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==Giridharan 2012==
==Physiology==
Cephalotheca foveolata produces a metabolite called [[sclerotiorin]]. [[Sclerotiorin]] has been shown to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells by activating a pathway leading to [[caspase-3]]. <ref name = Giridharan2012/>
*(uncertain reference)<ref name = Giridharan2012/>
*''Cephalotheca faveolata'' may be another name<ref name = Giridharan2012/>
*Sclerotiorin produced by ''Cephalotheca foveolate'' may be a potent anti-proliferative<ref name = Giridharan2012/>
*Sclerotiorin activated BAX and downregulated BCL-2. Those activated cleaved caspase-3 causing apoptosis in HCT-116 colon cancer cells<ref name = Giridharan2012/>


==Lu 2015==
==Lu 2015==

Revision as of 17:45, 6 December 2019

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Cephalotheca foveolata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Sordariomycetes
Order:
Sordariales
Family:
Cephalothecaceae
Genus:
Cephalotheca
Species:
Cephalotheca foveolata
Binomial name
Cephalotheca foveata
Yaguchi, Nishimura & Udagawa (2006)
  • Cephalotheca faveolata Giridharan, Verekar, Khanna, Mishra, Deshmukh (2012)

Physiology

Cephalotheca foveolata produces a metabolite called sclerotiorin. Sclerotiorin has been shown to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells by activating a pathway leading to caspase-3. [1]

Lu 2015

  • symptoms of human infection: fevers, upper back pain and shortness of breath (bloodstream infection)[2]
  • found in the soil and on other environmental matter[2]
  • teleomorph (sexual) and anamorph (asexual) stages in vitro and in natural habitat. The anamorph morphology akin to Phialemonium and Acremonium[2]
  • 7 case as of 2011 ( in eyes, lymph nodes, cardiac tissue and bronchial lavage fluid)[2]
  • 1st reported case of bloodstream infection in 2011[2]
  • potentially an opportunistic human pathogen[2]
  • produce a brown to reddish diffusing pigment (on PFA)[2]
  • amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole inhibit all growth at lowest concentration after 48 hours at 35°C[2]
  • Caspofungin causes abnormal growth at the lowest concentration after 24 hours[2]
  • potentially found on human skin or in foods as a contaminant[2]
  • since morphology is similar to other pathogenic species DNA analysis of the 28S rDNA is required for identification[2]
  • environmental niche currently unknown[2]

Pedromo 2011

  • molecularly and morphologically related to P. obovatum[3]
  • reported in Singapore, Texas, South Carolina, Ohio, North Carolina[3]
  • reported in Endocarditis, lymph node, bronchial fluid, eyes[3]
  • resistant to AMB[3]

Suh 2005

  • first case of sub cutaneous Cephalotheca foveolata in 2006 (erythematous plaques with clear boundary)[4]
  • surgical removal worked (followed for a year afterwards)[4]
  • Saprophytic, found in soil, wood and mushrooms.[4]
  • full blood count, peripheral blood smear, urinalysis, liver and renal function tests, and stool examination were within normal limits (aka, subcutaneous infection won’t impact those organs)[4]
  • chronic granulomatous inflammation around infection[4]
  • ellipsoidal conidia at the end of short conidiophores [4]
  • itraconazole for the first 3 months and then with terbinafine for another 9 months led to no change[4]
  • D1/D2 variable domains of 28S rDNA must be analysed to differentiate from similar pathogenic species[4]

Sutton 2008

  • one of few Ascomycetes that is homothallic and makes teleomorph structures in vitro[5]
  • Cephalotheca foveolate is rare[5]

Yaguchi 2006

  • first isolated/defined in 2006 (in Korea), subcutaneous infection of foot[6]
  • Phialemonium-like conidia (also similar to the hyphomycete Teberdinia)[6]
  • ascomycota have yellow straight or wavy hairs[6]
  • pitted, kidney shaped ascospores (4-5x3-4x2.5-3µm), translucent/yellowish[6]
  • 95% homology to Cephalotheca sulfurea[6]
  • max growth temp 39°C[6]
  • 25°C growth faster than 35°C growth[6]
  • colonies reach 45-50mm diameter in vitro (OA media or PDA media) in 14 days at 25°C[6]
  • conidiogenesis does occur in vitro[6]
  • in vitro: black, brown, white, orange even yellowish sometimes[6]
  • Cleistothecia fruiting bodies[6]
  • peridium is made of elongated, thick walled cells[6]
  • translucent/brownish, 8 celled asci[6]
  • conidiogenous cells undifferentiated from hyphae but at the terminal end (monophhialidic), cylindrical, 10-20x2-3µm[6]
  • Conidia are translucent, cylindrical, and 4-5x1.5-2µm[6]
  • 3-6µm thick walled chlamydospores[6]

Tsang 2017

  • Cephalotheca foveolata is appearing in Hong Kong recently[7]

References

  1. ^ Giridharan P, Verekar SA, Khanna A, Mishra PD, Deshmukh SK (2012). "Anticancer activity of sclerotiorin, isolated from an endophytic fungus Cephalotheca faveolata Yaguchi, Nishim. & Udagawa". Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 50 (7): 464–468. PMID 22822525.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lu L, Weil A, Wiederhold N, Sutton D, Chesnut L, Lindner J, Fan H, Tingpej B, El-Khoury J, Kwon D (2015). "Probable case of Cephalotheca foveolata bloodstream infection". JMM case reports. 2 (4): 1–5. doi:10.1099/jmmcr.0.000045.
  3. ^ a b c d Perdomo H, Sutton D, García D, Fothergill A, Gene J, Cano J, Summerbell R, Rinaldi M, Guarro J (2011). "Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Phialemonium and Lecythophora Isolates from Clinical Samples". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 49 (4): 1209–1216. doi:10.1128/JCM.01979-10.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Suh M, Lim J, Lee Y, Ha G, Kim H, Kim J, Yaguchi T, Nishimura K (2005). "Subcutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Cephalotheca foveolata in an immunocompetent host". British Journal of Dermatology. 154 (6): 1184–1189. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07158.x.
  5. ^ a b Sutton D, MT, SM(ASCP), RM, SM(NRM) (2008). "Rare and Emerging Agents of Hyalohyphomycosis". Current Fungal Infection Reports. 2 (3): 134–142. doi:10.1007/s12281-008-0020-4.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Yaguchi T, Sano A, Yarita K, Suh M, Nishimura K, Udagawa S (2006). "A new species of Cephalotheca isolated from a Korean patient". Mycotaxon. 96: 30–322. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  7. ^ Tsang C (2017). "Diversity of novel and emerging pathogenic fungi in Hong Kong". The University of Hong Kong. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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