National-anarchism: Difference between revisions

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National Anarchism is an anarchist school of thought which is centered around voluntary social pluralism for all demographics of people.

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+'''National Anarchism''' is an [[anarchist school of thought]] which is centered around voluntary social pluralism for all demographics of people.
-{{short description|radical right-wing nationalist ideology}}
-{{about|the radical right-wing nationalist ideology|the general discussion of anarchist and nationalist ideas|Anarchism and nationalism}}
-{{nationalism sidebar}}
-{{neo-fascism}}
-'''National-anarchism''' is a [[Radical right (Europe)|radical]] [[right-wing]]<ref name="Griffin 2003">{{Harvnb|Griffin|2003}}.</ref><ref name=BlackSun>{{Harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2003}}.</ref><ref name="Sykes 2005">{{Harvnb|Sykes|2005}}.</ref><ref name="Macklin 2005">{{Harvnb|Macklin|2005}}.</ref> [[nationalist]] ideology which advocates [[White separatism|racial separatism]] and white [[racial purity]].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sunshine 2008">{{Harvnb|Sunshine|2008}}.</ref><ref name="Sanchez 2009">{{Harvnb|Sanchez|2009}}.</ref> National-anarchists claim to [[Syncretic politics|syncretize]] [[Neotribalism|neotribal]] [[ethnic nationalism]] with [[philosophical anarchism]], mainly in their support for a [[stateless society]] whilst rejecting [[anarchist]] social philosophy.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> The main ideological innovation of national-anarchism is its [[anti-state]] [[palingenetic ultranationalism]].<ref name="Griffin 2003"/> National-anarchists advocate [[homogeneous]] [[communities]] in place of the [[nation state]]. National-anarchists claim that those of different [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] or [[Race (human categorization)|racial]] groups would be free to develop [[Separatism|separately]] in their own [[tribal commune]]s while striving to be politically [[meritocratic]], economically non-[[capitalist]], ecologically [[sustainable]] and socially and culturally [[Traditional values|traditional]].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
-Although the term ''national-anarchism'' dates back as far as the 1920s, the contemporary national-anarchist movement has been put forward since the late 1990s by British political activist [[Troy Southgate]], who positions it as being "[[Third Position|beyond left and right]]".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Scholars who have studied national-anarchism conclude that it represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension on the political spectrum.<ref name="Griffin 2003"/><ref name=BlackSun/><ref name="Sykes 2005"/> National-anarchism is considered by anarchists as being a rebranding of [[fascism]] and an [[oxymoron]] due to the inherent contradiction of anarchist philosophy of [[anti-fascism]], opposition to [[hierarchy]] and support for [[Moral universalism|universal]] [[Egalitarianism|equality]] between different nationalities as being incompatible with the idea of a synthesis between anarchism and fascism.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/><ref name="Ross 2014">{{Harvnb|Ross|2014}}.</ref>
-National-anarchism has elicited skepticism and outright hostility from both [[left-wing]] and [[far-right]] critics.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Critics accuse national-anarchists of being nothing more than [[white nationalists]] who promote a [[communitarian]] and [[racialist]] form of ethnic and racial separatism while wanting the [[militant chic]] of calling themselves ''anarchists'' without the historical and philosophical baggage that accompanies such a claim, including the [[anti-racist]] [[egalitarian]] anarchist philosophy and the contributions of [[Jewish anarchists]].<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Some scholars are skeptical that implementing national-anarchism would result in an expansion of freedom and describe it as an [[authoritarian]] [[anti-statism]] that would result in authoritarianism and oppression, only on a smaller scale.<ref name="Lyons 2011">{{Harvnb|Lyons|2011}}.</ref>
-{{toc limit|2}}
-== History ==
-=== Origins and Troy Southgate ===
-The term ''national-anarchist'' dates back as far as the 1920s, when Helmut Franke, a German conservative writer, used it to describe his political stance. However, it would be the writings of other members of the [[conservative revolutionary movement]] such as [[Ernst Jünger]] which would later provide the philosophical foundation of the contemporary national-anarchist movement.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Keith Preston, an influence on the American national-anarchist movement, "blends U.S-based influences" such as "[[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]], [[Christian right]]ist, [[Neo-Nazism in the United States|neonazi]], and [[Patriot movement|Patriot movements in the United States]]" with ideas drawn from the [[Radical right (Europe)|European tradition]] of the [[New Right]], a "[[right-wing]] [[decentralist]]" offshoot of "[[classical fascism]]" and from the German conservative revolutionary movement of the 1920s and 1930s, whose figures "influenced but mostly stood outside of the [[Nazi movement]]".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
-[[File:National-Anarchism Movement star.png|thumb|National-Anarchist Movement flag]]
-In the mid-1990s, [[Troy Southgate]], a former member of the [[British far-right]] [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] and founder of the [[International Third Position]], began to move away from [[Strasserism]] and Catholic [[distributism]] towards [[post-left anarchy]] and the [[Anarcho-primitivism|primitivist]] [[green anarchism]] articulated in [[Richard Hunt (editor)|Richard Hunt]]'s 1997 book ''To End Poverty: The Starvation of the Periphery by the Core''.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> However, Southgate fused his [[ideology]] with the radical [[traditionalist conservatism]] of Italian esotericist [[Julius Evola]] and the [[ethnopluralism]] and [[pan-European nationalism]] of French [[Nouvelle Droite]] philosopher [[Alain de Benoist]] to create a newer form of [[revolutionary nationalism]] called "national-anarchism".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>
-Graham D. Macklin writes that although "[a]t first glance the 'total insanity’ of this incongruous ideological syncretism might be dismissed as little more than a quixotic attempt to hammer a square peg into a round hole or a mischievous act of fascist Dadaism'", national-anarchism "appears as one of many groupuscular responses to globalization, popular antipathy towards which Southgate sought to harness by aligning the NRF with the resurgence of anarchism whose heroes and slogans it arrogated, and whose sophisticated critiques of global capitalist institutions and state power it absorbed and, in the case of anarchist artist Clifford Harper, whose evocative imagery it misappropriated".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>
-Southgate claimed that his desire for a "mono-racial England" was not "racist" and that he sought "[[ethno-pluralism]] (i.e. racial apartheid) to defend indigenous white culture from the 'death' of multiracial society".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> In claiming to defend "human diversity", Southgate "advocated 'humane' repatriation and the reordering of the globe according to racially segregated colour blocs" and "a radical policy of economic and political decentralization" in which the [[regions of the United Kingdom]] "were to be governed according to the economic principles of Catholic distributism and a wealth redistribution scheme modelled on the mediaeval guild system. The ensuing growth of private enterprise and common ownership of the means of production would end 'class war' and, ergo, the raison d'être for Marxism, and would also encourage an organic nationalist economy insulated from 'foreign' intervention".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Politically, "the regions would be governed by the concept of 'popular rule' extolled by Qaddafi. The resulting restoration of economic and political freedom would re-establish the link between 'blood and soil' enabling the people to overcome the 'tidal wave of evil and liberal filth now sweeping over our entire continent'. 'Natural law' would be upheld and abortion, race mixing and homosexuality forbidden".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>
-About Southgate's vision of Western culture, Graham D. Macklin writes that it is "saturated with a profound pessimism tempered by the optimistic belief that only by 'complete and utter defeat' can tepid materialism be expunged and replaced by the 'golden age' of Evolian Tradition: a return of the Ghibbelines of the Middle Ages or the 'medieval imperium' of the Holy Roman Empire before it collapsed into the 'internecine struggle' and 'imperialistic shenanigans' of the nation-state".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Southgate's desire "to create a decentralized ''[[völkisch]]'' identity has its roots in the ideological ferment gripping ''National Front News'' and ''Nationalism Today'' in the 1980s".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>
-In 1998, inspired by the concepts of the [[political soldier]] and [[leaderless resistance]], Southgate formed the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF) as a [[clandestine cell system]] of [[professional revolutionaries]] conspiring to overthrow the British state.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> The NRF stressed this was a "highly militant strategy" and advised that some members may only fund the organization.<ref>Quote taken from the NRF website. See {{Harvnb|Macklin|2005}} for a discussion of the NRF's membership structure.</ref> Southgate claims that the NRF took part in [[anti-vivisection]] protests in August 2000 alongside [[Hunt sabotage|hunt saboteurs]] and the [[Animal Liberation Front]] by following a strategy of [[entryism]],<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|2003|p=50}}</ref> but its only known public action under the national-anarchist name was to hold an anarchist heretics fair in October 2000 in which a number of fringe groups participated. After a coalition of [[anti-fascists]] and green anarchists blocked three further events from being held in 2001, Southgate and the NRF abandoned this strategy and retreated to purely disseminating their ideas in [[Internet forum]]s.<ref name="Griffin 2003"/><ref name="Macklin 2005"/> The NRF had long been aware of the bridging power of the Internet which provided it with a reach and influence hitherto not available to the groupuscular right.<ref>{{Harvnb|Whine|1999}}.</ref> Although Southgate disbanded the group in 2003, the NRF became part of the Euro-American radical right, a virtual community of European and American right-wing extremists seeking to establish a new [[pan-national]] and [[ethnoreligious]] identity for all people they believe belong to the "[[Aryan race]]".<ref name="BlackSun"/>
-Shortly after, Southgate and other NRF associates became involved with ''Synthesis'', the online journal of a forum called ''Cercle de la Rose Noire'' which sought a fusion of [[anti-statism]], [[metapolitics]] and [[occultism]] with the contemporary concerns of the [[Environmental movement|environmental]] and [[global justice movement]]s. Through the medium of musical subcultures ([[black metal]] and [[neofolk]] music scenes) and the creation of [[permanent autonomous zone]]s for neo-''völkisch'' communes, national-anarchists hope to disseminate their [[subversive]] ideas throughout society in order to achieve [[cultural hegemony]].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> The national-anarchist idea has spread around the world over the Internet, assisted by groups such as the [[Thule-Seminar]] which set up websites in the 1990s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=92}}.</ref> In the United States, only a few websites have been established, but there has been a trend towards a steady increase.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/>
-=== BANA ===
-National-anarchism in the United States began as a relatively obscure movement made up of probably fewer than 200 individuals led by Andrew Yeoman of the Bay Area National Anarchists (BANA) based in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] and a couple of other groups in Northern California and Idaho. Organizations based on national-anarchist ideology have gained a foothold in Russia and have been accused of sowing turmoil in the [[environmental movement]] in Germany.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> There are adherents in Australia, England and Spain, among other nations.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
-In the San Francisco Bay Area, BANA began appearing in public only in late 2007. Since then, BANA members protested alongside the [[Christian right]] with "Keep Our Children Safe" signs and began forming "a fleeting alliance" with the [[American Front]], a [[white supremacist]] [[skinhead]] group based in California.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
-On 8 September 2007, the [[anti-globalization movement]] mobilized in Sydney against [[neoliberal]] economic policies by opposing the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] summit. During the street protests, national-anarchists infiltrated the anarchist [[black bloc]], but the police had to protect them from being expelled by irate activists.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/><ref>[[#CITEREFMercerChesterton2007|''The Sunday Telegraph'', September 9, 2007]]. "[Some protest groups] seemed thankful for the strong police presence. Twenty members of an anarchist movement, all wearing black hoodies with their faces covered by bandanas, were escorted away by police after marching only 20m. The group, New Right Australia and New Zealand, became a focal point for the crowd, who turned on them, accusing them of being Nazis."</ref> Since then, national-anarchists have joined other marches in Australia and in the United States.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> In April 2008, national-anarchists protested on behalf of the [[Tibetan independence movement]] against the Chinese government during the [[2008 Summer Olympics torch relay]] in both Canberra and San Francisco.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/> National-anarchists are carefully studying the successes and failures of their more prominent international counterparts whilst attempting to similarly win converts from the [[radical environmentalist]] and [[white nationalist]] movements in the United States.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
-A December 2008 report by the Political Research Associates, described as "a Massachusetts-based progressive think tank", stated that "[t]he danger National Anarchists represent is not in their marginal political strength, but in their potential to show an innovative way that [[fascist]] groups can re-brand themselves and reset their project on a new footing. They have abandoned many traditional [[Fascism and ideology|fascist practices]] — including the use of overt [[neo-Nazi]] references. In [their] place they offer a more toned down, sophisticated approach [...] often claiming not to be 'fascist' at all".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Similarly, [[anarchists]], who are [[anti-racists]], have been aware of national-anarchists "attempting to infiltrate and exploit their scene" since at least 2005. [[Entryism]], defined as "the name given to the process of entering or infiltrating bona fide organizations, institutions and political parties with the intention of gaining control of them for our own ends", is one of national anarchists' principal tactics.<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> In ''The Case for National-Anarchist Entryism'', Southgate called for national-anarchists to join political groups and then "misdirect or disrupt them for our own purposes or convert sections of their memberships to our cause".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
-On December 28, 2008, BANA members, dressed with hoodies emblazoned with "Smash All Dogmas" on the back and "New Right" on both sleeves, joined "a protest of several thousand against Israel's bombing of the Gaza Strip. Practicing full-blown entryism, they marched between groups carrying the Palestinian flag and the gay-pride flag, while shouting, "F---, F---, F--- Zionism!"<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> BANA members later started carrying "a black flag with the letter Q in one corner" in reference to "Yeoman's claim that his ancestors rode with [[Quantrill's Raiders]], a notoriously violent pro-[[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] guerrilla outfit that battled for control of the border state of Missouri during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> BANA members follow [[Julius Evola]], described as "an [[esoteric]] Italian writer and '[[spiritual racist]]' lionized by [[Neo-fascism|modern-day fascists]]", in believing themselves to be "in revolt against the modern world".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> BANA's website includes "long-winded blog posts predicting the imminent collapse of [[multicultural]] [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberalism]]" and "carries notes of high praise for [[neo-Confederate]] secessionist groups like the League of the South and the Republic of South Carolina. Some of the site's content is unintentionally comical. For example, BANA exalts the lily-white town of Mayberry in the 1960s TV sitcom ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]'' as 'a realized anarchist society'".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
-Writing for the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], Casey Sanchez argues that national-anarchism "is really just another white nationalist project". According to Sanchez, national anarchists advocates "racial separatism and white racial purity. They're also fiercely anti-gay and anti-Israel". BANA envisions "a future race war leading to neo-tribal, whites-only enclaves to be called 'National Autonomous Zones'".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> BANA co-founder Andrew Yeoman told the ''[[Intelligence Report]]'' that "[w]e are racial separatists for a number of reasons, such as our desire to maintain our cultural continuity, the principle of voluntary association, and as a self-defensive measure to protect each other from being victimized by crime from other races".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Sanchez describes BANA members "and other likeminded national anarchists" as cloaking "their bigotry in the language of radical environmentalism and mystical tribalism, pulling recruits from both the extreme right and the far left". Sanchez quotes Yeoman as saying that BANA is "an extremely diverse group. We have ex-liberals, ex-neo-cons, we have Ron Paul supporters, we have ex-skinheads, we have apolitical people that have been turned on to our causes".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/>
-On [[May Day]] 2010, BANA participated in the Golden Gate [[Minuteman Project]]'s march in front of San Francisco City Hall in support of [[Arizona SB 1070]], an [[anti-immigration]] Senate bill. The march took place during [[International Workers' Day]] demonstrations as an attempt to counter mass protest against the bill in [[Mission District, San Francisco]]. Local news media reported that Yeoman and four other national-anarchists were physically assaulted by about ten protesters as they left the march.<ref>[[#CITEREFSmiley2010|''SF Weekly'', May 1, 2010]]; [[#CITEREFGulezianHollyfied2010|KGO-TV report, May 1, 2010]].</ref>
-According to Matthew N. Lyons, "[f]reedom from government tyranny has always been a central theme of right-wing politics in the United States". Lyons cites "the original [[Ku Klux Klan]] that denounced 'northern military despotism'" and the [[Tea party movement]], "who vilify Barack Obama as a combination of Hitler and Stalin", as examples of the [[Radical right (United States)|radical right]], of which national-anarchism is part of, that has invoked "the evil of big government to both attract popular support and justify their own oppressive policies".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Lyons describes "the rise of so-called National-Anarchism (NA), an offshoot of [[Far-right politics in the United Kingdom|British neonazism]] that has recently gained a small but fast-growing foothold in the United States", writing that national-anarchists advocate "a decentralized system of 'tribal' enclaves based on 'the right of all races, ethnicities and cultural groups to organize and live separately'".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> While criticizing "statism of both the left and the right, including classical fascism", national-anarchists "participate in neonazi networks such as [[Stormfront (website)|Stormfront.org]] and promote [[Antisemitic canard|anti-Jewish conspiracy theories]] worthy of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> According to Lyons, [[anti-statism]] is "a key part of National-Anarchism's appeal and helps it to deflect the charge of fascism".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
-=== Keith Preston ===
-American Keith Preston, a [[fellow traveller]] of the national-anarchist movement who promotes an [[authoritarian]] [[anti-statist]] "ecletic synthesis" called "[[Panarchy|anarcho-pluralism]]" and advocating "a revolutionary alliance of leftist and rightist libertarians against U.S. imperialism and the state",<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> argues that despite the [[anti-Americanism]] of European national-anarchists and the patriotism of American [[paleoconservatives]], classical American ideals of [[Jeffersonian democracy]] are reconcilable with national-anarchism because of their common values, namely [[agrarianism]], [[Localism (politics)|localism]], [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]] and [[traditional values]].<ref name=ARV/> Preston's opposition to oppression is linked only to the state, arguing that "the state is a unique force for destruction".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> In ''The Thoughts That Guide Me: A Personal Reflection'' (2005), Preston wrote that "what I champion is not so much the anarchist as much as the 'anarch,' the superior individual who, out of sheer strength of will, rises above the herd in defiance and contempt of both the sheep and their masters".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>  Preston is described as "the moving force behind" the anti-state website Attack the System and the American Revolutionary Vanguard, its affiliate organization".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
-According to Matthew N. Lyons, "Preston's own relationship with [[fascism]] is much closer than he acknowledges. While he lacks fascism's drive to impose a single ideological vision on all spheres of society, he offers a closely related form of revolutionary [[right-wing populism]]. Above all, Preston and his rightist allies embody the main danger associated with fascism — to preempt the radical left as the main revolutionary opposition force".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Lyons describes Preston as "[a]n intelligent, prolific writer" who has "established himself over the past decade as a respected voice in [[Libertarian conservatism|libertarian]], [[paleoconservative]], and '[[Alternative Right]]' circles", hence "in some ways even more dangerous" because it "represents a sophisticated reworking of far right politics that is flexible, inclusive, and appeals to widely held values such as 'live and let live'", having the potential to create a bridge that is unlike most [[far-right]] ideologies between national-anarchists and "a wide variety of rightist currents such as [[white nationalists]], [[Patriot movement|Patriot]]/[[Militia organizations in the United States|militia]] groups, [[Christian right in the United States|Christian rightists]], [...] and even some [[left-wing anarchists]], [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[bioregionalists]]/[[environmentalists]], and [[nationalist]] [[people of color]] groups".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
-Although claiming "many leftist ideas in his political philosophy and apparently is still in touch with some actual leftists", unlike other [[far-right]]ists who advocate [[Third Position]], Lyons describes Preston as a "former left-wing anarchist", arguing that his politics "are fundamentally right wing with a leftist gloss".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> While defending his choice to "collaborate with [[Scientific racism|racialists]] and [[theocrats]]", Preston has nonetheless called for "a purge, if not an outright pogrom" in an effort "to drive [[anti-racist]] whites, [[Anarcha-feminism|feminists]], and [[Queer anarchism|queer]] activists from the [[anarchist]] movement" in order to "attract more young rebels into our ranks", although Preston later claimed that critics had taken this statement "way too seriously".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Lyons describes Preston as "an individualist who does not directly advocate the racial determinism and separatism of his friends the National-Anarchists".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Lyons describes Preston's call for a "pan-secessionist" strategy as being based on "a coalition of those across the political spectrum who want to carve out separate, self-governing political enclaves free" of American government and imperialist control. Lyons includes "[[Marxist-Leninists]], [[white separatists]], [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarians]], [[neo-Confederates]], [[indigenous rights]] activists, [[Christian right]]ists, [[Islamism|Islamic rightists]], [[Radical environmentalism|militant environmentalists]], and [[anti-Zionist]] [[Orthodox Jews]]" as "a broad array of potential partners" for Preston's "pan-secessionist" strategy.<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
-Preston embraces a [[Conservatism|conservative]] view of regarding human nature and society, whose tenets include "natural inequality of persons at both the individual and collective levels, [and] the inevitability and legitimacy of otherness". Preston is described as being "harshly critical of [[Left-wing politics|the left]]'s [[egalitarianism]] and [[Moral universalism|universalism]]. Instead, he offers an [[elitist]], [[anti-humanist]] philosophy that echoes [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Ernst Jünger]], and [[Ayn Rand]]".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> While stating that it would be a mistake "to see Preston's elitism as a mask for bigotry against any specific group of people", Lyons argues that "standard [[right-wing]] [[prejudice]]s periodically creep into his prose".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> Lyons states that "Preston only acknowledges [[oppression]] along lines of race, gender, sexuality, or other factors to the extent that these are directly promoted by the state, particularly through formal, legal [[discrimination]] against specific groups of people", ignoring or trivializing "the dense network of oppressive institutions and relationships that exist outside of, and sometimes in opposition to, the state".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
-According to Lyons, "[i]t is these societally based systems of oppression, not [[state intervention]], that perpetuate dramatic [[wealth disparities]] between whites and people of color, widespread [[domestic violence]] that overwhelmingly target women, and [[suicide rate]]s much higher among [[LGBT]] teens than heterosexual teens, among many other examples". Lyons further argues that merely "[d]ismantling the central state won't abolish other systems of oppression. It will simply create a power vacuum where they can function in a more fragmented, unregulated way. This is a recipe for [[warlordism]], a chaotic society where anyone with enough physical force can make the rules".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> In contrast to Preston, Lyons concludes that "[a]uthoritarianism doesn't require a large [[centralized state]], but can operate on any scale, such as a region, a neighborhood, or a family. With no program for liberation except ending [[big government]], pan-secessionism", as advocated by national-anarchists such as Preston, "would foster many smaller-scale authoritarian societies".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
-== Ideology ==
-The [[conservative revolutionary]] concept of the [[Anarch (sovereign individual)|anarch]] as articulated by German philosopher [[Ernst Jünger]] is central to national-anarchism.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> National-anarchists stress that the "artificial nationalism" of the [[nation state]] which they claim to oppose must be distinguished from the [[Primordialism|primordial]] "natural nationalism" of the people (''[[volk]]'') which they believe in its more consistent expressions is a legitimate rejection of both foreign domination ([[imperialism]]) and internal domination ([[statism]]). National-anarchists see "American global capitalism", [[consumerism]], [[globalization]], [[immigration]], [[liberalism]], [[materialism]], [[modernity]], [[multiculturalism]], [[multiracialism]] and [[neoliberalism]] as the primary causes of the social decline of [[nation]]s and [[cultural identity]].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> They propose a strategic and ideological alliance of [[Ethnic nationalism|ethnic]] and [[racial nationalists]] and [[separatists]] around the world (especially in the [[Global South]]), [[neo-Eurasianists]] in Russia, [[Islamists]] in [[Muslim-majority countries]] and [[anti-Zionists]] everywhere to resist the [[New World Order (conspiracy theory)|New World Order]]—globalization viewed as an instrument of [[American imperialism]] and the [[antisemitic canard]] of [[Jewish-dominated international banking]]—that is inevitably leading to global [[economic collapse]] and [[ecological collapse]].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sunshine 2008"/>
-National-anarchism expresses a desire to reorganize human relationships with an emphasis on replacing the hierarchical structures of the state and capitalism with [[Localism (politics)|local]] community decision-making. However, national-anarchists stress the restoration of the "[[Natural order (philosophy)|natural order]]" and aim towards a [[decentralized]] social order where each [[new tribe]] builds and maintains a [[permanent autonomous zone]] for a [[self-sufficient]] [[commune]] which is politically [[meritocratic]], economically pre-[[capitalist]], ecologically [[sustainable]] and socially and culturally [[Traditional values|traditional]].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Asserting the [[right to difference]], national-anarchists publicly advocate a model of society in which communities that wish to practice racial, ethnic, religious and/or sexual [[separatism]] are able to peacefully coexist alongside mixed or integrated communities without requiring force.<ref name=ARV>{{Harvnb|Preston|2003}}.</ref> National-anarchists claim that "national autonomous zones" (NAZs) could exist with their own rules for permanent residence without the strict ethnic divisions and violence advocated by other forms of "[[blood and soil]]" [[ethnic nationalism]].<ref name=ARV/>
-Some leading national-anarchists have stated in the past as having originally conceived the idea of establishing whites-only NAZs which have seceded from the state's economy as [[no-go area]]s for unwelcomed ethnic groups and state authorities. In their view, this was an [[insurrectionary]] strategy to foment [[civil disorder]] and racial tensions as an essential prelude to racial civil war and the collapse of the global capitalist system.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> National-anarchists such as Keith Preston advocate "a vision of revolutionary change that centers on replacing centralized nation-states with a diverse array of small-scale political entities". According to Preston, "[[Panarchy|anarcho-plularism]]" is "[[anti-universalist]]" because "it rejects the view that there is one 'correct' system of politics, economics, or culture that is applicable much less obligatory for all people at all times and in all places". According to this view, "any group of people could organize and govern themselves as they wished, as long as they leave other groups free to do the same. These self-governing units could be based on ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, political philosophy, or cultural practice". For those national-anarchists, this is "the best possible method of avoiding the tyrannies and abuses of overarching Leviathan states, and accommodating the irreconcilable differences concerning any number of matters that all societies inevitably contain".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
-In terms of cultural and religious views, national-anarchists are influenced by the radical [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalism]] and [[spiritual racism]] of [[Julius Evola]], who called for a "[[revolt against the modern world]]".<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> National-anarchists have a pessimistic vision of modern [[Western culture]] yet optimistically believe that "[[the decline of the West]]" will pave the way for its materialism to be expunged and replaced by the [[idealism]] of the [[primordial tradition]].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Although some adhere to a form of [[Christian Identity]], most of its members within the national-anarchist movement reject Christianity because those national-anarchists believe it to be a [[Semitic religion]] that usurped the "[[Aryan race|Aryan]]" racial legacy of [[Mithraism]] as the historically dominant religion and moral system of the West.<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> National-anarchists embrace a spiritual anarchism based on different forms of [[neopaganism]], [[occultism]] and the [[ethnic religion]] of [[national mysticism]], especially [[Nordic racial paganism]] which they view as genuine expressions of Western spirituality, culture and identity that can also serve as an antidote to the [[socially alienating]] effects of [[consumer culture]]. National-anarchists hold [[Racial segregation|racial separatism]] and [[cultural revitalization]] through the establishment of [[confederation]]s of autonomous neo-''[[völkisch]]'' communes as the ultimate barrier against globalized [[racial mixing]] and [[cultural homogenization]].<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>
-== Position on the political spectrum ==
-While the combination of [[Post-left anarchy|post-left]] opposition to [[capitalism]] and [[statism]] with [[right-wing]] support for ethnic and racial separatism makes its classification on the [[left–right political spectrum]] problematic, scholars who have examined national-anarchism consider it to be on the [[Radical right (Europe)|radical right]].<ref name="Griffin 2003"/><ref name="Sykes 2005"/><ref name="Macklin 2005"/><ref name="Sunshine 2008"/>
-In his 2003 essay ''From. Slime Mould to Rhizome: An Introduction to the Groupuscular Right'', [[Roger Griffin]] argued that national-anarchism is a segment of the groupuscular right which has evolved towards a "mazeway resynthesis" between "classic fascism, third positionism, neo-anarchism and new types of anti-systemic politics born of the anti-globalization movement", whose main ideological innovation is a [[Stateless society|stateless]] [[palingenetic ultranationalism]].<ref name="Griffin 2003"/>
-In his 2005 essay ''Co-opting the Counter Culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction'', described as a "case study of the National Revolutionary Faction (NRF)" which "provides a salutary example of fascism's cogent syncretic core and its ability to produce novel and pragmatic syntheses", Graham D. Macklin argued that the [[conservative revolutionary]] concept of the [[Anarch (sovereign individual)|anarch]] provides sanction for the ideological shapeshifting and unrestrained [[syncretism]] of national-anarchism, allowing its adherents to assert they have transcended the dichotomy of conventional politics to embrace higher political forms that are "beyond left and right".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> While stating that national-anarchists claim to promote "a radical anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist 'anarchist' agenda of autonomous rural communities within a decentralized, pan-European framework", Macklin further argued that despite a protean capacity for change, [[far-right]] groupuscules retain some principles which he calls core fascist values ([[anti-communism]], [[anti-liberalism]], [[Criticism of Marxism|anti-Marxism]], violent [[direct action]], [[palingenesis]], [[Third Position]]ism and [[ultranationalism]]), describing national-anarchism as "[[Economic antisemitism|racist anti-capitalism]]" and "[[communitarian]] [[racism]]".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Macklin concludes that national-anarchism is a synthesis of [[anarcho-primitivism]] and the radical [[traditionalist conservatism]] of [[Julius Evola]] in a "revolt against the modern world".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/> Macklin concludes that "[a]lthough Southgate's impact on left-wing counter-cultural concerns has been completely negligible, this case study of the NRF's wanton intellectual cannibalism shows that groupuscular fascism poses a clear danger, particularly for ecological subcultures whose values are profoundly different from the ecological agenda mooted by the far right. [...] If this article is anything to go by, then anarchist, ecological and global justice movements need to remain on their guard in order to ensure that the revolution will not be national-Bolshevized".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>
-In his 2005 book ''The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP'', Alan Sykes argued that national-anarchism represents a further evolution in the thinking of the radical right rather than an entirely new dimension, a response to the new situation of the late 20th century in which the process of [[globalization]] ([[Cultural globalization|cultural]], [[Economic globalization|economic]] and [[Political globalization|political]]) and the apparent triumph of [[materialist]] [[capitalism]] in the form of [[economic materialism]] and [[neoliberalism]] on a global scale requires a greater assertion of the centrality of anti-materialist and [[idealistic]] [[ethnic nationalism]].<ref name="Sykes 2005"/>
-== Analysis and reception ==
-National-anarchism has critics on both the left and right of the political spectrum as they both look upon their politics with skepticism, if not outright hostility, mainly because of the multifaceted threat they conclude it represents.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Scholarly analysis asserts that national-anarchism is a "[[Trojan horse]] for [[white nationalism]]" and represents what many [[anti-fascists]] see as the potential new face of [[fascism]].<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/><ref name="Ross 2014"/> This analysis argues that it is a form of [[crypto-fascism]] which hopes to avoid the stigma of classical fascism by [[Cultural appropriation|appropriating]] symbols, slogans and stances of the [[anarchist]] movement while engaging in [[entryism]] to inject some core [[fascist values]] into the [[anti-globalization]] and [[Environmental movement|environmental]] movements.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> According to scholars, national-anarchists hope to draw members away from traditional white nationalist groups to their own synthesis of ideas which national-anarchists claim are "[[Third Position|neither left nor right]]".<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Some scholars also warn that the danger national-anarchists represent is not in their marginal political strength, but in their potential to show an innovative way that [[neo-fascist]] groups can rebrand themselves and reset their project on a new footing in order to preempt the [[Far-left politics|radical left]] as the main [[revolutionary]] opposition force. Even if the results are modest, this can disrupt left-wing social movements and their focus on [[egalitarianism]] and [[social justice]], instead spreading [[separatist]] ideas based on [[antifeminism]], [[antisemitism]], [[heterosexism]], [[naturalistic fallacy]] and [[racism]] amongst grassroots activists.<ref name="Sunshine 2008"/><ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
-Scholars have reported how far-right critics argue that [[neo-Nazis]] joining the national-anarchist movement will lead to them losing credit for the successes of their [[anti-Zionist]] struggle if it is co-opted by anarchists. Scholars further noted how those far-right critics argue that national-anarchists want the [[militant chic]] of calling themselves ''[[anarchists]]'' without the historical and philosophical baggage that accompanies such a claim, namely the link with 19th-century [[Jewish anarchists]].<ref name="Sanchez 2009"/> Scholars such as Graham D. Macklin use apostrophes when describing national-anarchists' "anarchism" and write that "despite its alleged 'anarchism', [it] looks favourably on the [[heptarchy]] of Anglo-Saxon England as a model of racial 'kingship'". Macklin describes national-anarchism as "a seemingly incongruous synthesis of fascism and anarchism" that owes more the "[[conservative revolutionary]] thought" of the [[Eumeswil|anarcha]] than anarchism as it is "totally devoid of anarchism's humanistic social philosophy, which is rejected as 'infected' with feminism, homosexuality and Marxism". Macklin also argues that "[its] political organization reveals the NRF to be closer in inspiration to the [[Leninist]] '[[revolutionary vanguard]]' than anarchism".<ref name="Macklin 2005"/>
-Scholars such as Matthew N. Lyons argue that implementing national-anarchism would not result in an expansion of freedom as its proponents claim and that "in reality it would promote oppression and authoritarianism in smaller-scale units".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/> According to Lyons, the opposition to the state of national-anarchists such as Keith Preston is based on "a radically anti-humanistic philosophy of elitism, ruthless struggle, and contempt for most people".<ref name="Lyons 2011"/>
-== See also ==
-{{div col|colwidth=20em|content=
-* [[Anarcho-capitalism]]
-* [[Autonome Nationalisten]]
-* [[Black anarchism]]
-* [[Counter-Enlightenment]]
-* [[Issues in anarchism]]
-* [[Kinism]]
-* [[National syndicalism]]
-* [[Nativism (politics)|Nativism]]
-* [[Neo-feudalism]]
-* [[Neo-Luddism]]
-* [[Right-libertarianism]]
-* [[Traditionalist School]]
-}}
-== References ==
-{{reflist|30em}}
-== Sources ==
-=== Books and journal articles ===
-{{refbegin}}
-* {{cite book|author=Dahl, Göran|title=Radical Conservatism and the Future of Politics|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=1999|location=London|isbn=978-0-7619-5414-9|ref=CITEREFDahl1999}}
-* {{cite book|author=Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas|authorlink=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke|title=Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity|publisher=New York University Press|year=2003|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-3155-0|ref=CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2003|title-link=Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)}}
-* {{cite journal|author=Griffin, Roger|authorlink=Roger Griffin|title=From Slime Mould to Rhizome: An Introduction to the Groupuscular Right|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=37|issue=1|pages=27–63|date=March 2003|doi=10.1080/0031322022000054321|ref=CITEREFGriffin2003}}
-* {{cite journal|author=Lyons, Matthew N.|title=Rising Above the Herd: Keith Preston's Authoritarian Anti-Statism|journal=[[New Politics (magazine)|New Politics]]|volume=7|issue=3|date=Summer 2011|pages=|url=https://newpol.org/rising-above-herd-keith-prestons-authoritarian-anti-statism/|accessdate=27 July 2019|ref=CITEREFLyons2011}}
-* {{cite journal|last=Macklin|first=Graham D.|title=Co-opting the Counter Culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|volume=39|issue=3|pages=301–326|date=September 2005|url=https://slackbastard.anarchobase.com/?p=2439#more-2439|doi=10.1080/00313220500198292|ref=CITEREFMacklin2005}}
-* {{cite book|last=Preston|first=Keith|year=2003|title=The Failure of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=Black House Publishing|isbn=9781910881361|ref=CITEREFPreston2003}}
-* {{cite journal|last=Ross|first=Alexander Reid|author-link=Alexander Reid Ross|date=1 April 2014|url=https://www.counterpunch.org/2014/04/01/the-new-face-of-the-radical-right/|title=The New Face of the Radical Right?|journal=CounterPunch|accessdate=21 September 2020|ref=CITEREFRoss2014}}
-* {{cite web|author=Sanchez, Casey|authorlink=Casey Sanchez|title='National Anarchism': California racists claim they're Anarchists|work=[[Intelligence Report]]|date=Summer 2009|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/california-racists-claim-they%E2%80%99re-anarchists|accessdate=2 December 2009|ref=CITEREFSanchez2009}}
-* {{cite journal|author=Sunshine, Spencer|title=Rebranding Fascism: National-Anarchists|journal=[[The Public Eye (magazine)|The Public Eye]]|volume=23|issue=4|date=Winter 2008|pages=1–12|url=http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v23n4/rebranding_fascism.html|accessdate=12 November 2009|ref=CITEREFSunshine2008}}
-* {{cite book|author=Sykes, Alan|title=The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP (British History in Perspective)|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2005|location=New York|isbn=978-0-333-59923-5|ref=CITEREFSykes2005}}
-* {{cite journal|author=Whine, Michael|title=Cyberspace: A New Medium for Communication, Command, and Control by Extremists|journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism|volume=22|issue=3|date=January 1999|pages=231–245|url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/cyberspace.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022222626/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/cyberspace.htm|archivedate=22 October 2006|doi=10.1080/105761099265748|ref=CITEREFWhine1999}}
-{{refend}}
-=== News articles ===
-{{refbegin}}
-* {{cite news|author=Gulezian, Lisa|author2=Hollyfied, Amy|title=Thousands across Bay Area protest AZ immigration law|work=KGO-TV|date=1 May 2010|url=http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/local/san_francisco&id=7417829|accessdate=2 May 2010|ref=CITEREFGulezianHollyfied2010}}
-* {{cite news|author=Mercer, Neil|author2=Chesterton, Andrew|title=Scaremongering - Fears of violent demonstrations unfounded|work=The Sunday Telegraph|date=9 September 2007|page=14|ref=CITEREFMercerChesterton2007}}
-* {{cite news|author=Smiley, Lauren|title=Post-immigration march scuffle targets National Anarchists|work=San Francisco Weekly|date=1 May 2010|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/california-racists-claim-they%E2%80%99re-anarchists|accessdate=2 May 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5pRHa2tgO|archivedate=3 May 2010|ref=CITEREFSmiley2010}}
-{{refend}}
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.national-anarchist.net National Anarchist Movement]
-{{fascism}}
-{{nationalism}}
-[[Category:Anti-Marxism]]
-[[Category:Far-right politics]]
-[[Category:Nationalism]]
-[[Category:Neo-fascism]]
-[[Category:New Right (Europe)]]
-[[Category:Politics and race]]
-[[Category:Syncretic political movements]]
-[[Category:Third Position]]