Oxonium ion: Difference between revisions
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==Gold-stabilized species== |
==Gold-stabilized species== |
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An unusually stable oxonium species is the gold complex tris[triphenylphosphinegold(I)]oxonium tetrafluoroborate, [(Ph<sub>3</sub>PAu)<sub>3</sub>O]<sup>+</sup>[BF<sub>4</sub>]<sup>–</sup>. This complex is prepared by treatment of Ph<sub>3</sub>PAuCl with Ag<sub>2</sub>O in the presence of NaBF<sub>4</sub>:<ref>{{Citation|last=Bruce|first=M. I.|title=Synthesis of Gold-Containing Mixed-Metal Cluster Complexes|date=2007-01-05|work=Inorganic Syntheses|pages=324–328|editor-last=Kaesz|editor-first=Herbert D.|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|doi=10.1002/9780470132579.ch59|isbn=9780470132579|last2=Nicholson|first2=B. K.|last3=Shawkataly|first3=O. Bin|last4=Shapley|first4=J. R.|last5=Henly|first5=T.}}</ref> |
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An unusually stable oxonium species is the gold complex tris[triphenylphosphinegold(I)]oxonium tetrafluoroborate, [(Ph<sub>3</sub>PAu)<sub>3</sub>O][BF<sub>4</sub>], where the intramolecular [[aurophilicity|aurophilic interactions]] between the gold atoms are believed responsible for the stabilisation of the cation.<ref>{{cite journal|first = Hubert|last = Schmidbaur|title = The Aurophilicity Phenomenon: A Decade of Experimental Findings, Theoretical Concepts and Emerging Application|journal = [[Gold Bulletin]]|year = 2000|volume = 33|issue = 1|pages = 3–10|doi = 10.1007/BF03215477|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first = Hubert|last = Schmidbaur|title = Ludwig Mond Lecture: High-Carat Gold Compounds|journal = [[Chem. Soc. Rev.]]|year = 1995|volume = 24|issue = 6|pages = 391–400|doi = 10.1039/CS9952400391}}</ref> This complex is prepared by treatment of Ph<sub>3</sub>PAuCl with [[silver oxide|Ag<sub>2</sub>O]] in the presence of [[sodium tetrafluoroborate|NaBF<sub>4</sub>]]:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bruce|first1=M. I.|authorlink1=Michael Ian Bruce|last2=Nicholson|first2=B. K.|last3=Bin Shawkataly|first3=O.|last4=Shapley|first4=J. R.|last5=Henly|first5=T.|chapter=Synthesis of Gold-Containing Mixed-Metal Cluster Complexes|year=1989|title=[[Inorganic Syntheses]]|volume=26|pages=324–328|editor-last=Kaesz|editor-first=Herbert D.|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]]|doi=10.1002/9780470132579.ch59|isbn=9780470132579}}</ref> |
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:3 Ph<sub>3</sub>PAuCl + Ag<sub>2</sub>O + NaBF<sub>4</sub> → [(Ph<sub>3</sub>PAu)<sub>3</sub>O]<sup>+</sup>[BF<sub>4</sub>]<sup>–</sup> + 2 AgCl + NaCl |
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⚫ | It has been used as a catalyst for the propargyl [[Claisen rearrangement]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sherry|first=Benjamin D.|last2=Toste|first2=F. Dean|authorlink2=F. Dean Toste|year=2004|title=Gold(I)-Catalyzed Propargyl Claisen Rearrangement|journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]|volume=126|issue=49|pages=15978–15979|doi=10.1021/ja044602k|issn=0002-7863|url=http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/~toste/publications/jacs12615978.pdf}}</ref> |
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The stability of this complex is attributed to [[aurophilicity|aurophilic interactions]] between gold atoms. |
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⚫ | It has been used as a |
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== Relevance to natural product chemistry == |
== Relevance to natural product chemistry == |
Revision as of 07:35, 2 January 2020
In chemistry, an oxonium ion is any oxygen cation with three bonds.[1] The simplest oxonium ion is the hydronium ion H3O+.[2]
Alkyloxonium
Hydronium is one of a series of oxonium ions with the formula R3−nHnO+. Oxygen is usually pyramidal with an sp3 hybridization. Those with n = 2 are called primary oxonium ions, an example being protonated methanol. Other hydrocarbon oxonium ions are formed by protonation or alkylation of alcohols or ethers (R−C−−R1R2). In acidic media, the oxonium functional group produced by protonating an alcohol can be a leaving group in the E2 elimination reaction. The product is an alkene. Extreme acidity, heat, and dehydrating conditions are usually required.
Secondary oxonium ions have the formula R2OH+, an example being protonated ethers.
Tertiary oxonium ions have the formula R3O+, an example being trimethyloxonium.[3] Tertiary alkyloxonium salts are useful alkylating agents. For example, triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (Et
3O+
)(BF−
4), a white crystalline solid, can be used, for example, to produce ethyl esters when the conditions of traditional Fischer esterification are unsuitable.[4] It is also used for preparation of enol ethers and related functional groups.[5][6]
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oxonium ion |
trimethyloxonium cation |
of trimethyloxonium |
of trimethyloxonium |
Oxatriquinane and oxatriquinacene are unusually stable oxonium ions, first described in 2008. Oxatriquinane does not react with boiling water or with alcohols, thiols, halide ions, or amines, although it does react with stronger nucleophiles such as hydroxide, cyanide, and azide.
Oxocarbenium ions
Another class of oxonium ions encountered in organic chemistry is the oxocarbenium ions, obtained by protonation or alkylation of a carbonyl group e.g. R−C=−R′ which forms a resonance structure with the fully-fledged carbocation R−−O−R′ and is therefore especially stable:
Gold-stabilized species
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Triphenylphosphinegoldoxonium.png/220px-Triphenylphosphinegoldoxonium.png)
An unusually stable oxonium species is the gold complex tris[triphenylphosphinegold(I)]oxonium tetrafluoroborate, [(Ph3PAu)3O][BF4], where the intramolecular aurophilic interactions between the gold atoms are believed responsible for the stabilisation of the cation.[7][8] This complex is prepared by treatment of Ph3PAuCl with Ag2O in the presence of NaBF4:[9]
- 3 Ph3PAuCl + Ag2O + NaBF4 → [(Ph3PAu)3O]+[BF4]– + 2 AgCl + NaCl
It has been used as a catalyst for the propargyl Claisen rearrangement.[10]
Relevance to natural product chemistry
Complex bicyclic and tricyclic oxonium ions have been proposed as key intermediates in the biosynthesis of a series of natural products by the red algae of the genus Laurencia.[11]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Oxoniumionlaurencia2.png/900px-Oxoniumionlaurencia2.png)
Several members of these elusive species have been prepared explicitly by total synthesis, demonstrating the possibility of their existence.[11] The key to their successful generation was the use of a weakly coordinating anion (Krossing's anion, [Al(pftb)4]-, pftb = perfluoro-tert-butoxy) as the counteranion.[12] As shown in the example below, this was executed by a transannular halide abstraction strategy through the reaction of the oxonium ion precursor (an organic halide) with the silver salt of the Krossing's anion Ag[Al(pftb)4]•CH2Cl2, generating the desired oxonium ion with simultaneous precipitation of inorganic silver halides. The resulting oxonium ions were characterized comprehensively by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at low temperature (–78 °C) with support from density functional theory computation.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wiki_fig_2.png/600px-Wiki_fig_2.png)
These oxonium ions were also demonstrated to directly give rise to multiple related natural products by reacting with various nucleophiles, such as water, bromide, chloride and acetate.[13][14][15]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wiki_fig_3.png/800px-Wiki_fig_3.png)
See also
- Onium ion, a +1 cation derived by protonation of a hydride (includes oxonium ions)
- Pyrylium, one of the oxonium ions
References
- ^ March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (4th ed.), New York: Wiley, p. 497
- ^ George A. Olah (1998). Onium Ions. John Wiley & Sons. p. 509. ISBN 9780471148777.
- ^ Olah, George A. (1993). "Superelectrophiles". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 32 (6): 767–88. doi:10.1002/anie.199307673.
- ^ Douglas J. Raber, Patrick Gariano, Jr, Albert O. Brod, Anne L. Gariano, And Wayne C. Guida "Esterification Of Carboxylic Acids With Trialkyloxonium Salts: Ethyl And Methyl 4-acetoxybenzoates" Org. Synth. 1977, 56, 59.doi:10.15227/orgsyn.056.0059
- ^ Justin R. Struble And Jeffrey W. Bode "Synthesis Of A N-mesityl Substituted Aminoindanol-derived Triazolium Salt" Org. Synth. 2010, 87, 362. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.087.0362
- ^ Lous S. Hegedus, Michael A. Mcguire, And Lisa M. Schultze "1,3-Dimethyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylazetidinone" Org. Synth. 1987, 65, 140.doi:10.15227/orgsyn.065.0140
- ^ Schmidbaur, Hubert (2000). "The Aurophilicity Phenomenon: A Decade of Experimental Findings, Theoretical Concepts and Emerging Application". Gold Bulletin. 33 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1007/BF03215477.
- ^ Schmidbaur, Hubert (1995). "Ludwig Mond Lecture: High-Carat Gold Compounds". Chem. Soc. Rev. 24 (6): 391–400. doi:10.1039/CS9952400391.
- ^ Bruce, M. I.; Nicholson, B. K.; Bin Shawkataly, O.; Shapley, J. R.; Henly, T. (1989). "Synthesis of Gold-Containing Mixed-Metal Cluster Complexes". In Kaesz, Herbert D. (ed.). Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 26. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 324–328. doi:10.1002/9780470132579.ch59. ISBN 9780470132579.
- ^ Sherry, Benjamin D.; Toste, F. Dean (2004). "Gold(I)-Catalyzed Propargyl Claisen Rearrangement" (PDF). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (49): 15978–15979. doi:10.1021/ja044602k. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ a b Sam Chan, Hau Sun; Nguyen, Q. Nhu N.; Paton, Robert S.; Burton, Jonathan W. (2019-10-09). "Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Complex Tricyclic Oxonium Ions, Proposed Intermediates in Natural Product Biosynthesis". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (40). A full list of references encompassing the contributions from Braddock, Snyder, Murai, Suzuki, Fukuzawa, Burton, Kim and Fox are available inside.: 15951–15962. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b07438. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ Krossing, Ingo (2001). "The Facile Preparation of Weakly Coordinating Anions: Structure and Characterisation of Silverpolyfluoroalkoxyaluminates AgAl(ORF)4, Calculation of the Alkoxide Ion Affinity". Chemistry – A European Journal. 7 (2): 490–502. doi:10.1002/1521-3765(20010119)7:23.0.CO;2-I (inactive 2019-12-14). ISSN 1521-3765.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2019 (link) - ^ Wang, Bin-Gui; Gloer, James B.; Ji, Nai-Yun; Zhao, Jian-Chun (March 2013). "Halogenated Organic Molecules of Rhodomelaceae Origin: Chemistry and Biology". Chemical Reviews. 113 (5): 3632–3685. doi:10.1021/cr9002215. ISSN 0009-2665.
- ^ Zhou, Zhen-Fang; Menna, Marialuisa; Cai, You-Sheng; Guo, Yue-Wei (2015-02-11). "Polyacetylenes of Marine Origin: Chemistry and Bioactivity". Chemical Reviews. 115 (3): 1543–1596. doi:10.1021/cr4006507. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 25525670.
- ^ Wanke, Tauana; Philippus, Ana Cláudia; Zatelli, Gabriele Andressa; Vieira, Lucas Felipe Oliveira; Lhullier, Cintia; Falkenberg, Miriam (2015-11-01). "C15 acetogenins from the Laurencia complex: 50 years of research – an overview". Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 25 (6): 569–587. doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.027. ISSN 0102-695X.