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Statistics

Indigenous women experience some of the highest rates of violence against any group in the United States. About 84% of Native American women in the United States experience any lifetime violence. This means Native women are 1.2 times more likely to experience violence than Non-Hispanic white women. 56.1 % of Native American women experience sexual violence, 55.5% experience physical violence by an intimate partner, and 48.8% experience psychological aggression by an intimate partner. Furthermore, 97% of indigenous women who are victims of violence experience it at the hands of an perpetrator who is not Native and 35% of victims experience violence from a Native person. About 1/3^rd of Native women are raped and are stalked at a rate double that of any other population.

Frameworks of Violence

Globalization

Under an intersectional framework that reveals the links between colonization, patriarchy and capitalism, indigenous women face violence due to corporate globalization. Rauna Kuokkanen, a professor of Arctic Indigenous Politics at University of Lapland, argues that globalization is an extension of systems of oppression, such as white supremacy, the patriarchy, and capitalism. These intersecting systems create new forms of violence. In the United States, this sexualized and racialized violence manifests can manifest as militarization. Indigenous women are increasingly recruited into the army due to the fewer choices they have as a result of the to the privatization of public services and education under globalization. Entering the military means being exposed to higher levels of sexual violence and the continuation of the United States’ collective violence against Native Americans. Incorporation of Native women into the army helps realize the goal of colonial assimilation and using Native women as soldiers to enforce the empire abroad means the United States can reinforce itself as a nation and suppress indigenous sovereignty.

Historical Oppression

Like Kuokkanen's intersectional approach to understanding violence against indigenous women, Catherine Burnette, a professor at Tulane University, explains that the intersection of colonialism, sexism, and racism multiplied to form a system called patriarchal colonialism. This colonization imposed new gender roles that compromised the traditional egalitarian model understood by Native nations. “Conquest, cultural invasion, divide and rule, and manipulation” relegated Native women to a lower status by being stripped of their political and religious power and often being raped and used as sex slaves by colonists. The patriarchal systems of Europeans treated women as subordinate figures, the property of their husbands, so indigenous women became vulnerable to such treatment as colonists began to take control of what is now the United States. Patriarchal colonialism falls under Burnette’s larger critical framework of historical oppression defined “the chronic, pervasive, and intergenerational experiences of subjugation that, over time, have been imposed, normalized, and internalized into the daily lives of many indigenous American peoples.”

Types of Violence

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) or Domestic Violence

Indigenous women experience high levels of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the United States due to structural violence that can be tied to historical oppression. This high level of violence concerns Indigenous communities because Indigenous women are considered sacred in traditional matrilineal Native communities. Violence against Native women was extremely uncommon and deemed contrary to indigenous values.Furthermore, IPV’s association with mental illness corresponds to a higher rate of mental health problems, such as PTSD, depression, and substance abuse, which make Indigenous women even more susceptible to violence. Since IPV was likely very rare in Native nations before colonization, an overview of historical violence and oppression is crucial to understanding how this violence has manifested. IPV is the product of larger oppressive systems and historical disruptions that build upon each other. Burnette identifies "experiences of oppression, historical and contemporary losses, cultural disruption, manifestations of oppression, and dehumanizing beliefs and values" as possible reasons for the manifestation of IPV that Native women experience. This violence tends to manifest during long-term relationships and is often part of a cycle of abuse in intimate relationships that Native women have experience since they were children. Higher rates of IPV in Native communities may be correlated with low socioeconomic status.

Sexual Assault and Rape

Just like IPV, sexual assault was exceedingly rare in indigenous communities before colonization. The sexual assault and rape of indigenous women was used as a method of control and domination by colonizers. It was was a tactic used to destroy Native nations by enacting violence upon sacred members of indigenous society. The forcible removal and settler expansion of the United States of America was extremely violent and has often been characterized in sexual terms. The metaphorical raping of the land manifested as the literal raping of Native women. Furthermore, sexual violence was a commonly used tool by colonists due to its link with reproduction.

Bibliography

• Burnette, Catherine (2015). "Disentangling Indigenous Women's Experiences with Intimate Partner Violence in the United States". Critical Social Work. 16 (1). doi:10.22329/csw.v16i1.5913.
• Valencia-Weber, Gloria; Zuni, Christine P. (1995). "Domestic Violence and Tribal Protection of Indigenous Women in the United States". 69–170 (1). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Kuokkanen, Rauna (2008-05-20). "Globalization as Racialized, Sexualized Violence: The Case of Indigenous Women". International Feminist Journal of Politics. 10 (2): 216–233. doi:10.1080/14616740801957554.
• Burnette, Catherine (September 2015). "Historical Oppression and Intimate Partner Violence Experience by Indigenous Women in the United States: Understanding Connections". Social Service Review. 89 (3): 531–563. doi:10.1086/683336.
• Burnette, Catherine; Figley, Charles R. (January 2017). "Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence: Can a Holistic Framework Help Explain Violence Experienced by Indigenous People?". Social Work. 62 (1): 37–44. doi:10.1093/sw/sww065.
• Burnette, Catherine; Hefflinger, Timothy S. (2016-11-14). "Identifying community risk factors for violence against indigenous women: A framework of historical oppression and resilience". Journal of Community Psychology. 45 (5): 587–600. doi:10.1002/jcop.21879.
• Robertson, Kimberly. "Rerighting the Historical Record: Violence against Native Women and the South Dakota Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault". Wicazo Sa Review. 27 (2): 21–47.
• Malcoe, Lorraine Halinka; Duran, Bonnie M.; Montgomery, Juliann M. (2004-05-24). "Socioeconomic disparities in intimate partner violence against Native American women: a cross-sectional study". BMC Medicine. 2 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-2-20. ISSN 1741-7015. Retrieved 2020-10-11.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
• Deer, Sarah (2015). The Beginning and End of Rape: Confronting Sexual Violence in Native America. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-9633-8. JSTOR 10.5749/j.ctt17w8gfr.3. Retrieved 2020-10-11.

• Rosay, André B. (2016-06-01). "Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Men". National Insitute of Justice Journal (277): 38–45.

• Harper, Shelby S.; Entrekin, Christina M. (2006), Violence against Native Women: A Guide for Practitioner Action, Office on Violence Against Women and the National Center on Full Faith and Credit
• Deer, Sarah (2004). "Toward an Indigenous Jurisprudence of Rape". Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy. 14: 121–154.