genes required for embryonic development in the fruit fly ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]''. In normal unmutated ''Drosophila,'' each segment produces bristles called denticles in a band arranged on the side of the segment closer to the head (the [[Anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior|anterior]]). They found six genes – ''even-skipped, hairy, odd-skipped, paired, barrel'' and ''runt'' – where mutations caused the deletion of a particular region of every alternate segment. For example, in ''even-skipped,'' the denticle bands of alternate segments are missing, which results in an embryo having half the number of denticle bands. Later work identified more pair-rule genes in the ''Drosophila'' early embryo – ''fushi tarazu'', ''odd-paired'' and ''sloppy paired''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wakimoto BT, Kaufman TC |title=Analysis of larval segmentation in lethal genotypes associated with the antennapedia gene complex in Drosophila melanogaster |journal=Dev. Biol. |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=51–64 |date=January 1981 |pmid=6780397 |doi= 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90347-X}}</ref>
Pair-rule genes were first described by [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]] and [[Eric Wieschaus]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nüsslein-Volhard C, Wieschaus E |title=Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila |journal=Nature |volume=287 |issue=5785 |pages=795–801 |date=October 1980 |pmid=6776413 |doi= 10.1038/287795a0|url=}}</ref> They used a [[genetic screen]] to identify genes required for embryonic development in the fruit fly ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]''. In normal unmutated ''Drosophila,'' each segment produces bristles called denticles in a band arranged on the side of the segment closer to the head (the [[Anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior|anterior]]). They found five genes – ''even-skipped, hairy, odd-skipped, paired'' and ''runt'' – where mutations caused the deletion of a particular region of every alternate segment. For example, in ''even-skipped,'' the denticle bands of alternate segments are missing, which results in an embryo having half the number of denticle bands. Later work identified more pair-rule genes in the ''Drosophila'' early embryo – ''fushi tarazu'', ''odd-paired'' and ''sloppy paired''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wakimoto BT, Kaufman TC |title=Analysis of larval segmentation in lethal genotypes associated with the antennapedia gene complex in Drosophila melanogaster |journal=Dev. Biol. |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=51–64 |date=January 1981 |pmid=6780397 |doi= 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90347-X}}</ref>


Once the pair-rule genes had been identified at the molecular level it was found that each gene is [[gene expression|expressed]] in alternate ''parasegments'' – regions in the embryo that are closely related to segments, but are slightly out of register.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hafen E, Kuroiwa A, Gehring WJ |title=Spatial distribution of transcripts from the segmentation gene fushi tarazu during Drosophila embryonic development |journal=Cell |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=833–41 |date=July 1984 |pmid=6430568 |doi= 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90418-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Ingham, P. W. |author2= K. R. Howard |author3= D. Ish-Horowicz |last-author-amp= yes |title= Transcription pattern of the Drosophila segmentation gene hairy |journal= Nature |volume= 318 |issue= 6045 |pages= 439–445 |year=1985 |doi=10.1038/318439a0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Macdonald PM, Ingham P, Struhl G |title=Isolation, structure, and expression of even-skipped: a second pair-rule gene of Drosophila containing a homeo box |journal=Cell |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=721–34 |date=December 1986 |pmid=2877745 |doi= 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90515-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lawrence PA, Johnston P, Macdonald P, Struhl G |title=Borders of parasegments in Drosophila embryos are delimited by the fushi tarazu and even-skipped genes |journal=Nature |volume=328 |issue=6129 |pages=440–2 |year=1987 |pmid=2886916 |doi=10.1038/328440a0 |url=}}</ref> Each parasegment includes the posterior part of one (future) segment, and an anterior part of the next (more posterior) segment. The bands of expression of the pair-rule genes correspond to the regions missing in the mutant. The expression of the pair-rule genes in bands is dependent both upon direct regulation by the [[gap gene]]s <ref>{{cite journal |author= Ingham, P. W. |author2= Ish-Horowicz, D. |author3= Howard, KR |last-author-amp= yes |title= Correlative changes in homoeotic and segmentation gene expression in Krüppel mutant embryos of Drosophila |journal= The EMBO Journal | volume=5 |issue=7 |pages= 1659–65|year= 1986|doi= 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04409.x |pmid= 16453692 |pmc= 1166992 }}</ref> and on regulatory interactions between the pair-rule genes themselves.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Howard K . |author2= Ingham P |last-author-amp= yes |title= Regulatory interactions between the segmentation genes fushi tarazu, hairy, and engrailed in the Drosophila blastoderm |journal= Cell |volume= 44 |issue =6 |pages= 949–957 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(86)90018-8|year= 1986 }}</ref>
Once the pair-rule genes had been identified at the molecular level it was found that each gene is [[gene expression|expressed]] in alternate ''parasegments'' – regions in the embryo that are closely related to segments, but are slightly out of register.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hafen E, Kuroiwa A, Gehring WJ |title=Spatial distribution of transcripts from the segmentation gene fushi tarazu during Drosophila embryonic development |journal=Cell |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=833–41 |date=July 1984 |pmid=6430568 |doi= 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90418-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Ingham, P. W. |author2= K. R. Howard |author3= D. Ish-Horowicz |last-author-amp= yes |title= Transcription pattern of the Drosophila segmentation gene hairy |journal= Nature |volume= 318 |issue= 6045 |pages= 439–445 |year=1985 |doi=10.1038/318439a0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Macdonald PM, Ingham P, Struhl G |title=Isolation, structure, and expression of even-skipped: a second pair-rule gene of Drosophila containing a homeo box |journal=Cell |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=721–34 |date=December 1986 |pmid=2877745 |doi= 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90515-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lawrence PA, Johnston P, Macdonald P, Struhl G |title=Borders of parasegments in Drosophila embryos are delimited by the fushi tarazu and even-skipped genes |journal=Nature |volume=328 |issue=6129 |pages=440–2 |year=1987 |pmid=2886916 |doi=10.1038/328440a0 |url=}}</ref> Each parasegment includes the posterior part of one (future) segment, and an anterior part of the next (more posterior) segment. The bands of expression of the pair-rule genes correspond to the regions missing in the mutant. The expression of the pair-rule genes in bands is dependent both upon direct regulation by the [[gap gene]]s <ref>{{cite journal |author= Ingham, P. W. |author2= Ish-Horowicz, D. |author3= Howard, KR |last-author-amp= yes |title= Correlative changes in homoeotic and segmentation gene expression in Krüppel mutant embryos of Drosophila |journal= The EMBO Journal | volume=5 |issue=7 |pages= 1659–65|year= 1986|doi= 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04409.x |pmid= 16453692 |pmc= 1166992 }}</ref> and on regulatory interactions between the pair-rule genes themselves.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Howard K . |author2= Ingham P |last-author-amp= yes |title= Regulatory interactions between the segmentation genes fushi tarazu, hairy, and engrailed in the Drosophila blastoderm |journal= Cell |volume= 44 |issue =6 |pages= 949–957 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(86)90018-8|year= 1986 }}</ref>

Revision as of 18:24, 4 September 2019

Expression of the pair-rule genes even-skipped and fushi tarazu in alternating bands in the Drosophila early embryo. Each band corresponds to one parasegment.

A pair-rule gene is a type of gene involved in the development of the segmented embryos of insects. Pair-rule genes are expressed as a result of differing concentrations of gap gene proteins, which encode transcription factors controlling pair-rule gene expression.[1][2] Pair-rule genes are defined by the effect of a mutation in that gene, which causes the loss of the normal developmental pattern in alternating segments.

Pair-rule genes were first described by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus in 1980.[3] They used a genetic screen to identify genes required for embryonic development in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In normal unmutated Drosophila, each segment produces bristles called denticles in a band arranged on the side of the segment closer to the head (the anterior). They found five genes – even-skipped, hairy, odd-skipped, paired and runt – where mutations caused the deletion of a particular region of every alternate segment. For example, in even-skipped, the denticle bands of alternate segments are missing, which results in an embryo having half the number of denticle bands. Later work identified more pair-rule genes in the Drosophila early embryo – fushi tarazu, odd-paired and sloppy paired.[4]

Once the pair-rule genes had been identified at the molecular level it was found that each gene is expressed in alternate parasegments – regions in the embryo that are closely related to segments, but are slightly out of register.[5][6][7][8] Each parasegment includes the posterior part of one (future) segment, and an anterior part of the next (more posterior) segment. The bands of expression of the pair-rule genes correspond to the regions missing in the mutant. The expression of the pair-rule genes in bands is dependent both upon direct regulation by the gap genes [9] and on regulatory interactions between the pair-rule genes themselves.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ Gilbert, SF (2000). Developmental Biology (6th ed.). Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. pp. The Origins of Anterior–Posterior Polarity. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  2. ^ "Segmentation Genes in Drosophila Development: Pair Rule, Segment Polarity & Gap Genes". Study.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  3. ^ Nüsslein-Volhard C, Wieschaus E (October 1980). "Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila". Nature. 287 (5785): 795–801. doi:10.1038/287795a0. PMID 6776413.
  4. ^ Wakimoto BT, Kaufman TC (January 1981). "Analysis of larval segmentation in lethal genotypes associated with the antennapedia gene complex in Drosophila melanogaster". Dev. Biol. 81 (1): 51–64. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(81)90347-X. PMID 6780397.
  5. ^ Hafen E, Kuroiwa A, Gehring WJ (July 1984). "Spatial distribution of transcripts from the segmentation gene fushi tarazu during Drosophila embryonic development". Cell. 37 (3): 833–41. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90418-5. PMID 6430568.
  6. ^ Ingham, P. W.; K. R. Howard; D. Ish-Horowicz (1985). "Transcription pattern of the Drosophila segmentation gene hairy". Nature. 318 (6045): 439–445. doi:10.1038/318439a0. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Macdonald PM, Ingham P, Struhl G (December 1986). "Isolation, structure, and expression of even-skipped: a second pair-rule gene of Drosophila containing a homeo box". Cell. 47 (5): 721–34. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90515-5. PMID 2877745.
  8. ^ Lawrence PA, Johnston P, Macdonald P, Struhl G (1987). "Borders of parasegments in Drosophila embryos are delimited by the fushi tarazu and even-skipped genes". Nature. 328 (6129): 440–2. doi:10.1038/328440a0. PMID 2886916.
  9. ^ Ingham, P. W.; Ish-Horowicz, D.; Howard, KR (1986). "Correlative changes in homoeotic and segmentation gene expression in Krüppel mutant embryos of Drosophila". The EMBO Journal. 5 (7): 1659–65. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04409.x. PMC 1166992. PMID 16453692. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Howard K .; Ingham P (1986). "Regulatory interactions between the segmentation genes fushi tarazu, hairy, and engrailed in the Drosophila blastoderm". Cell. 44 (6): 949–957. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90018-8. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
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